Study on growth factors of intermetallic layer within hot-dipped 25% Al-Zn alloy coating on steel

25%Al-Zn alloy coating performs better than hot dip galvanized coating and 55%Al-Zn-Si coating with regard to general seawater corrosion protection. This study deals with the interfacial intermetallic layer's growth, which affects considerably the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of 25%Al-Zn alloy coatings, by means of three-factor quadratic regressive orthogonal experiments, The regression equation shows that the intermetallic layer thickness decreases rapidly with increasing content of Si added to the Zn-Al alloy bath, increases with rise in bath temperature and prolonging dip time. The most effective factor that determined the thickness of intermetallic layer was the amount of Si added to Zn-Al alloy bath, while the effect of bath temperature and dip time on the thickness of intermetallic layer were not very obvious.

海南土壤中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd四种重金属含量及其生物有效性的研究

对海南63 个土壤样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd 四种重金属的总量和生物有效态含量以及45 个植物样(根、茎、叶) 中的重金属含量分别进行了测定,采样点基本上覆盖了海南全省,测定结果表明,土壤中Zn 总量低于全国平均值,而Pb、Cu、Cd 高于全国平均值,土壤中重金属生物有效态含量一般低于其总量的10 % ,其中Pb 最高为7. 71 % ,而Cu 仅为1. 13 % ,具有较大的变异性;植物中重金属含量与土壤中重金属总量呈现负相关性,但与土壤中有效态重金属含量一般呈现正相关性,叶中的重金属含量与土壤中有效态重金属含量之间的相关性更为显著,叶中的重金属含量与土壤中有效态重金属含量之间的相关系数分别为: Zn (01726) ,Cu (01626) , Pb(01774) ,Cd(01512) 。这说明土壤中重金属总量并不能全面的评价土壤的环境效应和重金属的生物有效性,应该把重金属总量和生物有效态含量结合起来加以研究,并应将土壤中重金属的含量与植物中该元素含量之间作相关分析,根据其相关系数的大小来判断其生物有效性的程度。

Análise numérica e experimental da solidificação das ligas Al 3,5% Cu e AA36

A formação interna da estrutura de uma peça fundida deve determinar as características mecânicas dessa peça, quando em serviço. Dessa forma, torna-se fundamental conhecer e parametrizar os elementos que influem na formação da estrutura do componente sólido, para o desenvolvimento adequado de sistemas de solidificação que permitam conduzir a melhoria da qualidade de uma peça no processo de solidificação. Modelos numéricos podem ser empregados para a determinação da formação estrutural, entretanto estes devem ser aferidos adequadamente para garantir sua aplicabilidade. No trabalho em questão, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia que permitiu a aferição de um modelo numérico para a previsão das condições de resfriamento de ligas de alumínio. Elaborou-se um conjunto de coquilhas e moldes que permitiram o acoplamento e verificação da estrutura formada na solidificação em diferentes situações de resfriamento, observando principalmente a direção de extração de calor e a taxa de resfriamento associada. O modelo numérico aplicado respondeu coerentemente aos resultados obtidos permitindo a previsão da estrutura solidificada pela observação dos resultados de evolução das isotermas solidus e liquidus no interior dos sistemas.

Use of diffusive gradients in thin films and tangential flow ultrafiltration for fractionation of Al(III) and Cu(II) in organic-rich river waters

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and tangential-flow ultrafiltration (TF-UF) were combined for fractionation of Al and Cu in river water containing high content of dissolved organic carbon. A procedure based on ultrafiltration data is proposed to determine diffusion coefficients of the analytes in water samples and model solutions containing both free metal (M) and complex (metal - humic substance). Aiming to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed approach, the DGT results were compared with those from a protocol for determination of labile Al and Cu based on solid phase extraction (SPE). Good agreement between data from DGT and SPE were attained for model solutions. For analysis of real organic-rich water samples, differences between DGT and SPE measurements were consistent with the time-scales of the techniques. The concentration of labile Al determined by DGT were lower than the total dissolved concentrations (determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and exceeded the ultrafiltered concentration, indicating that inorganic Al species (species small enough to pass through 1 kDa membrane) were minor species as compared with Al organic complexes. For both Al and Cu, there were species not measured by DGT as they are not sufficiently labile. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Valutazione dell'effetto del mezzo temprante sulle tensioni residue e proprieta meccaniche della lega di alluminio Al-Si7-Mg

