Estudos taxonômicos das leguminosas no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro Brasil

Situado sob as coordenadas 22-2223S, 4115-4145W ao Norte do Estado, o Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba PNRJ possui uma área de 14.860 hectares, abrangendo parte dos Municípios de Carapebus, Macaé e Quissamã tendo aproximadamente 60 km de praia sem interrupções rochosas e um vasto complexo lagunar. O PNRJ possui um grande mosaico paisagístico composto por dez fitoformações: formação psamófila reptante, formação arbustiva fechada pós-praia, formação aberta de Clusia, formação arbustiva aberta de Ericaceae, formação arbustiva aberta de Palmae, formação herbácea brejosa, mata de cordão arenoso, mata periodicamente inundada, mata permanentemente inundada, além da vegetação aquática. Para o inventário das espécies de Leguminosae do PNRJ foram visitadas todas estas formações durante o trabalho de campo. Os espécimes coletados foram processados consoante o protocolo tradicional e depositados nos Herbários da UERJ (HRJ), Museu Nacional (R), Herbarium Brade anum (HB). No PNRJ a família possui até o momento 55 espécies distribuídas em 32 gêneros com representantes nas três subfamílias: Caesalpinioideae com quatro gêneros e 12 espécies, Mimosoideae com seis gêneros e dez espécies e Papilionoideae com 22 gêneros e 33 espécies. Chamaecrista e Aeschynomene foram os gêneros de maior riqueza, com cinco espécies cada. Tais valores da família no PNRJ representam 14% dos gêneros e 1,9% das espécies de Leguminosae ocorrentes no Brasil, bem como 30% dos gêneros e 12% das espécies ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A riqueza de espécies de Leguminosae no PNRJ mostrou-se mais elevada quando comparada com outras três áreas de restinga: Ilha do Cardoso (SP), Reserva da Praia do Sul (RJ) e Restinga de Maricá (RJ). Em relação à preferência de habitat das espécies ocorrentes no PNRJ, a maior riqueza de espécies foi observada na formação arbustiva aberta de Palmae e na mata de cordão arenoso, com 22% e 23% das espécies respectivamente. No tratamento taxonômico são apresentadas chaves para a identificação de subfamílias, gêneros e espécies, além de descrições sinópticas das espécies. Entre os caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos destacaramse a quantidade e forma dos folíolos, a presença e forma dos nectários extraflorais e os tipos de frutos. Para cada táxon específico ou infraespecífico são ainda incluídas informações sobre a distribuição geográfica no Brasil, floração e frutificação, ocorrência nas fitoformações e comentários sobre as características diagnósticas. Também são incluídas 38 pranchas ilustrativas que combinam imagens das espécies em campo a e imagens de exsicatas. Na análise dos dados sobre floração e frutificação para a família como um todo, não ficou evidenciado um período de maior concentração destes eventos.

山东山旺中新世古气候的定量研究

本论文研究的创新之处是在高分辨率的地层层序上选定3米X3米的工作剖面，逐层采集标本，定量研究山旺中新世古气候的变化过程。主要有以下新的认识和结论： 植物化石的数量和种类在地层层序上的变化很大。第5层、第6层、第7层、第13层、第15层和第16层的标本丰富，可以进行CLAMP分析。 第5层、第6层和第7层的泥岩中保存有丰富的植物化石，运用荧光显微分析技术可以清晰地观察到泥岩中植物的气孔和表皮细胞形态。 山旺地区中新世年均温（MAT）在9.5℃和11.3℃之间。较热月份平均温度（WMMT）在19.9 ℃和22.4 ℃之间。生长季月数（GSL）为5.9－－6.9个月。生长季节平均降水量（MGSP）为860－－1770 mm。生长季月平均降水量（MMGSP）为152－－253mm，生长季三个连续最湿的月份降水量（3－WET）为530－－920mm，三个连续最旱的月份的降水量（3－DRY）为286－－687mm。相对湿度（Rel. Hum）在73％以上，高达80％。特殊湿度（q-Specific Humidity）在5.9－－6.7之间，热熵值（H－Enthalpy）为298.5－－304.5。 气候参数在地层层序上存在变化。CLAMP分析的结论与最近亲缘种分析（NLR）的结论相似。CLAMP分析的年均温比现在山旺的年均温12.5℃低，比同层的线性分析结果低3℃。与海底有孔虫氧同位素的研究结论一致。山东山旺中新世古气候的研究可以作为中中新世全球气候变化研究的一个标尺。

