Intercalation of n-alkylamines in iron thiohypophosphate (FePS3)

The intercalation of linear alkylamines (C1-C4) in the two-dimensional (2D) Ising antiferromagnet, FePS3, has been investigated. Intercalation proceeds with a dilation of the interlayer distance. The expansion (approximately 3.8 angstrom) is the same for all four amine molecules, suggesting that they are oriented flat with respect to the layers. From an analysis of the products of deintercalation, it is concluded that the intercalated species are the alkylammonium cations and neutral amine molecules. The intercalated compounds are highly moisture sensitive, as reflected in the chemical nature of the intercalated species. Charge neutrality of the lattice after intercalation is preserved by the loss of Fe2+ ions from the lattice. These Fe2+ ions are further oxidized to form superparamagnetic Fe2O3 clusters, as confirmed by Mossbauer spectra and magnetic measurements. This was further corroborated by in situ EPR studies. The Fe-57 Mossbauer spectra of the intercalated compounds showed evidence for two species other than Fe2O3. On the basis of the observed isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings, they have been assigned to Fe2+ in an environment similar to that in FePS3 and in a distorted FePS3 environment. The temperature and field dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of single crystals of the amine-intercalated FePS3 have been measured. Their magnetic behavior shows many of the features expected of a 2D Ising antiferromagnet with random defects, Fe1-xPS3, in agreement with the mechanism of intercalation.

The intercalation reaction of pyridine with manganese thiophosphate, MnPS3

The intercalation of pyridine in the layered manganese thiophosphate, MnPS3, has been examined in detail by a variety of techniques. The reaction is interesting since none of the anticipated changes in optical and electrical properties associated with intercalation of electron donating molecules is observed. The only notable change in the properties of the host lattice is in the nature of the low-temperature magnetic ordering; while MnPS3 orders antiferromagnetically below 78 K, the intercalated compound shows weak ferromagnetism probably due to a canted spin structure. Vibrational spectra clearly show that the intercalated species are pyridinium ions solvated by neutral pyridine molecules. The corresponding reduced sites of the host lattice, however, were never observed. The molecules in the solvation shell are exchangeable. Although the reaction appears to be topotactic and reversible, from XRD, a more detailed analysis of the products of deintercalation reveal that it is not so. The intercalation proceeds by an ion exchange/intercalation mechanism wherein the intercalated species are pyridinium ions solvated by neutral molecules with charge neutrality being preserved not by electron transfer but by a loss of Mn2+ ions from the lattice. The experimental evidence leading to this conclusion is discussed and it is shown that this model can account satisfactorily for the observed changes (or lack of it) in the optical, electrical, vibrational, and magnetic properties.

Efecto del asocio de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cafe (Coffea arabica L) y su influencia sobre las malezas

Este trabajo experimental fue llevado a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo del café (Coffea arábica L.) sembrando frijol (Phasheolus vulgaris L.) en las calles de café, al mismo tiempo determinar el efecto que tengan las malezas de dicho cultivo sobre el café, y que el frijol sirva de cobertura viva para el café y coma fuente de ingreso económico y alimenticio para el agricultor. El trabajo fue realizado en el Centro Experimental de café del Pacifico (C.E.C.P.) jardín Botánico (Masatepe) durante las dos épocas de siembra para el frijol, y la cosecha anual de café (Dic-Ene) de 1992. Este ensayo se estableció con las variedades. Rev-81 para frijol y catuai amarillo para el café, este tiene una edad de 5 años. El frijol fue sembrado en las calles de café de manera tradicional con el propósito de aprovechar esa área disponible. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa en cuanto al crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del café, por lo que se deduce que el frijol (P. vulgaris) no ejerce efecto negativo alguno sobre el café, lo cual indica que el cultivo en asocio no perjudica la cosecha del café por lo que se recomienda llevar a cabo esta práctica en los primeros alias de edad del café ya que no perjudica el espaciamiento de siembra.

Estudio sobre algunas causas de baja germinación de tres variedades de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.)