L’alluminio, grazie alla sua bassa temperatura di fusione e all’elevata fluidità di molte leghe, è uno dei metalli più versatili in fonderia. Per ottenere il massimo delle proprietà resistenziali, le leghe che lo permettono sono sottoposte a trattamento termico. Questo, però, in componenti geometricamente complessi può far insorgere tensioni residue che inficeranno la resistenza del materiale durante la sua messa in esercizio. Gli obiettivi della presente ricerca sono stati: la valutazione dell’incidenza del mezzo temprante usato durante il trattamento termico sulle tensioni residue che si sviluppano nella lega AlSi7Mg e la definizione di come questo potesse essere modificato per ridurre le tensioni senza peggiorare le proprietà resistenziali del materiale. Per tale ragione sono state eseguite prove di trattamento termico, analisi microstrutturali e test di durezza su campioni estratti direttamente da getti colati in sabbia.

Effects of boron-strontium interactions on eutectic modification in Al-10 mass%Si alloys

The effects of boron and strontium interactions on the eutectic silicon in hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys have been studied. Samples were prepared from an AI-I 0 mass%Si base alloy with different Al-B additions, alone and in combination with strontium. In alloys containing no strontium, boron additions do not cause modification of the eutectic silicon, while in strontium containing alloys, boron additions reduce the level of modification of the eutectic silicon. Thermal analysis parameters and eutectic silicon microstructures were investigated with respect to the Sr to B ratio. In order to modify the eutectic silicon, a Sr/B ratio exceeding 0.4 is required.

Microstructure control in Sn-0.7mass%Cu alloys

Soldering alloys based oft the Sn-Cu alloy system are amongst the most favourable lead-free alternatives due to a range of attractive properties. Trace additions of Ni have been found to significantly improve the soldering characteristics of these alloys (reduced bridging etc.). This paper examines the mechanisms underlying the improvement in soldering properties of Sn-0.7 mass%Cu eutectic alloys modified with concentrations of Ni ranging front 0 to 1000 ppm. The alloys were investigated by thermal analysis during solidification, as well as optical/SEM microanalyses of fully solidified samples anti samples quenched during solidification. It is concluded that Ni additions dramatically alter the nucleation patterns and solidification behaviour of the Sn-Cu6Sn5 eutectic anti that these changes are related to the superior soldering characteristics of the Ni-modified Sn-0.7 mass%Cu alloys.

Segregation of particles and its influence on the morphology of the eutectic silicon phase in Al-7 wt.% Si alloys

A new modification phenomenon is reported for Al-Si alloys, where the Al-Si eutectic is refined by segregated TiB2 particles. The TiB2 particles are pushed to the Al-Si phase boundary during solidification of the eutectic and it is believed that at high concentrations the TiB2 particles restrict solute redistribution causing refinement of the Si. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Build-up of toxic metals on the impervious surfaces of a commercial seaport

In the context of increasing threats to the sensitive marine ecosystem by toxic metals, this study investigated the metal build-up on impervious surfaces specific to commercial seaports. The knowledge generated in this study will contribute to managing toxic metal pollution of the marine ecosystem. The study found that inter-modal operations and main access roadway had the highest loads followed by container storage and vehicle marshalling sites, while the quay line and short term storage areas had the lowest. Additionally, it was found that Cr, Al, Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly attached to solids, while significant amount of Cu, Pb and Zn were found as nutrient complexes. As such, treatment options based on solids retention can be effective for some metal species, while ineffective for other species. Furthermore, Cu and Zn are more likely to become bioavailable in seawater due to their strong association with nutrients. Mathematical models to replicate the metal build-up process were also developed using experimental design approach and partial least square regression. The models for Cr and Pb were found to be reliable, while those for Al, Zn and Cu were relatively less reliable, but could be employed for preliminary investigations.