绣球族的系统学研究

绣球科绣球族包含9属：草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、Broussaisia、常山属、绣球属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属。到目前为止，绣球族内的属间关系还不清楚，族内的系统发育关系还有争论。本研究的目的是在前人研究的基础上，进一步发现新的系统学性状，为绣球族乃至绣球科补充新的证据;并综合多学科的研究结果进行分析，探讨绣球族的系统学关系。 本文研究了绣球族的外部形态学、花发育形态学、解剖学、分子系统学和分支系统学。 主要内容包括： 1. 形态学 通过标本室研究和野外观察，对绣球族植物的形态分化进行了分析。发现习性、地上茎的生存期限、花冠卷叠式、花瓣联合与否、花柱的联合程度、雄蕊的数目及排列具有系统学价值;放射花和果实是很好的分类性状，但并非可靠的系统学性状。 2. 花发育形态学 在扫描电子显微镜下，研究了绣球族常山属、绣球属、冠盖藤属、蛛网萼属共4种植物花器官发生和发育的全过程。发现它们的花萼均为螺旋式相继发生，花瓣的发生近乎同时。冠盖藤、马桑绣球及常山具两轮雄蕊，第一轮雄蕊发生于花瓣内轮正对萼片中部的位置，随后第二轮雄蕊发生于正对花瓣中部的位置。在第一轮雄蕊略靠内的位置形成第二轮雄蕊的时候，多数情况下，相邻的对萼雄蕊之间只形成1个对瓣雄蕊，但有时却形成2个对瓣雄蕊，使雄蕊群的数目略多于花被的数目。对萼雄蕊与对瓣雄蕊的分化方式基本一致，但它们在花芽中空间取向不同。 蛛网萼雄蕊数目极多，雄蕊群的发生式样较为独特，并不始于对萼三联体。最早的雄蕊于杯状体近基部发生，之后雄蕊的发生大致沿杯状体壁向上，具离心趋势。在雄蕊发生过程中杯状体继续伸长，为众多雄蕊的发生提供了空间。蛛网萼雌蕊的发生明显早于雄蕊，其它3种植物雌蕊的发生晚于雄蕊。4种植物的雌蕊在发生上较为相似，发育却不同。在常山、马桑绣球和蛛网萼中，花柱从开始到发育成熟始终分离，柱头在每个花柱的顶端形成;而冠盖藤属的花柱裂片从开始就是联合的，最终形成单一的花柱，柱头从合生花柱顶端远轴面分化形成。 3. 解剖学 在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下，观察了绣球族9属42种1变种及近缘8属11种共53种1变种的叶表皮特征。发现气孔的分布、气孔器的类型、表皮细胞的形状及其垂周壁式样、毛被等具有一定的系统学意义和分类价值。绣球族各属的气孔仅散生于下表皮;而在绣球族的几个近缘属中，上下表皮均有气孔分布。气孔器在多数类群中为无规则型，仅常山属和绣球属离瓣组的成员为平列型。气孔多为椭圆形，稀近圆形;外拱盖表面通常光滑，仅在钻地风属中具条状纹饰;外拱盖内缘具环状加厚，近全缘、不规则波状或浅波状。表皮细胞在多数种中为不规则形，垂周壁波状、浅波状或深波状;在有些种中为（近）多边形，垂周壁平直或弓形。叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样在绣球族寡种属属级水平比较稳定，但在绣球属中变化较大。表皮角质膜纹饰形态多样，有网纹、粗网纹、浅波状条纹、波状条纹、条纹、粗条纹及丝状条纹;在钻地风属及绣球属的少数种中，角质膜条纹有时汇集呈球形或玫瑰型。表皮毛状附属物有单细胞2分枝毛（黄山梅属）、多细胞星状毛（星毛冠盖藤）、单细胞星状毛（溲疏属）和单细胞不分枝毛四种。对钻地风属所有种的观察结果表明，仅在椭圆钻地风的下表皮细胞中央观察到乳突状结构，而在白背钻地风和圆叶钻地风中并未观察到前人描述的附属物。 4. 叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列的分析 首次对绣球族9属23种及近缘类群3属3种的trnL-F序列进行了测定。序列长度在860 bp~970 bp范围内变化。在以山梅花属、溲疏属和黄山梅属为外类群，基于trnL-F序列构建的系统树上，绣球族作为一个单系群得到很高的支持率。绣球属的种出现在不同的分支上，表明该属不是一个单系群。绣球族被分为两大支：第一支由绣球属离瓣组的中国绣球、绣球、以及常山和Broussaisia arguta组成;第二支由绣球属另外的9个种与草绣球属、叉叶蓝属、蛛网萼属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属以及钻地风属组成。在第二支中，下列类群的近缘关系得到支持：① 草绣球与叉叶蓝属;② 绣球属挂苦子组的东陵绣球、圆锥绣球和挂苦绣球。③ 钻地风属、赤壁木属和冠盖藤属;④ 蜡莲绣球、莼兰绣球、马桑绣球、粗枝绣球。 5. 分支分析 以山梅花属为外类群，基于形态、解剖、花发育、孢粉等32个性状（或性状状态）对绣球族9属的系统发育关系进行了分支分析。结果表明：草绣球属和叉叶蓝属为基出类群，这两个属有多个共同特征;绣球族其余的成员聚成一支，该支又有5个分支。其中蛛网萼属和绣球属冠盖组各为单独的分支，它们有多个自衍征，可能有各自独立的演化线;绣球属离瓣组与常山属聚成一分支，二者的密切关系得到解剖学证据的支持;绣球属绣球组和星毛组聚成一分支，这两个组包含了绣球属的多数种类;钻地风属、赤壁木属、冠盖藤属、Broussaisia和绣球属挂苦子组聚成一分支。其中钻地风属、赤壁木属与冠盖藤属具多个近裔衍征，表明它们是绣球族的晚出类群。 通过对绣球族植物外部形态、花器官发生、叶表皮微形态特征、叶绿体DNA trnL-F区的研究以及基于形态性状的分支分析，并综合已有的研究结果，我们认为： 1. 绣球族是一个单系群;绣球属不是一个单系群。 2. 在绣球族中，草绣球属和叉叶蓝属关系密切，它们可能是绣球族其余成员的姐妹群。 3. 绣球组和星毛组可能是绣球属的核心成员;离瓣组和常山属关系密切;冠盖组有单独的演化线。 4. 赤壁木属、冠盖藤属和钻地风属为单系群，它们在绣球族处于较高的演化位置。 5. 绣球属需重新界定。

