Flow synthesis of organic azides and the multistep synthesis of imines and amines using a new monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent

Here we describe general flow processes for the synthesis of alkyl and aryl azides, and the development of a new monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent, which provides a convenient format for the use of this versatile reagent in flow. The utility of these new tools was demonstrated by their application to a flow Staudinger aza-Wittig reaction sequence. Finally, a multistep aza-Wittig, reduction and purification flow process was designed, allowing access to amine products in an automated fashion.

Photoluminescence behavior of Eu(3+) ion doped into gamma- and alpha-alumina systems prepared by combustion, ceramic and Pechini methods

Al(2)O(3):Eu(3+)(1%) samples were prepared by combustion, ceramic, and Pechini methods annealed from 400 to 1400 degrees C. XRD patterns indicate that samples heated up to 1000 degrees C present disordered character of activated alumina (gamma-Al(2)O(3)). However, alpha-Al(2)O(3) phase showed high crystallinity and thermostability at 1200-1400 degrees C. The sample characterizations were also carried out by means of infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface areas analysis (BET method). Excitation spectra of Al(2)O(3):Eu(3+) samples present broaden bands attributed to defects of Al(2)O(3) matrices and to LMCT state of O -> Eu(3+), however, the narrow bands are assigned to (7)F(0) -> (5)D(J),(5)H(J) and (5)L(J) transitions of Eu(3+) ion. Emission spectra of samples calcined up to 1000 degrees C show broaden bands for (5)D(0) -> (7)F(J) transitions of Eu(3+) ion suggesting that the rare earth ion is in different symmetry sites showed by inhomogeneous line broadening of bands, confirming the predominance of the gamma-alumina phase. For all samples heated from 1200 to 1400 degrees C the spectra exhibit narrow (5)D(0) -> (7)F(J) transitions of Eu(3+) ion indicating the conversion of gamma to alpha-Al(2)O(3) phases, a high intensity narrow peak around 695 nm assigned to R lines of Cr(3+) ion is shown. Al(2)O(3):Eu(3+) heated up to 1100 degrees C presents an increase in the Omega(2) intensity parameter with the increase of temperatures enhancing the covalent character of metal-donor interaction. The disordered structural systems present the highest values of emission quantum efficiencies (eta). CIE coordinates of Al(2)O(3):Eu(3+) are also discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Oxide surface modification: Synthesis and characterization of zirconia-coated alumina

Four aluminas were used as Supports for impregnation with a zirconium oxide with the aim to achieve a coating, without phase separation, between Support and modifier. The Supports were impregnated with different concentrations Of zirconium aqueous resin, obtained through the polymeric precursor method. After impregnation the samples were calcined and then characterized by XRD, which led to identification of crystalline zirconia in different concentrations from each support used. Using a simple geometric model the maximum amount Of Surface modifier Oxide required for the complete coating of a support with a layer of unit cells was estimated. According to this estimate, only the support should be identified below the limit proposed and crystalline zirconium oxide Should be identified above this limit when a complete coating is reached. The results obtained From XRD agree with the estimated values and to confirm the coating, the samples were also characterized by EDS/STEM, HRTEM, XPS, and XAS. The results showed that the zirconium oxide oil the Surface of alumina Support reached the coating in the limit of 15 Zr nm(-2), without the formation of the ZrO(2) phase. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Magnetic resonance study of a vanadium pentoxide gel

In this work we report results from continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of the vanadium pentoxide xerogel V2O5:nH(2)O (n approximate to 1.6). The low temperature CW-EPR spectrum shows hyperfine structure due to coupling of unpaired V4+ electron with the vanadium nucleus. The analysis of the spin Hamiltonian parameters suggests that the V4+ ions are located in tetragonally distorted octahedral sites. The transition temperature from the rigid-lattice low-temperature regime to the high temperature liquid-like regime was determined from the analysis of the temperature dependence of the hyperfine splitting and the V4+ motional correlation time. The Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) data shows the signals resulting from the interaction of H-1 nuclei with V4+ ions. The modulation effect was observed only for field values in the center of the EPR absorption spectrum corresponding to the single crystals orientated perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. At least three protons are identified in the xerogel by our magnetic resonance experiments: (I) the OH groups in the equatorial plane, (ii) the bound water molecules in the axial V=O bond and (iii) the free mobile water molecules between the oxide layers. Proton NMR lineshapes and spin-lattice relaxation times were measured in the temperature range between 150 K and 323 K. Our analysis indicates that only a fraction of the xerogel protons contribute to the measured conductivity.

