Temporal variability of forest communities: empirical estimates of population change in 4000 tree species

Long-term surveys of entire communities of species are needed to measure fluctuations in natural populations and elucidate the mechanisms driving population dynamics and community assembly. We analysed changes in abundance of over 4000 tree species in 12 forests across the world over periods of 6-28years. Abundance fluctuations in all forests are large and consistent with population dynamics models in which temporal environmental variance plays a central role. At some sites we identify clear environmental drivers, such as fire and drought, that could underlie these patterns, but at other sites there is a need for further research to identify drivers. In addition, cross-site comparisons showed that abundance fluctuations were smaller at species-rich sites, consistent with the idea that stable environmental conditions promote higher diversity. Much community ecology theory emphasises demographic variance and niche stabilisation; we encourage the development of theory in which temporal environmental variance plays a central role.

Size and temperature dependence of the photoluminescence properties of NIR emitting ternary alloyed mercury cadmium telluride quantum dots

Exciton-phonon coupling and nonradiative relaxation processes have been investigated in near-infrared (NIR) emitting ternary alloyed mercury cadmium telluride (CdHgTe) quantum dots. Organically capped CdHgTe nanocrystals of sizes varying from 2.5-4.2 nm have been synthesized where emission is in the NIR region of 650-855 nm. Temperature-dependent (15-300 K) photoluminescence (PL) and the decay dynamics of PL at 300 K have been studied to understand the photophysical properties. The PL decay kinetics shows the transition from triexponential to biexponential on increasing the size of the quantom dots (QDs), informing the change in the distribution of the emitting states. The energy gap is found to be following the Varshni relation with a temperature coefficient of 2.1-2.8 x 10(-4) eV K-1. The strength of the electron-phonon coupling, which is reflected in the Huang and Rhys factor S, is found in the range of 1.17-1.68 for QDs with a size of 2.5-4.2 nm. The integrated PL intensity is nearly constant until 50 K, and slowly decreases up to 140 K, beyond which it decreases at a faster rate. The mechanism for PL quenching with temperature is attributed to the presence of nonradiative relaxation channels, where the excited carriers are thermally stimulated to the surface defect/trap states. At temperatures of different region (<140 K and 140-300 K), traps of low (13-25 meV) and high (65-140 meV) activation energies seem to be controlling the quenching of the PL emission. The broadening of emission linewidth is found to due to exciton-acoustic phonon scattering and exciton-longitudinal optical (LO) phonon coupling. The exciton-acoustic phonon scattering coefficient is found to be enhanced up to 55 MU eV K-1 due to a stronger confinement effect. These findings give insight into understanding the photophysical properties of CdHgTe QDs and pave the way for their possible applications in the fields of NIR photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices.

非理想界面对三相复合材料应力场的影响

对非理想界面的三相复合材料，提出了计算弹性应力场的微观力学模型，在适当的简化假设下，对带界相的颗粒增强和纤维增强复合材料，得到了应力场的计算公式。以剪切载荷为例给出了数值例子。给出的数值结果表明非理想界面对三相复合材料应力场的影响

Assessment of the contribution of surface roughness to airframe noise

The generation of sound by turbulent boundary-layer flow at low Mach number over a rough wall is investigated by applying a theoretical model that describes the scattering of the turbulence near field into sound by roughness elements. Attention is focused on the numerical method to approximately quantify the absolute level of far-field radiated roughness noise. Models for the source statistics are obtained by scaling smooth-wall data by the increased skin friction velocity and boundary-layer thickness for a rough surface. Numerical integration is performed to determine the roughness noise, and it reproduces the spectral characteristics of the available empirical formula and experimental data. Experiments are conducted to measure the radiated sound from two rough plates in an open jet The measured noise spectra of the rough plates are above that of a smooth plate in 1-2.5 kHz frequency and exhibit reasonable agreement with the predicted level. Estimates of the roughness noise for a Boeing 757 sized aircraft wing with idealized levels of surface roughness show that hi the high-frequency region the sound radiated from surface roughness may exceed that from the trailing edge, and higher overall sound pressure levels are observed for the roughness noise. The trailing edge noise is also enhanced by surface roughness somewhat A parametric study indicates that roughness height and roughness density significantly affect the roughness noise with roughness height having the dominant effect The roughness noise directivity varies with different levels of surface roughness. Copyright © 2007 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparación del efecto del manejo convencional versus manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) sobre la entomofauna, crecimiento, rendimiento y rentabilidad del cultivo del maíz (Zea mayz L)

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca el plantel propiedad de la universidad nacional agraria, está ubicada en el km.30 carretera Tipitapa- Masaya en junio del 2014. El estudio consistió en la. Comparación del efecto de manejo convencional versus manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) sobre la entomofauna, desarrollo, rendimiento, rentabilidad del cultivo de maíz(Zea mayz L). Los tratamientos a evaluar fueron manejo convencional y manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas. Se realizaron muestreos dos veces por semana iniciando de la segunda semana después de la germinación, donde se seleccionaron cinco puntos para un total de 50 plantas muestreadas para cada uno de los sistemas de manejo, se contabilizaba el número de larvas por plantas encontrados y el % de plantas dañadas por el gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith).También se identificaron 31 familias y 11 órdenes de insectos en el manejo con (BPA) y 26 familias y 9 órdenes en el manejo convencional. Las larvas por plantas de gusano cogollero y su daño al cultivo de maíz se presentó más en el sistema de manejo convencional con un 84 % de daño a los 35 dds, también se encontró un nivel alto poblacional de larvas de cogollero a los 65 dds, mientras que en manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas el % de plantas dañadas y el porcentaje de plantas con larva de gusano cogollero fue menor. Según los resultados obtenidos de los dos tratamientos en estudio sobre las variables agronómicas, altura, área foliar, numero de hojas y diámetro del tallo, indican que no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ellas, pero que sí se mostró que en el manejo convencional las plantas tendieron a crecer un poco más que el sistema de manejo de (BPA). Con respecto al rendimiento el tratamiento que presentó el mejor rendimiento fue el sistema de manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas con 6,134. 40 kg/h, y con un menor rendimiento el tratamiento de manejo convencional con 3,855.28 kg/h. logrando obtener un beneficio neto mayor en el sistema de manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas, $ 1,285.86.

New approach to superresolution

We propose a new method to increase the resolution of an optical system by modifying part of the spatial-frequency spectrum, viz., displacing the lower-frequency light to a high-frequency band, which makes the central maximum in the diffraction pattern narrower and increases the depth of focus. Simulation results show that this kind of apodizer (the term apodization was originally used to describe ways to reduce the sidelobes of the PSF, but in this paper, we use it in a wider sense) is superior to the phase-shifting ones. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

外差干涉仪混频误差分析

共光路外差干涉仪具有很高的分辨率．但因为安装、调试误差会产生非线性误差．影响系统的测量精度。着重分析了在共光路外差干涉仪中由激光光源的椭圆偏振化和沃拉斯顿棱镜的安装方位角误差同时存在的情况下，引起的频率混叠综合误差的大小及变化规律。结果发现其造成的非线性误差可达2．2nm，同时还发现两者造成的误差在某些情况下存在一定程度的相互抵消作用。讨论了提高测量系统精度的有效措施，对正确设计和调试激光外差测试系统、提高测量系统精度具有重要意义。

气相平衡扩散法制备β-BBO薄膜

用气相平衡扩散（VTE）法在α-偏硼酸钡单晶衬底上成功地制备出β-偏硼酸钡薄膜。使用X射线衍射技术（XRD）测试了样品的衍射峰，并比较了不同温度、不同保温时间、不同衬底方向对薄膜的影响。