Este trabajo se realizó en época de postrera de 1989, en terrenos del programa Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses (REGEN). Con el objetivo de determinar las causas de la baja germinación de tres variedades de sorgo que se producen en el país. Las variedades que se utilizaron durante la investigación fueron: El híbrido D-55, la variedad 1-43 y la Línea SPV-4/5. La razón por la cual se usaron estas variedades, es que dos de alias en esa época estaban en producción y la línea SPV-475 en proceso de liberación comercial. El diseño utilizado fue el de parcelas simples, tres en total con un área de 50 metros cuadrados cada una, se usó como parcela útil el área formada por los seis surcos centrales de cada parcela, dejando un metro de borde. Las variables a medir fueron: Los porcentajes de germinación al momento de la cosecha y después de tres meses de almacenamiento, también los porcentajes de germinación de las semillas afectadas por los diferentes hongos que la atacan en el campe y el porcentaje de semillas latentes. Los resultados indican que el híbrido D-55, tuvo un mayor porcentaje de semillas latentes, seguido de la variedad T-43 y SPV-475 (Pinolero-1). En relación a la infección, tanto las variedades como el híbrido en estudio resultaron fuertemente atacados por los hongos, siendo Fusarium el único que se comprobó afecto la viabilidad de la semilla. Con respecto a la humedad del grano para la cosecha, se recomienda cosechar temprano las variedades de color blanco y cosechar tarde las variedades de color rojo.

Cuando el miedo invade la ficción. Análisis de Perdidos (Lost) y de otros quality dramas de la era Post 11S.

521 p.

反假频重建理论及其在储层预测中的应用

To extend the cross-hole seismic 2D data to outside 3D seismic data, reconstructing the low frequency data to high frequency data is necessary. Blind deconvolution method is a key technology. In this paper, an implementation of Blind deconvolution is introduced. And optimized precondition conjugate gradient method is used to improve the stability of the algorithm and reduce the computation. Then high-frequency retrieved Seismic data and the cross-hole seismic data is combined for constraint inversion. Real data processing proved the method is effective. To solve the problem that the seismic data resolution can’t meet the request of reservoir prediction in the river face thin-layers in Chinese eastern oil fields, a high frequency data reconstruction method is proposed. The extrema of the seismic data are used to get the modulation function which operated with the original seismic data to get the high frequency part of the reconstruction data to rebuild the wide band data. This method greatly saves the computation, and easy to adjust the parameters. In the output profile, the original features of the seismic events are kept, the common feint that breaking the events and adding new zeros to produce alias is avoided. And the interbeded details are enhanced compared to the original profiles. The effective band of seismic data is expended and the method is approved by the processing of the field data. Aim to the problem in the exploration and development of Chinese eastern oil field that the high frequency log data and the relative low frequency seismic data can’t be merged, a workflow of log data extrapolation constrained by time-phase model based on local wave decomposition is raised. The seismic instantaneous phase is resolved by local wave decomposition to build time-phase model, the layers beside the well is matched to build the relation of log and seismic data, multiple log info is extrapolated constrained by seismic equiphase map, high precision attributes inverse sections are produced. In the course of resolve the instantaneous phase, a new method of local wave decomposition --Hilbert transform mean mode decomposition(HMMD) is raised to improve the computation speed and noise immunity. The method is applied in the high resolution reservoir prediction in Mao2 survey of Daqing oil field, Multiple attributes profiles of wave impedance, gamma-ray, electrical resistivity, sand membership degree are produced, of which the resolution is high and the horizontal continuous is good. It’s proved to be a effective method for reservoir prediction and estimation.