A BROADER CONTEXT FOR MONOTONICALLY MONOLITHIC SPACES

This is a sequel of the work done on (strongly) monotonically monolithic spaces and their generalizations. We introduce the notion of monotonically kappa-monolithic space for any infinite cardinal kappa and present the relevant results. We show, among other things, that any sigma-product of monotonically kappa-monolithic spaces is monotonically kappa-monolithic for any infinite cardinal kappa; besides, it is consistent that any strongly monotonically omega-monolithic space with caliber omega(1) is second countable. We also study (strong) monotone kappa-monolithicity in linearly ordered spaces and subspaces of ordinals.

Fluorimetric determination of intra- and extracellular free amino acids in the microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis (Prasinophyceae) using monolithic column in reversed phase mode

This paper describes the development and application of an RP HPLC method using a C(18) monolithic stationary phase for the separation and quantification of extra- and intracellular amino acids in a batch cultivation of the marine alga Tetraselmis gracilis. Fluorimetric detection was made after separation of the o-phthaldialdehyde 2-mercaptoethanol (OPA-2MCE) derivatives using a binary gradient elution. Separation of 19 amino acids was achieved with resolution >1.5 in about 39 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. RSD of analyses in seawater medium ranged from 0.36% for Orn (0.50 mu mol/L) to 12% for Ile (0.10 mu mol/L). The main constituents of the intracellular dissolved free amino acids (DFAAs) in the exponential growth phase were arginine (Arg), asparagine (Asn), alanine (Ala), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), serine (Ser), glycine (Gly), glutamine (Gln), and leucine (Leu). The major amino acids excreted to the media were valine (Val), Ala, Ser, and Gly. The monolithic phase facilitates the analysis by shortening the separation time and saving solvents and instrumentation costs (indeed conventional HPLC instrumentation can be used, running at lower pressures than those ones used with packed particle columns).

Simultaneous determination of chromium and manganese in alumina by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using NbC and NaF as modifiers

This paper reports a method for the direct and simultaneous determination of Cr and Mn in alumina by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SiS-SIMAAS) using niobium carbide (NbC) as a graphite platform modifier and sodium fluoride (NaF) as a matrix modifier. 350 mu g of Nb were thermally deposited on the platform surface allowing the formation of NbC (mp 3500 degrees C) to minimize the reaction between aluminium and carbon of the pyrolytic platform, improving the graphite tube lifetime up to 150 heating cycles. A solution of 0.2 mol L(-1) NaF was used as matrix modifier for alumina dissolution as cryolite-based melt, allowing volatilization during pyrolysis step. Masses (c.a. 50 mg) of sample were suspended in 30 ml of 2.0% (v/v) of HNO(3). Slurry was manually homogenized before sampling. Aliquots of 20 mu l of analytical solutions and slurry samples were co-injected into the graphite tube with 20 mu l of the matrix modifier. In the best conditions of the heating program, pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1300 degrees C and 2400 degrees C, respectively. A step of 1000 degrees C was optimized allowing the alumina dissolution to form cryolite. The accuracy of the proposed method has been evaluated by the analysis of standard reference materials. The found concentrations presented no statistical differences compared to the certified values at 95% of the confidence level. Limits of detection were 66 ng g(-1) for Cr and 102 ng g(-1) for Mn and the characteristic masses were 10 and 13 pg for Cr and Mn, respectively.

A method for Ca, Fe, Ga, Na, Si and Zn determination in alumina by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after aluminum precipitation

