Investigation on Laser Cladding MOSi2 Powder on Steel

The feasibility of the fabrication of coatings for elevated-temperature structural applications by laser cladding MoSi2 powder on steel was investigated. A dense and crack-free fine coating, well-bonded with the substrate has been obtained by this technique. This coating consists of FeMoSi, Fe2Si and a small amount of Mo5Si3 due to dilution of the substrate in the coating. The microstruelure of the coating is characterized of typical fine dendrites. The dendrites are composed of FeMoSi primary phase, and the interdendritic areas are two eutectic phases of FeMoSi and Fe2Si. The hardness of the coating reaches 845 Hv(0.5), 3.7 times larger than that of the steel substrate (180Hv(0.5)).

基于数值模拟的激光热负荷光强分布设计

激光活塞热负荷模拟实验需将高斯光束调制成按特定光强分布的多个同心光环，为此提出了基于有限元（FE）分析的激光热负荷光强分布反求设计思想。应用最初设计的整形器对有限元模型进行校核，在合理的范围内调整边界条件参数和活塞材料热物性参数，使模拟结果与实验结果吻合；对于校核后的有限元模型，通过调整光强分布和加载条件以接近目标温度场，从而获得整形器优化设计方案。基于上述方法可实现由目标温度场反求设计出光场分布。研究表明，采用数值模拟方法进行研究，可大幅度缩短整形器设计周期、降低设计费用，并起到虚拟实验的作用，从而提高了热负荷实验的可控性和可预见性。

Peligro aviario: Caracterización de la vegetación y determinación de las especies que son atractivas para la fauna silvestre en las areas verdes del Aeropuerto Internacional Augusto C. Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua

Se evaluó la diversidad, estructura y fenología de la flora en las áreas verdes del Aeropuerto Internacional Augusto C. Sandino con el fin de determinar las especies que son atractivas para fauna silvestre de peligro para la aviación, sea por que les provee de alimento o de refugio y hábitat. Y por otro lado, brindar recomendaciones sobre especies con potencial para formar parte de las áreas verdes del aeropuerto. Para ello, se establecieron parcelas anidadas de 2 x 2 m, 5 x 5 m y 10 x 10 m en las cuales se tomaron los datos en los estratos herbáceos, arbustivos y arbóreos respectivamente. Las parcelas se establecieron aleatoriamente en tres sitios dentro del aeropuerto: en el bosque seco al oeste del aeropuerto (BSO), en la Fuerza Aérea (FA) y en el área verde alrededor de la pista de aterrizaje (AVP). Dentro de las parcelas se contaron 117 árboles en todos los sitios, los cuales estaban agrupados en 11 especies, 10 géneros, 8 familias y 4 órdenes. Las especies arbóreas de mayor densidad fueron: Calycophyllum candidissimum(450 individuos/ ha), Albizia niopides (344), Azadirachta indica (289) y Senna siamea (261) y el sitio que presento mayor diversidad y densidad de árboles fue FA. Fueron contados 36 individuos de arbustos, pertenecientes a las especiesCapsicum annum (1) yLantana camara (35). En cuanto a especies herbáceas se contaron 11,845 individuos dentro de las unidades de muestreo, agrupados en 28 especies, 23 géneros, 14 familias y 13 órdenes, siendo el AVP el sitio que registró mayor diversidad y densidad de las mismas. Las especies herbáceas con mayores densidades fueron Cenchrus brownii (256,282.05 individuos/ha), Cynodon dactylon (141,538.46), Digitaria decumbens(106,794.87), Bothriochloa pertusa(51,282.05), Elytaria imbricada (38,846.15) y Panicum maximum (30,192.31). De las 41 especies vegetales, se determinó la fenología completa para 3�, de estas, 6 (�9.35%) florecen y fructifican todo el año:Cordia dentata, Boerhavia erecta, Chamaesyce hyssopifolia, Eleucine indica, Melanthera nivea y Rhynchosia minima. Entre las especies arbóreas mayormente atractivas para la fauna silvestre se determinaron: Albizia niopoides, Manguifera indica, Spondias mombin, Cordia dentata, Guazuma ulmifoliay Calycophyllum candidissimum al ser considerados proveedores de alimentos y refugio a la fauna silvestre, por sus frutos, flores con abundante néctar, copas con poca obstrucción visual (alta densidad de hojas) y ramificaciones horizontales propias para el perchaje de las aves de alto tamaño. Dentro de la vegetación herbáceas se determinaron especies como Tridax procumbensy Tribulus terrestis formando densos tapetes de vegetación con flores atractivas para insectos en el período seco, los cuales a la vez eran focos de atracción para aves insectívoras como: Hirundus rustica (Golondrinas), Quiscalus mexicanus (Zanate), Molotrus aeneus (Tordos), Egretta thula (Garza blanca) que permanecen en las áreas verdes alrededor de la pista de aterrizaje y que peligran colisionar con los aviones. Por otra parte, las especies de la familia Poaceae fueron registradas como proveedoras de granos a las aves del grupo de las Columbidae (Palomas). Especies de gramíneas de gran porte como Panicum maximum, P. antidotale, Sorgum halapensis, además de poseer semillas grandes (>0.3 cm), formaban corredores por donde se desplazan mamífero medianos, reptiles y aves. Dentro del mismo áreas se determinaron dos especies (B. pertusay C. dactylon) que por su baja estatura (menos de 0.3 m), reproducción vegetativa y semillas muy pequeña o ausentes, son ideales para establecer en los alrededores de la pista de aterrizaje. Mediante un ensayo se evaluó su establecimiento, el cual resulto satisfactorio al competir y ganar espacio ante otras monocotiledones y dicotiledonesas, principalmente C. dactylon

