Comparative effects of GLP-1 and GIP on cAMP production, insulin secretion, and in vivo antidiabetic actions following substitution of Ala8/Ala2 with 2-aminobutyric acid

The two major incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are currently being considered as prospective drug candidates for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Interest in these gut hormones was initially spurred by their potent insulinotropic activities, but a number of other antihyperglycaemic actions are now established. One of the foremost barriers in progressing GLP-1 and GIP to the clinic concerns their rapid degradation and inactivation by the ubiquitous enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV). Here, we compare the DPP IV resistance and biological properties of Abu(8)/ Abu(2) (2-aminobutyric acid) substituted analogues of GLP-1 and GIP engineered to impart DPP IV resistance. Whereas (Abu(8))GLP-1 was completely stable to human plasma (half-life > 12h), GLP-1, GIP, and (Abu(2))GIP were rapidly degraded (half-lives: 6.2, 6.0, and 7.1 h, respectively). Native GIP, GLP-1, and particularly (Abu(8))GLP-1 elicited significant adenylate cyclase and insulinotropic activity, while (Abu(2))GIP was less effective. Similarly, in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice, GIP, GLP-1, and (Abu(8))GLP-1 displayed substantial glucose-lowering and insulin -releasing activities, whereas (Abu(2))GIP was only weakly active. These studies illustrate divergent effects of penultimate amino acid Ala(8)/Ala(2) substitution with Abu on the biological properties of GLP-1 and GIP, suggesting that (Abu(8))GLP-1 represents a potential candidate for future therapeutic development. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmacological characterisation of neuropeptide F (NPF)-induced effects on the motility of Mesocestoides corti (syn. Mesocestoides vogae) larvae

Neuropeptide F is the most abundant neuropeptide in parasitic flatworms and is analogous to vertebrate neuropeptide Y. This paper examines the effects of neuropeptide F on tetrathyridia of the cestode Mesocestoides vogae and provides preliminary data on the signalling mechanisms employed. Neuropeptide F ( greater than or equal to 10 muM) had profound excitatory effects on larval motility in vitro. The effects were insensitive to high concentrations (I mM) of the anaesthetic procame hydrochloride suggesting extraneuronal sites of action. Neuropeptide F activity was not significantly blocked by a FMRFamide-related peptide analog (GNFFRdFamide) that was found to inhibit GNFFRFamide-induced excitation indicating the occurrence of distinct neuropeptide F and FMRFamide-related peptide receptors. Larval treatment with guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) trilithium salt prior to the addition of neuropeptide F completely abolished the excitatory effects indicating the involvement of G-proteins and a G-protein coupled receptor in neuropeptide F activity. Addition of guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) following neuropeptide F had limited inhibitory effects consistent with the activation of a signalling cascade by the neuropeptide. With respect to Ca2+ involvement in neuropeptide F-induced excitation of M. vogae larvae, the L-type Ca2+-channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine both abolished neuropeptide F activity as did high Mg+ concentrations and drugs which blocked sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-activated Ca2+-channels (ryanodine) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pumps (cyclopiazonic acid). Therefore, both extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ is important for neuropeptide F excitation in M. vogae. With resepct to second messengers, the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine chloride and the adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-2330A both abolished neuropeptide F-induced excitation. The involvement of a signalling pathway that involves protein kinase C was further supported by the fact that phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate,known to directly activate protein kinase C, had direct excitatory effects on larval motility. Although neuropeptide F is structurally analogous to neuropeptide Y, its mode-of-action in flatworms appears quite distinct from the common signalling mechanism seen in vertebrates. (C) 2003 on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Gastrointestinal Peptide Obestatin Induces Vascular Relaxation Via Specific Activation of Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide Signalling.