In this present work a method for the determination of Ca, Fe, Ga, Na, Si and Zn in alumina (Al(2)O(3)) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with axial viewing is presented. Preliminary studies revealed intense aluminum spectral interference over the majority of elements and reaction between aluminum and quartz to form aluminosilicate, reducing drastically the lifetime of the torch. To overcome these problems alumina samples (250 mg) were dissolved with 5 mL HCl + 1.5 mLH(2)SO(4) + 1.5 mL H(2)O in a microwave oven. After complete dissolution the volume was completed to 20 mL and aluminum was precipitated as Al(OH)(3) with NH(3) (by bubbling NH(3) into the solution up to a pH similar to 8, for 10 min). The use of internal standards (Fe/Be, Ga/Dy, Zn/In and Na/Sc) was essential to obtain precise and accurate results. The reliability of the proposed method was checked by analysis of alumina certified reference material (Alumina Reduction Grade-699, NIST). The found concentrations (0.037%w(-1) CaO, 0.013% w w(-1) Fe(2)O(3), 0.012%w w(-1)Ga(2)O(3), 0.49% w w(-1) Na(2)O, 0.014% w w(-1) SiO(2) and 0.013% w w(-1) ZnO) presented no statistical differences compared to the certified values at a 95% confidence level. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of monolithic columns for determination of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in sugar cane spirits by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) conditions are described for separation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNPH) derivatives of carbonyl compounds in a 10 cm long C-18 reversed phase monolithic column. Using a linear gradient from 40 to 77% acetonitrile (acetonitrile-water system), the separation was achieved in about 10 min-a time significantly shorter than that obtained with a packed particles column. The method was applied for determination of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Brazilian sugar cane spirits. The linear dynamic range was between 30 and 600 mu g L-1, and the detection limits were 8 and 4 mu g L-1 for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, respectively.

External polyacrylate-coating as alternative material for preparation of photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic column

Photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic columns for use in capillary electrochromatography were prepared in 125 mu m i.d. polyacrylate-coated fused-silica capillaries. The polyacrylate-coating, unlike the polyimide one, is transparent to the radiation used (approximate to 370 nm), and thus, no coating removal is necessary. This is a very important particularity since intrinsic capillary column characteristics, such as flexibility and mechanical resistance, are unchanged. A mixture containing metacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as the polymeric precursor, hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, toluene as the porogen and bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (Irgacure 819) as the photoinitiator was irradiated at 370 nm for 20 min inside the capillaries to prepare the columns through sol-gel approach. The versatility and viability of the use of polyacrilate as a new capillary external coating were shown through preparation of two columns under different conditions, which were tested in electrochromatography for separation of standard mixture containing thiourea (marker compound), propylbenzene, phenanthrene and pyrene. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Derivatives of Biomacromolecules as Stabilizers of Aqueous Alumina Suspensions

The stabilization of alumina suspensions is key to the development of high-performance materials for the ceramic industry, which has motivated extensive research into synthetic polymers used as stabilizers. In this study, mimosa tannin extract and a chitosan derivative, that is, macromolecules obtained from renewable resources, are shown to be promising to replace synthetic polymers, yielding less viscous suspensions with smaller particles and greater fluidity, that is, more homogeneous suspensions that may lead to better-quality products. The functional groups of tannin present in mimosa extract and N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (TMC) are capable of establishing interactions with the alumina surface, thus leading to repulsion between the particles mainly due to steric and electrosteric mechanisms, respectively. The stabilization of the suspension induced by either TMC or mimosa tannin was confirmed by a considerable decrease in viscosity and average particle size, in comparison with alumina suspensions without stabilizing agents. The viscosity/average particle size decreased by 49/84% and 52/87% for suspensions with TMC and mimosa tannin, respectively. In addition, the increase in the absolute zeta potential upon addition of either TMC or mimosa tannin extract, especially at high pHs, points to an increased stability of the suspension. The feasibility of using derivatives of macromolecules from renewable sources to stabilize aqueous alumina suspensions was therefore demonstrated. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 58-66, 2010

Oxidação de propeno em catalisadores de CuO suportados em CeO2/y-alumina/cordierita

No presente trabalho, procedeu-se a preparação e caracterização de catalisadores ambientais à base de óxido de cobre suportado em -alumina (suporte)/cordierita (substrato) e que tinham como promotor o óxido de cério. A argila foi conformada via eletroforese na forma de monolitos. Após queima à 1100°C, estes foram triturados, selecionado-se partículas com diâmetro entre 0,297 < Dp < 0,590 mm. Para a obtenção de -alumina e óxidos de cério e cobre sobre as partículas, utilizou-se a técnica de impregnação a seco (umidade incipiente), usando soluções de Al(OH)3, Ce(NO)3.6H2O e Cu(NO)3.3H2O, respectivamente . Após cada impregnação, os catalisadores foram secos e calcinados. A caracterização dos catalisadores foi feita através de experimentos de TPR (Redução à Temperatura Programada), microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, tendo como reação teste a oxidação de propeno com excesso de oxigênio. A caracterização da argila precursora da cordierita foi realizada através da difratometria de raios X . Procurou-se determinar neste trabalho os tipos de sítios de óxido de cobre (através do ensaio de TPR) e valores de ordens de reação e energia de ativação para a reação de oxidação de propeno através de estudos de cinética aplicada, relacionando-se os resultados com valores da literatura. Os valores de energia de ativação obtidos neste trabalho, para a oxidação de propeno, variaram de 82 kJ/mol à 100 kJ/mol e as ordens parciais de reação do propeno de 0,73 à 1,11. Todos os resultados acima foram obtidos em reator diferencial . O efeito da adição de óxido de cério nestes catalisadores também foi abordado neste trabalho.

