(Table T1) Physical properties of minicores from ODP Leg 193 sites, PACMANUS field

Permeability of the ocean crust is one of the most crucial parameters for constraining submarine fluid flow systems. Active hydrothermal fields are dynamic areas where fluid flow strongly affects the geochemistry and biology of the surrounding environment. There have been few permeability measurements in these regions, especially in felsic-hosted hydrothermal systems. We present a data set of 38 permeability and porosity measurements from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field, an actively venting, felsic hydrothermal field in the eastern Manus Basin. Permeability was measured using a complex transient method on 2.54-cm minicores. Permeability varies greatly between the samples, spanning over five orders of magnitude. Permeability decreases with both depth and decreasing porosity. When the alteration intensity of individual samples is considered, relationships between depth and porosity and permeability become more clearly defined. For incompletely altered samples (defined as >5% fresh rock), permeability and porosity are constant with depth. For completely altered samples (defined as <5% fresh rock), permeability and porosity decrease with depth. On average, the permeability values from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field are greater than those in other submarine environments using similar core-scale laboratory measurements; the average permeability, 4.5 x 10-16 m**2, is two to four orders of magnitude greater than in other areas. Although the core-scale permeability is higher than in other seafloor environments, it is still too low to obtain the fluid velocities observed in the PACMANUS hydrothermal field based on simplified analytical calculations. It is likely that core-scale permeability measurements are not representative of bulk rock permeability of the hydrothermal system overall, and that the latter is predominantly fracture controlled.

Pacific Neogene carbonate accumulation rates

I have compiled CaCO3 mass accumulation rates (MARs) for the period 0-25 Ma for 144 Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program drill sites in the Pacific in order to investigate the history of CaCO3 burial in the world's largest ocean basin. This is the first synthesis of data since the beginning of the Ocean Drilling Program. Sedimentation rates, CaCO3 contents, and bulk density were estimated for 0.5 Myr time intervals from 0 to 14 Ma and for 1 Myr time intervals from 14 to 25 Ma using mostly data from Initial Reports volumes. There is surprisingly little coherence between CaCO3 MAR time series from different Pacific regions, although regional patterns exist. A transition from high to low CaCO3 MAR from 23-20 Ma is the only event common to the entire Pacific Ocean. This event is found worldwide. The most likely cause of lowered pelagic carbonate burial is a rising sea-level trend in the early Miocene. The central and eastern equatorial Pacific is the only region with adequate drill site coverage to study carbonate compensation depth (CCD) changes in detail for the entire Neogene. The latitude-dependent decrease in CaCO3 production away from the equator is an important defining factor of the regional CCD, which shallows away from the equatorial region. Examination of latitudinal transects across the equatorial region is a useful way to separate the effects of changes in carbonate production ('productivity') from changes in bottom water chemistry ('dissolution') upon carbonate burial.

Impact of traumatic dental injuries and malocclusions on quality of life of young children

BACKGROUND The presence of traumatic dental injuries and malocclusions can have a negative impact on quality of life of young children and their parents, affecting their oral health and well-being. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of traumatic dental injuries and anterior malocclusion traits on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of children between 2 and 5 years-old. METHODS Parents of 260 children answered the six domains of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) on their perception of the OHRQoL (outcome). Two calibrated dentists assessed the types of traumatic dental injuries (Kappa = 0.9) and the presence of anterior malocclusion traits (Kappa = 1.0). OHRQoL was measured using the ECOHIS. Poisson regression was used to associate the type of traumatic dental injury and the presence of anterior malocclusion traits to the outcome. RESULTS The presence of anterior malocclusion traits did not show a negative impact on the overall OHRQoL mean or in each domain. Only complicated traumatic dental injuries showed a negative impact on the symptoms (p = 0.005), psychological (p = 0.029), self image/social interaction (p = 0.004) and family function (p = 0.018) domains and on the overall OHRQoL mean score (p = 0.002). The presence of complicated traumatic dental injuries showed an increased negative impact on the children's quality of life (RR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.36, 2.63; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Complicated traumatic dental injuries have a negative impact on the OHRQoL of preschool children and their parents, but anterior malocclusion traits do not.

Supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia with obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To determine if apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT) improve following isolated supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Nine databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, were searched through September 30, 2015. RESULTS: A total of 517 studies were screened; 57 were reviewed; and 13 met criteria. One hundred thirty-eight patients were included (age range: 1 month-12.6 years). Sixty-four patients had sleep exclusive laryngomalacia, and in these patients: 1) AHI decreased from a mean (M) ± standard deviation (SD) of 14.0 ± 16.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.0, 18.0) to 3.3 ± 4.0 (95% CI 2.4, 4.4) events/hour (relative reduction: 76.4% [95% CI 53.6, 106.4]); 2) LSAT improved from a M ± SD of 84.8 ± 8.4% (95% CI 82.8, 86.8) to 87.6 ± 4.4% (95% CI 86.6, 88.8); 3) standardized mean differences (SMD) demonstrated a small effect for LSAT and a large effect for AHI; and 4) cure (AHI < 1 event/hour) was 10.5% (19 patients with individual data). Seventy-four patients had congenital laryngomalacia, and in these patients: 1) AHI decreased from a M ± SD of 20.4 ± 23.9 (95% CI 12.8, 28.0) to 4.0 ± 4.5 (95% CI 2.6, 5.4) events/hour (relative reduction: 80.4% [95% CI 46.6, 107.4]); 2) LSAT improved from a M ± SD of 74.5 ± 11.9% (95% CI 70.9, 78.1) to 88.4 ± 6.6% (95% CI 86.4, 90.4); 3) SMD demonstrated a large effect for both AHI and LSAT; and 4) cure was 26.5% (38 patients with individual data). CONCLUSION: Supraglottoplasty has improved AHI and LSAT in children with OSA and either sleep exclusive laryngomalacia or congenital laryngomalacia; however, the majority of them are not cured.

A telephone survey to determine the experiences of children and their parents/carers, following the initiation of a new medicine

Objective: To determine what issues are experienced during the first few weeks of therapy by patients, and their parents/carers, when a child/young person has been prescribed a new medicine. Method: One hundred patients aged ≤18 years of age prescribed a new medicine for ≥6 weeks were recruited from a single UK National Health Service specialist paediatric hospital outpatient pharmacy. Six weeks after the first dispensing of their new medicine the patient or their parent/carer received telephone follow-up by a researcher and verbally completed a questionnaire containing both open and closed questions. Patient or parent/carer experiences were identified and analysed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Results: Eighty-six participants were available for telephone follow-up. Six (7%) had not started their medicine. Paediatric patients and their parents/carers experienced a range of issues during the first few weeks after starting a new medicine. These included additional concerns/questions (24/80, 30%), administration issues (21/80, 26.3%), adverse effects (29/80, 36.3%) and obtaining repeat supplies (12/80, 15%). The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale indicated that 34/78 (43.6%) participants had a high adherence rating, 35/78 (44.9%) medium and 9/78 (11.5%) a low rating. Conclusions: Paediatric patients and their parents/carers experience a range of issues during the first few weeks after starting a new medicine. Further research is required to determine the type of interventions that may further support medicines use in this group of patients.