Electron-metallographic studies of precipitation in an aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy

The mechanism of sub-microscopic precipitation in an Al-Zn-Mg alloy selected for its maximum response to ageing has been studied by a standardized oxide-replica technique in a 100 kV. Philips Electron Microscope. Contrary to earlier conclusions, examination of the oxide replicas has been shown to reveal details of the precipitation process almost as clearly as the thin-foil transmission technique. The reported formation of spherical Guinier-Preston zones followed by the development of a Widmanstaetten pattern of precipitated platelets has been confirmed. The zones have, however, been shown to grow into the platelets and not to dissolve in the matrix as reported earlier. The precipitation process has been correlated with the Hardness/Ageing Time curve and the structure of the precipitates has also been discussed.

Three-Dimensional simulation of deformation fields underneath vickers indenter:Effects of power-law Plasticity

The effects of power-law plasticity (yield strength and strain hardening exponent) on the plastic strain distribution underneath a Vickers indenter was systematically investigated by recourse to three-dimensional finite element analysis, motivated by the experimental macro-and micro-indentation on heat-treated Al-Zn-Mg alloy. For meaningful comparison between simulated and experimental results, the experimental heat treatment was carefully designed such that Al alloy achieve similar yield strength with different strain hardening exponent, and vice versa. On the other hand, full 3D simulation of Vickers indentation was conducted to capture subsurface strain distribution. Subtle differences and similarities were discussed based on the strain field shape, size and magnitude for the isolated effect of yield strength and strain hardening exponent.

爆炸处理提高16Mn钢疲劳性能

<正> 1.引言为了改善焊接残余应力的分布,国外已开始采用爆炸法调整内应力以代替花费昂贵的退火处理.焊接试件经过合理的爆炸处理,室温空气介质中10~6次疲劳持久强度有明显提高:18Ni马氏体时效钢提高40%;0.12%C、0.52%Mn、0.3%Mo钢提高50%;中强度Al-Zn-Mg合金提高20%.但是,实际构件中常存在裂纹样的宏观缺陷,为了进行损伤容限设计和安全寿命估算,必须了解爆炸处理对宏观缺陷有何影响?经处理后,自缺陷处开始疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛限以及裂纹扩展速率有什么变化?本文对上述问题进行了研究,并就爆炸处理提高疲劳性能的原因作了讨论. 2.疲劳试验及爆炸处理简介试验选用16Mn热轧正火钢板,板厚28mm,疲劳