波动方程辛几何算法三维叠前深度偏移及其并行实现

Oil and scientific groups have been focusing on the 3D wave equation prestack depth migration since it can solve the complex problems of the geologic structure accurately and maintain the wave information, which is propitious to lithology imaging. The symplectic method was brought up by Feng Kang firstly in 1984 and became the hotspot of numerical computation study. It will be widely applied in many scientific field of necessity because of its great virtue in scientific sense. This paper combines the Symplectic method and the 3-D wave equation prestack depth migration to bring up an effectual numerical computation method of wave field extrapolatation technique under the scientific background mentioned above. At the base of deep analysis of computation method and the performance of PC cluster, a seismic prestack depth migration flow considering the virtue of both seismic migration method and Pc cluster has formatted. The software, named 3D Wave Equation Prestack Depth Migration of Symplectic Method, which is based on the flow, has been enrolled in the National Bureau of Copyright (No. 0013767). Dagang and Daqing Oil Field have now put it into use in the field data processing. In this paper, the one way wave equation operator is decompounded into a phase shift operator and a time shift operator and the correct item with high rank Symplectic method when approaching E exponent. After reviewing eliminating alias frequency of operator, computing the maximum angle of migration and the imaging condition, we present the test result of impulse response of the Symplectic method. Taking the imaging results of the SEG/EAGE salt and overthrust models for example and seeing about the imaging ability with complex geologic structure of our software system, the paper has discussed the effect of the selection of imaging parameters and the effectuation on the migration result of the seismic wavelet and compared the 2-D and 3-D prestack depth migration result of the salt mode. We also present the test result of impulse response with the overthrust model. The imaging result of the two international models indicates that the Symplectic method of 3-D prestack depth migration accommodates great transversal velocity variation and complex geologic structure. The huge computing cost is the key obstruction that 3-D prestack depth migration wave equation cannot be adopted by oil industry. After deep analysis of prestack depth migration flow and the character of PC cluster ,the paper put forward :i)parallel algorithms in shot and frequency domain of the common shot gather 3-D wave equation prestack migration; ii)the optimized setting scheme of breakpoint in field data processing; iii)dynamic and static load balance among the nodes of the PC cluster in the 3-D prestack depth migration. It has been proven that computation periods of the 3-D prestack depth migration imaging are greatly shortened given that adopting the computing method mentioned in the paper. In addition,considering the 3-D wave equation prestack depth migration flow in complex medium and examples of the field data processing, the paper put the emphasis on: i)seismic data relative preprocessing, ii) 2.5D prestack depth migration velocity analysis, iii)3D prestack depth migration. The result of field data processing shows satisfied application ability of the flow put forward in the paper.