Evaluating the efficacy of managing West Coast groundfish resources through simulations

Management of West Coast groundfish resources by the Pacific Fishery Management Council involves Federal government and academic scientists conducting stock assessments, generally using the stock synthesis framework, applying the 40-10 rule to determine harvest guidelines for resources that are not overfished and conducting rebuilding analyses to determine harvest guidelines for resources that have been designated as overfished. However, this management system has not been evaluated in terms of its ability to satisfy the National Standard 1 goals of the Sustainable Fisheries Act. A Monte Carlo simulation framework is therefore outlined that can be used to make such evaluations. Based on simulations tailored to a situation similar to that of managing the widow rockfish (Sebastes entomelas) resource, it is shown that catches during recovery and thereafter are likely to be highly variable (up to ±30% from one year to the next). Such variability is far greater than has been presented to the decision makers to date. Reductions in interannual variability in catches through additional data collection are, however, unlikely. Rather, improved performance will probably arise from better methods for predicting future recruitment. Rebuilding analyses include quantities such as the year to which the desired probability of recovery applies. The estimates of such quantities are, however, very poorly determined.

Association of pro staglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease in Chinese

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, encoded by the gene prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, PTGS2) is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The prostaglandins produced by COX-2 are involved in inflammation and pain response in diff

Socio-economic and marketing aspects of Laila and Bottom Long Line fisheries in the Kalpitiya peninsula of Sri Lanka

Surrounding Net Fishery (laila) and Bottom Long Line Fishery which operate in the coastal waters of Kalpitiya Peninsula, compete for the same fish resources, resulting in a fishery dispute between the respective fishermen. Both fisheries target demersal as well as mid pelagic fishes, such as travellys (parava), mullets (galmalu) and barracudas (ulava). As the dispute had an adverse impact on the social harmony in the fishing community of the area, a socio-economic survey was conducted to study the underlying factors and to suggest policy measures to resolve the issue. The laila fishermen were resident fishermen in the Kalpitiya Peninsula while bottom long line fishermen were migratory fishermen from Negombo and Chilaw areas in the west coast of Sri Lanka. The Kalpitiya peninsula is located in the North West coast, some 50 km away from the west coast. Although the educational level and literacy rate of the laila community was below that of the bottom long line community, the laila community was economically better off. The net economic returns from laila fishery were superior to that from bottom long line fishery. The boat owner's and crew's share per operation of laila fishery were Rs.3,736 and Rs.947 respectively. The same figures for bottom long line fishery were Rs.588 and Rs.327 respectively. The resource rent from laila fishery was Rs.5,860, however, and much higher than that for bottom long line fishery (Rs.275), showing that the laila fishery exploits the targeted fish resource at a much higher rate compared to bottom long line fishery. This situation badly affects the equitable distribution of resources between the two fishing communities and results in unequal economic gains. Based on the findings of this study, certain input/output controls are proposed to address this problem, among which is the need to increase license fee for laila fishery units to offset the higher exploitation rate of fish resources.

重组人胰岛素样生长因子1对db/db小鼠血糖的影响

下载PDF阅读器目的:研究重组人胰岛素样生长因子1(rhIGF-1)对近似于人类2型糖尿病的db/db小鼠的降血糖作用.方法:正常饲养db/db及同品系的正常小鼠,定期监测血糖和血胰岛素水平.待db/db小鼠表现出明显的高血糖及高胰岛素血症后随机分为4组,每日皮下注射溶媒、胰岛素或不同剂量的rhlGF-1,共2周.首次给药后每30min测定血糖1次,观测不同干预方式的即时降糖效果.再于每次给药前测定血糖,观察2周内的变化趋势.结果:db/db小鼠饲养至8周龄时表现出明显的血糖升高及高胰岛素血症.所用剂量的胰岛素对db/db小鼠未表现出明显的降血糖作用;rhIGF-1特别是高剂量rhIGF-1即时及短期降糖效果均较明显,可有效保护db/db小鼠.结论:rhIGF-1对db/db小鼠有较好的降血糖作用,对伴有明显胰岛素抵抗的糖尿病患者具有临床应用前景.