Background and purpose: Obestatin is a recently-discovered gastrointestinal peptide with established metabolic actions, which is linked to diabetes and may exert cardiovascular benefits. Here we aimed to investigate the specific effects of obestatin on vascular relaxation. Experimental approach: Cumulative relaxation responses to obestatin peptides were assessed in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric artery (n=8) in the presence/absence of selective inhibitors. Complementary studies were performed in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Key results: Obestatin peptides elicited concentration-dependent relaxation in both aorta and mesenteric artery. Responses to full-length obestatin(1-23) were greater than those to obestatin(1-10) and obestatin(11-23). Obestatin(1-23)-induced relaxation was attenuated by endothelial denudation, L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor), high extracellular K(+) , GDP-ß-S (G protein inhibitor), MDL-12,330A (adenylate cyclase inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), KN-93 (CaMKII inhibitor), ODQ (guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and iberiotoxin (BK(Ca) blocker), suggesting that it is mediated by an endothelium-dependent NO signalling cascade involving an adenylate cyclase-linked G protein-coupled receptor, PI3K/Akt, Ca(2+) -dependent eNOS activation, soluble guanylate cyclase and modulation of vascular smooth muscle K(+) . Supporting data from BAEC indicated that nitrite production, intracellular Ca(2+) and Akt phosphorylation were increased after exposure to obestatin(1-23). Relaxations to obestatin(1-23) were unaltered by inhibitors of candidate endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factors (EDHFs) and combined SK(Ca) /IK(Ca) blockade, suggesting that EDHF-mediated pathways were not involved. Conclusions and Implications: Obestatin produces significant vascular relaxation via specific activation of endothelium-dependent NO signalling. These actions may be important in normal regulation of vascular function and are clearly relevant to diabetes, a condition characterised by endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications.

Metabolic-activity of pathogenic bacteria during semicontinuous anaerobic-digestion

In natural environments such as anaerobic digesters, bacteria are frequently subjected to the stress of nutrient fluxes because of the continual changes in the flow of nutrients, and to survive, they must be capable of adapting readily to nutrient changes. In this study, the metabolic activities of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni were studied within culture bags (Versapor-200 filters, 0.22-mu m pore size) in laboratory anaerobic digesters. The metabolic activity of these bacteria was indicated by their adenylate energy charge (EC) ratios and their ability to incorporate [H-3]thymidine, which was related to the respective changes in viable numbers within the culture bags during anaerobic digestion. Fluctuations in the adenylate EC ratios, the uptake of [H-3]thymidine, and the viable numbers of E. coli, S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica, and L. monocytogenes cells were probably due to constant changes in the amount of available nutrients within the anaerobic digesters. The viability of S. typhimurium increased quickly after a fresh supply of nutrients was added to the system as indicated by the uptake of [H-3]thymidine and an increase in the adenylate EC ratios. The viable numbers of E. coli, S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica, and L. monocytogenes organisms declined rapidly from 10(7) to 10(8) CFU/ml to 10(3) to 10(4) CFU/ml and remained at this level for an indefinite period. The decimal reduction time calculated during the period of exponential decline ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 days for these bacteria. C. jejuni had the greatest mean decimal reduction time value (3.6 days). This bacterium had adenylate EC ratios of less than 0.5 during anaerobic digestion, although the adenylate nucleotide concentrations in the cells were much greater than those in the other enteric cells. The results show that the enteric bacteria investigated probably exist in transient states between different stages of growth because of fluctuating nutrient levels during anaerobic digestion.

Efficacy of Tenofovir 1% Vaginal Gel in Reducing the Risk of HIV-1 and HSV-2 Infection

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that can result in rare opportunistic infections occurring in humans. The onset of these infections is known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Sexual transmission is responsible for the majority of infections 1, resulting in transmission of HIV due to infected semen or vaginal and cervical secretions containing infected lymphocytes. HIV microbicides are formulations of chemical or biological agents that can be applied to the vagina or rectum with the intention of reducing the acquisition of HIV. Tenofovir is an NRTI that is phosphorylated by adenylate kinase to tenofovir diphosphate, which in turn competes with deoxyadeosine 5’-triphosphate for incorporation into newly synthesized HIV DNA. Once incorporated, tenofovir diphosphate results in chain termination, thus inhibiting viral replication. Tenofovir has been formulated into a range of vaginal formulations, such as rings, tablets gels and films. It has been shown to safe and effective in numerous animal models, while demonstrating safety and acceptability in numerous human trials. The most encouraging results came from the CAPRISA 004 clinical trial which demonstrated that a 1% Tenofovir vaginal gel reduced HIV infection by approximately 39%.