基于信息重建技术的地震信号处理方法研究

The dissertation addressed the problems of signals reconstruction and data restoration in seismic data processing, which takes the representation methods of signal as the main clue, and take the seismic information reconstruction (signals separation and trace interpolation) as the core. On the natural bases signal representation, I present the ICA fundamentals, algorithms and its original applications to nature earth quake signals separation and survey seismic signals separation. On determinative bases signal representation, the paper proposed seismic dada reconstruction least square inversion regularization methods, sparseness constraints, pre-conditioned conjugate gradient methods, and their applications to seismic de-convolution, Radon transformation, et. al. The core contents are about de-alias uneven seismic data reconstruction algorithm and its application to seismic interpolation. Although the dissertation discussed two cases of signal representation, they can be integrated into one frame, because they both deal with the signals or information restoration, the former reconstructing original signals from mixed signals, the later reconstructing whole data from sparse or irregular data. The goal of them is same to provide pre-processing methods and post-processing method for seismic pre-stack depth migration. ICA can separate the original signals from mixed signals by them, or abstract the basic structure from analyzed data. I surveyed the fundamental, algorithms and applications of ICA. Compared with KL transformation, I proposed the independent components transformation concept (ICT). On basis of the ne-entropy measurement of independence, I implemented the FastICA and improved it by covariance matrix. By analyzing the characteristics of the seismic signals, I introduced ICA into seismic signal processing firstly in Geophysical community, and implemented the noise separation from seismic signal. Synthetic and real data examples show the usability of ICA to seismic signal processing and initial effects are achieved. The application of ICA to separation quake conversion wave from multiple in sedimentary area is made, which demonstrates good effects, so more reasonable interpretation of underground un-continuity is got. The results show the perspective of application of ICA to Geophysical signal processing. By virtue of the relationship between ICA and Blind Deconvolution , I surveyed the seismic blind deconvolution, and discussed the perspective of applying ICA to seismic blind deconvolution with two possible solutions. The relationship of PC A, ICA and wavelet transform is claimed. It is proved that reconstruction of wavelet prototype functions is Lie group representation. By the way, over-sampled wavelet transform is proposed to enhance the seismic data resolution, which is validated by numerical examples. The key of pre-stack depth migration is the regularization of pre-stack seismic data. As a main procedure, seismic interpolation and missing data reconstruction are necessary. Firstly, I review the seismic imaging methods in order to argue the critical effect of regularization. By review of the seismic interpolation algorithms, I acclaim that de-alias uneven data reconstruction is still a challenge. The fundamental of seismic reconstruction is discussed firstly. Then sparseness constraint on least square inversion and preconditioned conjugate gradient solver are studied and implemented. Choosing constraint item with Cauchy distribution, I programmed PCG algorithm and implement sparse seismic deconvolution, high resolution Radon Transformation by PCG, which is prepared for seismic data reconstruction. About seismic interpolation, dealias even data interpolation and uneven data reconstruction are very good respectively, however they can not be combined each other. In this paper, a novel Fourier transform based method and a algorithm have been proposed, which could reconstruct both uneven and alias seismic data. I formulated band-limited data reconstruction as minimum norm least squares inversion problem where an adaptive DFT-weighted norm regularization term is used. The inverse problem is solved by pre-conditional conjugate gradient method, which makes the solutions stable and convergent quickly. Based on the assumption that seismic data are consisted of finite linear events, from sampling theorem, alias events can be attenuated via LS weight predicted linearly from low frequency. Three application issues are discussed on even gap trace interpolation, uneven gap filling, high frequency trace reconstruction from low frequency data trace constrained by few high frequency traces. Both synthetic and real data numerical examples show the proposed method is valid, efficient and applicable. The research is valuable to seismic data regularization and cross well seismic. To meet 3D shot profile depth migration request for data, schemes must be taken to make the data even and fitting the velocity dataset. The methods of this paper are used to interpolate and extrapolate the shot gathers instead of simply embedding zero traces. So, the aperture of migration is enlarged and the migration effect is improved. The results show the effectiveness and the practicability.

地震偏移宽角吸收边界条件和Toeplitz矩阵反演中的边界效应研究

The content of this paper is based on the research work while the author took part in the key project of NSFC and the key project of Knowledge Innovation of CAS. The whole paper is expanded by introduction of the inevitable boundary problem during seismic migration and inversion. Boundary problem is a popular issue in seismic data processing. At the presence of artificial boundary, reflected wave which does not exist in reality comes to presence when the incident seismic wave arrives at the artificial boundary. That will interfere the propagation of seismic wave and cause alias information on the processed profile. Furthermore, the quality of the whole seismic profile will decrease and the subsequent work will fail.This paper has also made a review on the development of seismic migration, expatiated temporary seismic migration status and predicted the possible break through. Aiming at the absorbing boundary problem in migration, we have deduced the wide angle absorbing boundary condition and made a compare with the boundary effect of Toepiitz matrix fast approximate computation.During the process of fast approximate inversion computation of Toepiitz system, we have introduced the pre-conditioned conjugate gradient method employing co circulant extension to construct pre-conditioned matrix. Especially, employment of combined preconditioner will reduce the boundary effect during computation.Comparing the boundary problem in seismic migration with that in Toepiitz matrix inversion we find that the change of boundary condition will lead to the change of coefficient matrix eigenvalues and the change of coefficient matrix eigenvalues will cause boundary effect. In this paper, the author has made an qualitative analysis of the relationship between the coefficient matrix eigenvalues and the boundary effect. Quantitative analysis is worthy of further research.

