Chapter 1 Economic Integration and Industry Location: Theories, Empirical Results, and Implications for CLMV

Trade affects the internal location of industry in two ways: it induces firms to specialize and it expands the set of markets that firms serve. If there are industry-specific external economies, firms in related industries will spatially agglomerate (Hanson 1996a). In the context of economic integration, diminished barriers to trade affect industry location particularly in less developed countries. As described below, regional agreements in North America and Europe have caused frontier regions to expand. These regions, which include border regions and port cities, have advantages over internal regions in terms of access to foreign markets. Since trade liberalization induces many firms in developing countries to participate in production networks and to specialize in labor-intensive activities such as assembling and processing of foreign-made components, their inputs as well as final products need to be carried across borders. Therefore, the best industry location, one that minimizes transport costs, is likely to shift to frontier regions. In East Asia, China has developed rapidly since it opened up to international trade. Simultaneously, a large amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been attracted and industry agglomerations have been formed in coastal regions, that is, frontier regions linked to the global market by sea, leaving many internal regions behind. Similarly, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) have joined AFTA and/or the WTO and liberalized international trade since the 1990s. Moreover, transport infrastructures such as the East-West Economic Corridor, the Southern Economic Corridor, and the North-South Economic Corridor have been built and narrowed economic distances in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). As a result, frontier regions are likely to increase their location advantages and lure labor-intensive operations from neighboring countries. It is expected that, as has happened in North America and Europe, economic integration in East Asia will significantly affect internal geography in CLMV. In this study, I first review theories relevant to economic integration and industry location within a country. In particular, emphasis is placed on the new economic geography (NEG). Secondly, empirical results for North America and Europe are surveyed since they have preceded East Asia in regional integration and a substantial number of studies have been conducted on these regions. The final section summarizes and discusses implications for internal geography in CLMV.

Hadhā kitāb ʻAqāyid al-Shīʻah

bi-ihtimām-i Muḥammad Ḥusayn Khvānsārī.

Majmūʻah : manuscript, [ca. 1643]

1. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanafīyah / Kınalızade (ff. 1v.-21 v.) -- 2. Fihrist ṭabaqāt aṣḥāb al-Imām al-Aʻẓam Abū Ḥanīfah (ff. 21v-23v.) -- 3. Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanafīyah / Ibn Quṭlubughā, Rajab 1053 [1643] (ff. 23v.-55v) -- 4. Kitāb al-alfāẓ (ff. 56r-71r) -- 5. Beginning of a risālah by Bahāʼ al-Dīn Zādah Muṣṭafá ibn ʻAlī al-Āqshahrī (f. 71v) -- 6. A biographical dictionary, titled at the end "Tārīkh Ibn Khāllikān" (ff. 74v-97r) -- 7. Another biographical dictionary (ff. 97v-109r) -- 8. Ḥikāyāt (stories) (ff. 110v.-112v) -- 9. Biographical notes and excerpts (ff. 113r-116r).

Sharḥ al-Mulakhkhaṣ fī al-hayʻah : manuscript, 1854

Written in one column, from 13 to 15 lines per page, in red and black.

Kitāb Sharḥ al-Birjandī ʻalá al-Tadhkirah al-Ṭūsīyah fī al-hayʼah : manuscript, undated

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وبه نستعين الحمد لله الذي خلق السموات والارض ... :Incipit

Kitāb al-Tabṣirah fī ʻilm al-hayʼah : manuscript, undated

Title from caption.

Kitāb Maʻdan al-yawāqīt al-multamiʻah fī manāqib al-aʼimmah al-arbaʻah : manuscript, undated

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله الذي جعل علماء هذه الأمة في إيضاح الأمور الغمة كابنياء بني إسرائيل... :Incipit

Majmūʻah : manuscript, [1757-1768]

1. Badīʻ al-niṣāb / Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī (ff. 2v-11v) -- 2. Niṣāb-i ikhwān / Mawlānā Muṭahhar (ff. 12v-15v) -- 3. Nuskhah-ʼi ikhwān (ff. 16r-21v) -- 4. Niṣāb-i nuzhat al-ṣibyān / ʻAbd al-Majīd (ff. 22r-43r) -- 5. Nān va ḥalvā / Bahāʼ al-Dīn ʻĀmilī (ff. 44r-55r) -- 6. Poems (ff. 56v-103v).

Majmūʻah : manuscript, 1848-1857

1. Kitāb Maqṣad al-asná fī dhikr mā yataʻallaq bi-al-asmāʼ al-ḥusná / Aḥmad Zarrūq, 1267 AH [1850 or 51 AD] (ff. 1r-21v) -- 2. Sharḥ sayyid al-istighfār / ʻAlī Mahāyimī, 1265 AH [1848 or 49 AD] (ff. 25r-32v) -- 3. Hādhā al-suʼāl nuqila min asʼilah suʼila ʻanhā ... Muḥammad ibn Sulaymān al-Kurdī al-Shāmī al-Madanī (ff. 33r-39r) -- 4. Hādhā fawāyid nafīsah ... wa-mimmā suʼila ʻanhu ... al-Shaykh Saʻīd Sunbul al-Makkī, 1273 AH [1856 or 57 AD] (ff. 39r-51r) -- 5. Mā qawl al-sādah al-Ḥanafīyah fī ʻaṣīr qaṣab al-sukkar / ʻAbd al-Wahhāb al-Suyūṭī al-Ḥanafī, ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Rāfiʻī al-Ḥanafī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Baḥrāwī al-Ḥanafī, Muḥammad al-Rāfiʻī al-Ḥanafī (ff. 51v-55r).

Kitāb al-Lumʻah fī ḥall al-kawākib al-sabʻah / taʼlīf al-Shaykh al-Imām al-ʻĀlim al-ʻAllāmah waḥīd dahrih wa-farīd ʻaṣrih Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Ghulām Allāh ibn Aḥmad al-Kūmī al-Rīshī al-Muwaqqit bi-Jāmiʻ al-Malik al-Muʼayyad : manuscript, 1801

Written in one column, 23 lines per pages, in black and red, each line framed within a red line.