Salt-inducible kinase 2 regulates mitotic progression and transcription in prostate cancer

UNLABELLED: Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is a multifunctional kinase of the AMPK family that plays a role in CREB1-mediated gene transcription and was recently reported to have therapeutic potential in ovarian cancer. The expression of this kinase was investigated in prostate cancer clinical specimens. Interestingly, auto-antibodies against SIK2 were increased in the plasma of patients with aggressive disease. Examination of SIK2 in prostate cancer cells found that it functions both as a positive regulator of cell-cycle progression and a negative regulator of CREB1 activity. Knockdown of SIK2 inhibited cell growth, delayed cell-cycle progression, induced cell death, and enhanced CREB1 activity. Expression of a kinase-dead mutant of SIK2 also inhibited cell growth, induced cell death, and enhanced CREB1 activity. Treatment with a small-molecule SIK2 inhibitor (ARN-3236), currently in preclinical development, also led to enhanced CREB1 activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Because CREB1 is a transcription factor and proto-oncogene, it was posited that the effects of SIK2 on cell proliferation and viability might be mediated by changes in gene expression. To test this, gene expression array profiling was performed and while SIK2 knockdown or overexpression of the kinase-dead mutant affected established CREB1 target genes; the overlap with transcripts regulated by forskolin (FSK), the adenylate cyclase/CREB1 pathway activator, was incomplete.

IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that targeting SIK2 genetically or therapeutically will have pleiotropic effects on cell-cycle progression and transcription factor activation, which should be accounted for when characterizing SIK2 inhibitors.

Ligand binding and signalling pathways of PTH receptors in sea bream (Sparus auratus) enterocytes

Whole animal studies have indicated that Ca2+ uptake by the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by the action of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in teleost fish. We have characterised PTH receptors (PTHR) in piscine enterocytes and established, by using aminoterminal PTHrP peptides, the amino acid residues important for receptor activation and for stabilising the ligand/receptor complex. Ligand binding of 125I-(1–35tyr) PTHrP to the membrane fraction of isolated sea bream enterocytes revealed the existence of a single saturable high-affinity receptor (KD=2.59 nM; Bmax=71 fmol/mg protein). Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for sea bream PTH1R and PTH3R confirmed the mRNA expression of only the later receptor. Fugu (1–34) PTHrP increased cAMP levels in enterocytes but had no effect on total inositol phosphate accumulation. The aminoterminal peptides (2–34)PTHrP, (3–34)PTHrP and (7–34) PTHrP bound efficiently to the receptor but were severely defective in stimulating cAMP in enterocyte cells indicating that the first six residues of piscine (1–34)PTHrP, although not important for receptor binding, are essential for activation of the adenylate cyclase/phosphokinase A (AC-PKA)-receptor-coupled intracellular signalling pathway. Therefore, PTHrP in teleosts acts on the gastrointestinal tract through PTH3R and the AC-PKA intracellular signalling pathway and might regulate Ca2+ uptake at this site. Ligand-receptor binding and activity throughout the vertebrates appears to be allocated to the same amino acid residues of the amino-terminal domain of the PTHrP molecule.

Étude sur l’endocytose du récepteur de l’insuline : rôle du noeud de signalisation ATIC / PTPLAD1