Aplicação de métodos de ultra-som para avaliação e caracterização da microestrutura de materiais cerâmicos à base de alumina e sua associação com propriedades mecânicas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a aplicação de métodos de ultra-som para avaliação e caracterização da microestrutura de materiais cerâmicos à base de alumina e sua associação com as propriedades mecânicas destes materiais. Para tanto, foram conformados por prensagem uniaxial corpos cerâmicos contendo 94,3% em peso de Al2O3. Os corpos cerâmicos foram sinterizados em forno de resistência elétrica em temperaturas que variaram entre 1100 e 1600 °C. A resistência mecânica e o KIc foram determinados por ensaios de flexão a quatro pontos. Para medir a resistência ao dano por choque térmico, os corpos cerâmicos foram colocados em um forno pré-aquecido na temperatura de teste e permaneceram nesta temperatura por 40 min, quando, então, foram resfriados bruscamente através da imersão dos corpos cerâmicos em água mantida a 0oC. A microestrutura dos corpos cerâmicos foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia óptica. Para os ensaios de ultra-som foram utilizados transdutores piezelétricos de 2 e 4 MHz de freqüência nominal. A imagem resultante foi tratada via software e utilizouse um osciloscópio para padronização. Foram utilizados como parâmetros a velocidade da onda ultra-sônica e a sua atenuação. Os resultados indicaram a correlação entre as propriedades acústicas do material com a sua microestrutura e com suas propriedades mecânicas, tais como, resistência mecânica, módulo de elasticidade e dano por choque térmico. Foi possível propor equações relacionando a resistência mecânica com a variação do coeficiente de atenuação e da velocidade de propagação das ondas ultra-sônicas. Sugere-se também a possibilidade de utilização do coeficiente de atenuação para a determinação da confiabilidade do material cerâmico e o seu uso para a estimativa de vida útil do material sob carga constante ou submetido a choque térmico.

Síntese de pós de alumina nanocristalina por combustão em solução

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo o estudo e desenvolvimento da técnica de síntese por combustão em solução para obtenção de nanocristais de alumina, e a caracterização desse material por diferentes técnicas. O estudo da obtenção incluiu o modelamento termodinâmico das reações investigadas e a influência da razão combustíveloxidante no tamanho de partícula. A síntese da alumina por combustão foi realizada a partir do par precursor químico glicina-nitrato de alumínio em água, para diferentes razões combustível-oxidante, temperaturas de chama e número total de moles gasosos, relacionando esses parâmetros com tamanho de cristalito no pó, deformação de rede, área superficial e porosidade total. As reações químicas de combustão em solução resultaram na formação in situ de fases metaestáveis de Al2O3 para o pó como-sintetizado. A fase Al2O3-α, cuja formação não ocorreu nem na presença de um extra-oxidante, somente foi obtida após um tratamento térmico a 1100°C do pó como-sintetizado. O modelamento termodinâmico da reação de combustão em solução mostrou que quando a razão combustível-oxidante aumenta, obtém-se uma elevação da temperatura de chama adiabática e da quantidade de gás produzida, definindo características do particulado como morfologia, tamanho de cristalito, área superficial e nível de aglomeração. A caracterização do pó utilizou técnicas como análise termodiferencial (ATD) e termogravimétrica (ATG), granulometria por dispersão de laser (GDL), BET para análise de área superficial e porosidade total, difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os pós de alumina alfa obtidos apresentaram-se como constituídos de cristalitos nanométricos, dispostos na forma de agregados de tamanho micrométrico. O tamanho de cristalito médio, calculado pelo método de Williamson-Hall, a partir de dados de análises por DRX, foi de 97 nm, e deformação média calculada de 5x10-3 % A análise granulométrica dos pós como-sintetizados verificou um tamanho de aglomerado de 40 µm, com distribuição monomodal. As análises por MEV e MET confirmaram a aglomeração das partículas do pó como-sintetizado, a partir de partículas com morfologia irregular.