The landing of Commander Bayo in Majorca through the letters of journalist Gabriel Fuster Mayans ‘Gafim’

The well-known Majorcan journalist and town councillor in Palma Gabriel Fuster Mayans, alias Gafim, fought in the ranks of the national side during the Spanish Civil War when he was only 23. Using unpublished letters to his bride, the author has been able to retrace his role during the landing of the ship under the command of captain Bayo in August 1936, an exceptional witness from a man who became one of the most distinguished public figures in the Balearic capital.

Electrochemistry of Hg(II) Salts in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids

The electrochemistry of HgCl(2) and [Hg(NTf(2))(2)] ([NTf(2)](-) = bis-{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide) has been studied in room temperature ionic liquids. It has been found that the cyclic voltammetry of Hg(II) is strongly dependent on a number of factors (e.g., concentration, anions present in the mixture, and nature of the working electrode) and differs from that found in other media. Depending on conditions, the cyclic voltammetry of Hg(II) can give rise to one, two, or four reduction peaks, whereas the reverse oxidative scans show two to four peaks. Diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction have been used to aid the assignment of the voltammetric waves.

Electrochemistry of Sulfur and Polysulfides in Ionic Liquids

The electrochemistry of elemental sulfur (S-8) and the polysulfides Na2S4 and Na2S6 has been studied for the first time in nonchloroaluminate ionic liquids. The cyclic voltammetry of S-8 in the ionic liquids is different to the behavior reported in some organic solvents, with two reductions and one oxidation peak observed. Supported by in situ UV-vis spectro-electrochemical experiments, the main reduction products of S-8 in [C(4)mim][DCA] ([C(4)mim] = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; DCA = dicyanamide) have been identified as s(6)(2-) and S-4(2-), and plausible pathways for the formation of these species are proposed. Dissociation and/or disproportionation of the polyanions S-6(2-) and S-4(2-) appears to be slow in the ionic liquid, with only small amounts of the blue radical species S3(center dot-) formed in the solutions at r.t., in contrast with that observed in most molecular solvents.

Rheological and heat transfer behaviour of the ionic liquid, [C(4)mim][NTf2]

Systematic experiments have been carried out on the thermal and rheological behaviour of the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} imide, [C(4)mim][NTf2], and, for the first time, on the forced convective heat transfer of an ionic liquid under the laminar flow conditions. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the ionic liquid is similar to 0.13 W m(-1) K-1, which is almost independent of temperature between 25 and 40 degrees C. Rheological measurements show that the [C(4)mim][NTf2] liquid is a Newtonian fluid with its shear viscosity decreasing with increasing temperature according to the exponential law over a temperature range of 20-90 degrees C. The convective heat transfer experiments demonstrate that the thermal entrance length of the ionic liquid is very large due to its high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. The convective heat transfer coefficient is observed to be much lower than that of distilled water under the same conditions. The convective heat transfer data are also found to fit well to the convectional Shah's equation under the conditions of this work. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Symmetry and order parameter dynamics of the human odometer

Bipedal gaits have been classified on the basis of the group symmetry of the minimal network of identical differential equations (alias cells) required to model them. Primary bipedal gaits (e.g., walk, run) are characterized by dihedral symmetry, whereas secondary bipedal gaits (e.g., gallop-walk, gallop- run) are characterized by a lower, cyclic symmetry. This fact has been used in tests of human odometry (e.g., Turvey et al. in P Roy Soc Lond B Biol 276:4309–4314, 2009, J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 38:1014–1025, 2012). Results suggest that when distance is measured and reported by gaits from the same symmetry class, primary and secondary gaits are comparable. Switching symmetry classes at report compresses (primary to secondary) or inflates (secondary to primary) measured distance, with the compression and inflation equal in magnitude. The present research (a) extends these findings from overground locomotion to treadmill locomotion and (b) assesses a dynamics of sequentially coupled measure and report phases, with relative velocity as an order parameter, or equilibrium state, and difference in symmetry class as an imperfection parameter, or detuning, of those dynamics. The results suggest that the symmetries and dynamics of distance measurement by the human odometer are the same whether the odometer is in motion relative to a stationary ground or stationary relative to a moving ground.