La cellule utilise des nœuds d’interactions protéiques relativement stables, conservés et souvent constitués d’adaptateurs moléculaires pour gérer des signaux reçus (synthèse, sécrétion, traffic, métabolisme, division), des problèmes de sécurité et de niveaux d’énergie. Nos résultats montrent que la cellule utilise aussi des nœuds relativement petits et dynamiques où des informations propres concernant des voies métaboliques apparemment indépendantes sont évaluées. Ces informations y sont intégrées localement et une décision y est prise pour action immédiate. Cette idée est supportée par notre étude sur le récepteur de l’insuline (RI). Ce récepteur transmembranaire à activité tyrosine kinase reconnaît un signal externe (insuline circulante) et engage la signalisation de l’insuline, les réponses métaboliques et le contrôle du glucose circulant. Le RI est aussi impliqué dans l’internalisation de l’insuline et sa dégradation dans les endosomes (clairance). Il régule donc indirectement la sécrétion de l’insuline par les cellules du pancréas endocrine. La signification pathophysiologique de l’endocytose du RI ainsi que les bases moléculaires d’une telle coordination sont peu connues. Nous avons construit un réseau d’interactions du RI (IRGEN) à partir d’un protéome de fractions Golgi-endosomales (G/E) hépatiques. Nous démontrons une forte hétérogénéité fonctionnelle autour du RI avec la présence des protéines ATIC, PTPLAD1, AMPKα et ANXA2. ANXA2 est une protéine impliquée dans la biogénèse et le transport endosomal. Nos résultats identifient un site de SUMOylation régulé par l’insuline dans sa région N-terminale. ATIC est une enzyme de la voie de synthèse des purines de novo dont le substrat AICAR est un activateur de l’AMPKα. Des analyses biochimiques in vitro et in vivo nous montrent que ATIC favorise la tyrosine phosphorylation du RI par opposition fonctionnelle à PTPLAD1. Une délétion partielle d’ATIC stimule l’activation de l’AMPK dont la sous-unité AMPKα2 apparaît déterminante pour le trafic du RI. Nous démontrons que ATIC, PTPLAD1, AMPKα, AICAR et ANXA2 contrôlent l’endocytose du RI à travers le cytosquelette d’actine et le réseau de microtubules. Nous ressortons un nœud de signalisation (ATIC, PTPLAD1, AMPKα) capable de détecter les niveaux d’activation du RI, d’énergie cellulaires (rapports AMP/ATP) et aussi d’agir sur la signalisation et l’endocytose du RI. Cette proximité moléculaire expliquerait le débat sur le mécanisme primaire du diabète de type 2 (DT2), notamment entre la sensibilité à l’insuline et sa clairance. Nous avons calculé un enrichissement de 61% de variants communs du DT2 parmi les protéines fonctionnellement proches du RI incluant RI, ATIC, AMPKα, KIF5A et GLUT2. Cet enrichissement suggère que l’hétérogénéité génétique révélée par les consortiums sur études génomiques (GWAS) converge vers des mécanismes peu étudiés de biologie cellulaire.

GLUT4, AMP kinase, but not the insulin receptor, are required for hepatoportal glucose sensor-stimulated muscle glucose utilization.

Recent evidence suggests the existence of a hepatoportal vein glucose sensor, whose activation leads to enhanced glucose use in skeletal muscle, heart, and brown adipose tissue. The mechanism leading to this increase in whole body glucose clearance is not known, but previous data suggest that it is insulin independent. Here, we sought to further determine the portal sensor signaling pathway by selectively evaluating its dependence on muscle GLUT4, insulin receptor, and the evolutionarily conserved sensor of metabolic stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We demonstrate that the increase in muscle glucose use was suppressed in mice lacking the expression of GLUT4 in the organ muscle. In contrast, glucose use was stimulated normally in mice with muscle-specific inactivation of the insulin receptor gene, confirming independence from insulin-signaling pathways. Most importantly, the muscle glucose use in response to activation of the hepatoportal vein glucose sensor was completely dependent on the activity of AMPK, because enhanced hexose disposal was prevented by expression of a dominant negative AMPK in muscle. These data demonstrate that the portal sensor induces glucose use and development of hypoglycemia independently of insulin action, but by a mechanism that requires activation of the AMPK and the presence of GLUT4.

Evidence for hypothalamic ketone body sensing: impact on food intake and peripheral metabolic responses in mice.

Monocarboxylates have been implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. Among them, the putative role of ketone bodies produced notably during high-fat diet (HFD) has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we aimed to determine the impact of a specific rise in cerebral ketone bodies on food intake and energy homeostasis regulation. A carotid infusion of ketone bodies was performed on mice to stimulate sensitive brain areas for 6 or 12 h. At each time point, food intake and different markers of energy homeostasis were analyzed to reveal the consequences of cerebral increase in ketone body level detection. First, an increase in food intake appeared over a 12-h period of brain ketone body perfusion. This stimulated food intake was associated with an increased expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptides NPY and AgRP as well as phosphorylated AMPK and is due to ketone bodies sensed by the brain, as blood ketone body levels did not change at that time. In parallel, gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity were transiently altered. Indeed, a dysregulation of glucose production and insulin secretion was observed after 6 h of ketone body perfusion, which reversed to normal at 12 h of perfusion. Altogether, these results suggest that an increase in brain ketone body concentration leads to hyperphagia and a transient perturbation of peripheral metabolic homeostasis.