稀土对铝及变形铝合金性能影响和作用机理研究

稀土对铝及铝合金具有很多良好作用。根据国内外有关铝合金发展趋势的报道，铝合金向中强高工艺高强耐热、超塑、微量元素改善合金性能等方向发展稀土在这些方面对铝合金有着很好的作用效果。因此研制新型铝合金，研究稀土对铝合金组织和性能的影响及稀土作用机现，有着重要的意义。稀土在铝合金中的应用已经引起了国内外研究工作者的关注。近几年此方面研究尤为活跃。我国是一个稀土蕴藏量较大的国家，研究稀土在铝合金中的作用，可以更好地发挥我国的资源优势，对国民经济的发展将起着重要的作用。有关稀土在铝合金中的应用研究，国外开展的较早。我国始于七十年代。合金工作者对稀土在铝合金中的作用进行了大量的研究，确认了稀土可以改善铝合金的组织和性能，改善工艺性能，表面光泽性和耐腐蚀性但是，目前的研究还没有形成系统和全面的理论，由于研究条件和目的不同，很多的研究还处于实验室阶段，对某些问题还研究得不够深入，不够全面。如：1. 稀土对金属铝组织和性能影响；2. 稀土对铝合金枝晶组织细化作用和晶体结构影响；3. 稀土如何改善铝合金的加工工艺性能，提高铝合金的成品率；4. 稀土对提高合金沉淀硬化速度，使GD区快速析出，时效峰提前；5. 铝热还原法，较低温度下制取铝稀土合金，特别是重稀土合金；6. 稀土铝合金的加工硬化过程研究；7. 稀土在变形铝合金中的存在状态和分布规律；基于上述问题和国内对铝合金的需求，本文主要做了如下几个方面的工作：1. 研制了RE-Al-Mg-Si挤压型材合金，稀土是采用向工业电解槽中加入混合稀土化合物同铝一起共电沉积，制取稀土铝合金，然后配制成RE-Al-Mg-Si合金。对其组织，晶体结构，性能，沉淀硬化过程等进行了研究得出如下结论：①. 稀土可使Al-Mg-Si合金强度提高10-20%，硬度提高10%左右；②. 稀土可以改善Al-Mg-Si合金的加工性能，在挤压温度下具有较大的高温塑性。稀土可使铝镁硅合金晶粒细化，再结晶温度和过烧温度提高，允许在较宽温度范围内进行热处理；③. 稀土可使Al-Mg-Si合金表面致密，光亮，改善耐腐蚀性和光学特性；④. 稀土可使铝基体晶胞体积减小，晶胞体积的减小值和强度、硬度提高成很好的直线关系。首次提出稀土对铝合金的“晶胞收缩效应”；⑤. 稀土在铝镁硅合金中分布规律是晶内晶界都有稀土存在，晶界多于晶内。稀土和Si，Fe等共存于晶界。⑥. 稀土可促使GP区快速析出，弥散的第二相质点在位错线上析出，起着钉扎位错，增大位错密度的作用，因而时效硬度提高，时效峰提前；为短时高温时效提供了实验依据；2.研制了RE-Al-Zn-Mg中强合金。稀土的加入是采用对掺法，对合金的组织、性能，加式硬化过程，时效工艺及稀土分布规律进行了研究，得出如下结论：①. 稀土可改善合金加工性能，尤其是高温延伸率，当稀土为0.489%时达到750%，是未加稀土的合金两倍多。该合金具有超塑性。②. 铸态或变形后，稀土对组织都有细化作用；③. 该合金加工硬化过程具有三个阶段，经过线性回归处理成很好的直线关系。④. 稀土可使Al-Zn-Mg合金的时效峰提前约4小时；⑤. 稀土合金的新相在位错密度线上析出，阻碍位错移动，使严结构组织保持较大的位错密度，从而改善合金性能；⑥. 该合金具有满意的强度，可适合挤压，轧制等变形加工。3. 研究了稀土对金属铝组织和性能的影响。用铝热还原法制得Al-RE合金。实现了较低温度下重稀土化合物的铝热还原。采用电解复膜工艺，制得金相样品；使合金的细节组织清晰可见。研究了组织和性能，得出如下结论：①. 稀土对铝的细化作用，枝晶细化更明显，这主要是稀土在铝中的溶质再分配，造成了结晶前沿的过冷区，使铝晶粒以树枝状晶长大，由于稀土元素在铝中的溶质分配系数不同而表现在细化晶粒方面有一定的差异；②. 稀土在铝中主要分布在晶界和枝晶界，晶内也有稀土存在；③. 稀土可以提高纯铝的机械性能和高温塑性；④. 通过铝热还原，可在较低温度不制得Dy、Eu、Gd、Y等重稀土铝合金。

稀土Al—Zn—Mg合金的研制及性能研究

本文介绍了我们研制的稀土作为微量添加元素的中等强度Al-Zn-Mg合金,对其制备工艺、性能和稀土的作用进行了研究和讨论。研究表明,该合金具有强度较高,高温塑性好,可焊性优良等特点,适用锻压,挤压等变形加工。可望在交通车辆等方面获得应用。