Comparaison des mécanismes de régulation des isoformes a et b des récepteurs 5-HT4

Les actions thérapeutiques des antidépresseurs, disponibles actuellement, requièrent plusieurs semaines de traitement. Ce délai est dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post-synaptiques qui, respectivement, augmentent la disponibilité synaptique des monoamines sérotonine et noradrénaline (5-HT et NA), et entraînent les changements neuroplastiques modifiant la fonction neuronales dans les régions limbiques. Il a été récemment observé, chez un modèle animal de dépression, que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs sérotoninergiques de type 5-HT4 produisait des changements comportementaux, électrophysiologiques, cellulaires et biochimiques, tel qu’observé chez les antidépresseurs. Ces changements apparaissent seulement après 3 jours de traitement tandis que les antidépresseurs nécessitent souvent plusieurs semaines. De plus, l’activation des récepteurs 5-HT4 ne générait pas de tolérance, et cela pendant 21 jours de traitement. Seulement, les propriétés de signalisation et de régulation de ces récepteurs sont très loin d’êtres établies. Nous avons alors voulu mieux caractériser ces deux aspects de leur fonction, en se concentrant d’avantage sur les isoformes a et b, fortement exprimés dans le système limbique. Pour cela, nous avons voulu évaluer d’abord leur capacité de production d’AMPc dans un système hétérologue. Les essais d’accumulation d’AMPc démontrent que les deux isoformes sont capables de moduler positivement et négativement des niveaux d’AMPc en présence de 5-HT. Par contre, la stimulation au RS67333 induit seulement une augmentation du niveau d’AMPc dans les deux cas. Ensemble, ces observations indiquent que les deux isoformes sont capables de coupler à l’adénylate cyclase à travers les protéines Gαs et Gαi. La quantification des récepteurs internalisés a montré que l’isoforme b internalisait plus efficacement que l’isoforme a suite à l’incubation à la 5-HT (61 ± 3 % pour le b vs 40 ± 2 % pour le a). Les protéines kinases PKA et PKC n’étaient pas impliquées dans cette différence, toutefois, la PKC a été trouvée essentielle à l’internalisation des deux isoformes. L’internalisation de l’isoforme b par 5-HT n’a pas été affecté par la surexpression de forme inactive de GRK2 (GRK2- K220R) et a été partiellement inhibé par un mutant négative de la β-arrestine (βarr(319-418)), tandis que l’internalisation de l’isoforme a a été bloquée par les deux. Ces observations indiquent que les mécanismes d’internalisation des deux isoformes du récepteur 5-HT4 les plus abondants dans le système nerveux central sont distincts. Des comportements spécifiques à chaque isoforme ont aussi été constatés au niveau de la régulation fonctionnelle suite à l’exposition au RS67333, qui désensibilise seulement l’isoforme b. D’après nos observations, nous avons conclu que les isoformes a et b diffèrent dans leur propriétés de signalisation et de régulation. L’incapacité du RS67333 à désensibiliser l’isoforme a fournit un substrat moléculaire pour les effets antidépressifs prolongés de cet agoniste dans les études pré-cliniques.

Étude des déterminants moléculaires de la signalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G et développement d'outils pour l'étude de l'effecteur bêta-arrestine.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) constituent la plus grande famille de protéines membranaires du génome humain. Ils transmettent les signaux extracellulaires provenant de plusieurs stimuli comme les odeurs, les ions, les hormones et les neurotransmetteurs, à l'intérieur des cellules. En se liant aux RCPGs, ces molécules contribuent à la stabilisation des changements conformationnels activateurs qui se propagent jusqu'au domaine intracellulaire des récepteurs. Ces derniers engagent ensuite un ou plusieurs effecteurs, comme les protéines G hétérotrimériques et les β-arrestines (βarrs), qui activent une cascade d'événements moléculaires menant à la réponse cellulaire.Récemment, la publication de structures cristallines de RCPGs liant des ligands diffusibles a offert une opportunité de raffiner à une résolution atomique les modèles des mécanismes de transduction des signaux. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons donc exploré les déterminants de la signalisation du récepteur prototypique β2-adrénergique (β2AR), induite par les β-bloqueurs. En ne tenant compte que de leur efficacités sur le β2AR dans les voies de l'adénylate cyclase (AC) et des protéines kinases activées par les facteurs mitogéniques (MAPK), les β-bloqueurs peuvent être classés en 3 groupes distincts (agoniste inverse AC / agoniste MAPK, antagoniste neutre AC / agoniste MAPK et agoniste inverse AC / agoniste inverse MAPK). Afin de déterminer le lien entre leur efficacité et leur mode de liaison, nous avons réalisé des expériences d'arrimages moléculaires in silico entre des β-bloqueurs de chacun des groupes et la structure cristalline du β2AR liée au carazolol. De manière intéressante, les ligands à l'intérieur d'un groupe partagent un mode de liaison, alors que ceux des ligands entre les groupes divergent, suggérant que le mode de liaison des β-bloqueurs pourrait être utilisé pour prédire leur l'efficacité. En accord avec cette hypothèse, nous avons prédit et confirmé l'efficacité agoniste MAPK du carazolol, un inverse agoniste AC du β2AR se liant au récepteur de manière similaire au groupe inverse agoniste AC / agoniste MAPK. De manière intéressante, le groupement aryl des ligands agonistes inverses agonistes AC / agoniste MAPK, le seul groupement chimique variable de ce groupe, est prédite pour lier la région des 3e et 5e hélices transmembranaires (TM3 et TM5). Nous avons donc émis l'hypothèse que cette région pourrait être un déterminant de l'efficacité de ces ligands. En accord avec cette dernière, la mutation de 2 résidus (T118I, S203A) localisés proches du site de liaison des groupements aryls des β-bloqueurs, prévient l'efficacité agoniste inverse de l'ICI-118551 sur la voie de l'AC sans affecter l'efficacité d'un agoniste, indiquant que cette région est importante pour la transmission de l'effet agoniste inverse, du moins sur la voie de l'AC. Les βarrs sont des protéines d'échafaudage qui coordonnent la formation de complexes avec plusieurs dizaines d'effecteurs de signalisation. Originalement identifiées pour leur rôle dans la désensibilisation et l'internalisation des RCPGs, elles sont aussi d'importants effecteurs de la signalisation des RCPGs indépendante des protéines G hétérotrimériques. Cependant, contrairement aux protéines G hétérotrimériques, il n'existe que peu d'outils pour les étudier. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de la thèse est dédiée au développement d'outils pour l'étude des βarrs. À cette fin, nous avons d'abord tenté de transposer une méthode de mesure de l'interaction entre 2 protéines par la technologie de transfert d'énergie de bioluminescence par résonance (BRET) en microscopie et chez des souris transgéniques afin de mesurer de manière subcellulaire et dans un contexte natif l'engagement de la βarr à des RCPGs. Ainsi, nous avons établi les preuves de principe que le BRET peut être utilisé pour localiser l'interaction entre la βarr et le récepteur de la vasopressine de type 2 (V2R) sur une cellule au microscope et pour détecter l'interaction entre la βarr et le β2AR sur des tissus de souris transgéniques exprimant ces protéines fusionnées avec des partenaires BRET. Finalement, il n'existe aucun inhibiteur pharmacologique ciblant les βarrs. Ainsi, grâce à la combinaison d'approches de criblage virtuel sur un modèle de la structure des βarrs et d'essais de validation cellulaire, nous avons développé un inhibiteur pharmacologique des βarrs. À l'aide de cet outil, nous avons confirmé l'implication des βarrs dans l'activation des MAPK par le V2R, mais aussi montré un nouveau rôle des βarrs dans le recyclage du β2AR. Les connaissances et outils développés dans cette thèse permettront de mieux comprendre les déterminants moléculaires de la signalisation des RCPGs et entre autres, grâce à des nouvelles approches pour étudier le rôle cellulaire et physiologique des βarrs.

Effect of L-Prolyl-L-Leucyl-Glycinamide (PLG) on Neuroleptic-Induced Catalepsy and Dopamine/Neuroleptic Receptor Bindings

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Causes of legume rotation induced yield increases in cereals grown on West African soils

This study was conducted to investigate soil biological and chemical factors that give rise to cereal yield enhancing effects of legume rotations on sandy, nutrient poor West African soils. The aim was not only to gain more information on the role of legume residues and microorganisms in the soil nutrient cycle. But the study aimed at evaluating if differences in substrate qualities (e.g. root residues) cause changes in the microbial community structure due to specific and highly complex microbe-root-soil interactions. Site and system specific reactions of microorganisms towards rewetting, simulating the onset of rainy season, were observed. Higher respiration rates, higher amounts of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and nitrogen (Nmic) as well as higher ergosterol, muramic acid, glucosamine and adenylate concentrations were measured in CL soils of Koukombo and in both soils from Fada. The immediate increase in ATP concentrations after rewetting was likely caused by rehydration of microbial cells where N was not immobilized and, thus, available for plants facilitating their rapid development. Legume root residues led only to slightly better plant performances compared to the control, while the application of cereal roots reduced seedling growth. In contrast to sorghum seedlings, the microbial community did not react to the mineral treatment. Thus the energy supply in form of organic amendments increased microbial indices compared to mineral P application and the control. The results of basal respiration rates, Cmic and Corg levels indicate that the microbial community in the soil from Koukombo is less efficient in substrate use compared to microorganisms in the soil from Fada. However, the continuous carbon input by legume root residues might have contributed to these differences in soil fertility. With the 33P isotopic exchange method a low buffering capacity was detected in both soils irrespective of treatments. Calculated E values (E1min to E1min-1d and E1d-3m) indicated a slowly release of P due to root turnover while applied mineral P is taken up by plants or fixed to the soil. Due to the fact that sorghum growth reacted mainly to the application of mineral P and the microorganisms solely to the organic inputs, the combination of both amendments seems to be the best approach to a sustainable increase of crop production on many nutrient-poor, sandy West African soils. In a pot experiment, were CC and CL soils from Fada and Koukombo were adjusted to the same level of P and N concentrations, crop growth was significantly higher on CL soils, compared to the respective treatments on CC soils. Mycorrhizal infection of roots was increased and the number of nematodes, predominantly free living nematodes, was almost halfed on rotation soils. In conclusion, increased nutrient availability (especially P and N) through the introduction of legumes is not the only reason for the observed yield increasing effects. Soil biological factors seem to also play an important role. In a root chamber experiment the pH gradient along the root-soil-interface was measured at three times using an antimony microelectrode. For Fada soils, pH values were higher on CL than CC soils while the opposite was true for the Koukombo soils. Site-specific differences between Fada and Koukombo soils in N content and microbial community structures might have created varying crop performances leading to the contrasting pH findings. However, the mechanisms involved in this highly complex microbe-root-soil interaction remain unclear.

PKC stimulated by glucagon decreases UT-A1 urea transporter expression in rat IMCD

It is well-known that glucagon increases fractional excretion of urea in rats after a protein intravenous infusion. This effect was investigated by using: (a) in vitro microperfusion technique to measure [(14)C]-urea permeability (Pu x 10(-5) cm/s) in inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD) from normal rats in the presence of 10(-7) M of glucagon and in the absence of vasopressin and (b) immunoblot techniques to determine urea transporter expression in tubule suspension incubated with the same glucagon concentration. Seven groups of IMCDs (n = 47) were studied. Our results revealed that: (a) glucagon decreased urea reabsorption dose-dependently; (b) the glucagon antagonist des-His(1)-[Glu(9)], blocked the glucagon action but not vasopressin action; (c) the phorbol myristate acetate, decreased urea reabsorption but (d) staurosporin, restored its effect; e) staurosporin decreased glucagon action, and finally, (f) glucagon decreased UT-A1 expression. We can conclude that glucagon reduces UT-A1 expression via a glucagon receptor by stimulating PKC.