Inhomogeneous isoparametric elements for stress analysis of composites

The concept of inhomogeneous element is proposed and the formulations of the inhomogeneous isoparametric elements for stress analysis of four kinds of problems are derived. As an example of applications of the inhomogeneous elements, the stress distribution in a cone-like composite syntheticrope termination is calculated.

激光熔覆MoSi_2涂层的研究

本文用高能激光束熔覆MoSi_2粉末在45钢基体上制备了耐高温结构用涂层，用XRD、SEM、EDAX和显微硬度仪分别对熔覆层的组织结构和硬度进行了研究。试验结果表明，由于基体的稀释作用，涂层的相组成为FeMoSi、Fe_2Si和少量的Mo_5Si_3。涂层组织呈现典型的细小枝晶组织特征，枝晶为FeMoSi领先相，枝晶间为FeMoSi和Fe_2Si两相共晶，组织中无孔隙和裂纹等缺陷存在。Mo，Si，Fe线扫描成分布在涂层-基体界面处均缓慢过渡，基体与涂层发生互扩散，为冶金结合。涂层硬度可达HV_(0.5)845，基体硬度为180，涂层硬度比基体提高3.7倍。

Lessons from the breeding program on common carp in Hungary

Common carp is one of the most important cultured freshwater fish species in the world. Its production in freshwater areas is the second largest in Europe after rainbow trout. Common carp production in Europe was 146,845 t in 2004 (FAO Fishstat Plus 2006). Common carp production is concentrated mainly in Central and Eastern Europe. In Hungary, common carp has been traditionally cultured in earthen ponds since the late 19th century, following the sharp drop in catches from natural waters, due to the regulation of main river systems. Different production technologies and unintentional selection methods resulted in a wide variety of this species. Just before the intensification of rearing technology and the exchange of stocking materials among fish farms (early sixties), “landraces” of carp were collected from practically all Hungarian fish farms into a live gene bank at the Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI) at Szarvas (Bakos and Gorda 1995; Bakos and Gorda 2001). In order to provide highly productive hybrids for production purposes starting from 1964, different strains and crosses between Hungarian landraces were created and tested. During the last 40 years, approximately 150 two-, three-, and four-line hybrids were produced. While developing parental lines, methods of individual selection, inbreeding, backcrossing of lines, gynogenesis and sex reversal were used. This breeding program resulted in three outstanding hybrids: “Szarvas 215 mirror” and “Szarvas P31 scaly” for pond production, and “Szarvas P34 scaly” for angling waters. Besides satisfying the needs of industry, the live gene bank helped to conserve the biological diversity of Hungarian carp landraces. Fifteen Hungarian carp landraces are still maintained today in the gene bank. Through exchange programs fifteen foreign carp strains were added to the collection from Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Southeast Asia (Bakos and Gorda 2001). Besides developing the methodology to maintain live specimens in the gene bank, the National Carp Breeding Program has been initiated in cooperation with all the key stakeholders in Hungary, namely the National Association of Fish Producers (HOSZ), the National Institute for Agricultural Quality Control (OMMI), and the Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI). In addition, methodologies or technologies for broodstock management and carp performance testing have been developed. This National Carp Breeding Program is being implemented successfully since the mid-1990s.

A quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton of the Gulf of Panama: I. Results of the regional phytoplankton surveys during July and November 1957 and March 1958

ENGLISH: 1. Quantitative phytoplankton samples were collected by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission at the surface and ten meters in the Gulf of Panama, as follows: a) 18-21 March, 1958 (31 stations)-during the height of the upwelling season, b) 10-12 July, 1957 (10 stations)-during the transition to the rainy season at a time when mild upwelling winds reappear, c) 7-8 November, 1957 (15 stations)-during the height of the rainy season. 2. Maximum phytoplankton populations occurred during the upwelling season, followed by a considerable decline during July, and a further Subsidence during November. 3. A remarkable regional uniformity in species composition was observed during the surveys despite regional differences in growth conditions. Diatoms overwhelmingly dominated the communities. 4. During all surveys, the innermost regions, generally north of 8°30'N, were the most productive. The least productive areas were in the offing of San Miguel Bay and Parita Bay, suggesting that nutrient accretion via runoff is inadequate to sustain sizeable autotrophic plant populations in those regions. 5. During all surveys, phytoplankton growth appeared to be limited by nutrient availability. 6. During all surveys, phytoplankton growth appeared to be related to depth of the water column. 7. Although below average rainfall contributed to unusually favorable growth conditions (reduced stability, increased transparency and, presumably, nutrient reserves) during the November survey relative to November 1955 and 1956 at 8°45'N, 79°23'W, the anticipated heightened phytoplankton response was not observed. 8. During the November survey, the local diatom responses and their regional fluctuations could be satisfactorily related to the accompanying surface salinity conditions. However, this correspondence is undoubtedly attributable to factors associated with the observed salinity levels, probably nutrients, rather than salinity directly. 9. Unusually warm conditions occurred during the March survey, attributable to considerably weaker upwelling winds than normally occurring then, which contributed to a considerably lower standing crop and a retardation in succession of three to five weeks relative to that observed during 1955-1957 at 8°45'N, 79°23'W in the Gulf of Panama. 10. During the March survey, a well defined inverse relationship existed between mean temperature and mean diatom abundance in the upper ten meters, and between transparency and mean diatom abundance. A direct relationship occurred between surface salinity and mean diatom abundance in the upper ten meters. These relationships are interpreted to indicate that diatom abundance primarily reflected the nutrient concentrations associated with a given upwelling intensity, rather than describing casual relationships. 11. The survey results indicate that the phytoplankton dynamics observed at 8°45'N, 79°23'W from November, 1954 through May, 1957 are generally representative of the Gulf of Panama. 12. The following new forms, to be described in a later publication, were observed during the surveys: Actinoptychus undulatus f. catenata n.f., Asterionella japonica f. tropicum n.f., Leptocylindrus maximus n. sp., Skeletonema costatum f. tropicum n.f. SPANISH: 1. La Comisión Interamericana del Atun Tropical recolectó en el Golfo de Panama muestras cuantitativas de fitoplancton en la superficie y a los diez metros, como sigue: a) Del 18 al 21 de marzo de 1958 (31 estaciones)-durante el maximum de la estación de afloramiento. b) Del 10 al 12 de julio de 1957 (10 estaciones)-durante la epóca de transición a la estación lluviosa cuando reaparecen los vientos ligeros que causan el afloramiento. c) Del 7 al 8 de noviembre de 1957 (15 estaciones)-durante el maximum de la estación lluviosa. 2. Las poblaciones maximas de fitoplancton aparecieron durante la estación de afloramiento, seguido por una considerable disminución durante el mes de julio y una calma durante noviembre. 3. Durante la investigación se observó una remarcable uniformidad regional en la composición de las especies a pesar de las diferencias regionales en las condiciones de crecimiento. Las diatomeas predominaban en gran numero en las comunidades. 4. Durante todas las investigaciones, las regiones mas cerca de la costa, generalmente al norte de los 8°30'N, eran las mas productivas. Las areas menos productivas fueron las mar afuera de las Bahias de San Miguel y Parita, lo que sugiere que el aumento en las sales nutritivas causado por las escorrentias es inadecuado para sostener poblaciones grandes de plantas autotróficas en estas regiones. 5. Durante todas las investigaciones, el crecimiento del fitoplancton parecio estar limitado por la disponibilidad de las. sales nutritivas. 6. Durante todas las investigaciones el crecimiento del fitoplancton parecio estar relacionado con la profundidad de la columna de agua. 7. Aunque las precipitacion por debajo del promedio normal contribuyo a condiciones desusadamente favorables de crecimiento (estabilidad reducida, aumento de la transparencia y, presumiblemente, de la reserva de sales nutritivas) durante la investigación de noviembre en relación a noviembre de 1955 y de 1956 en los 8°45'N, 79°23'W, no se observo-la alta reacción de fitoplancton que se esperaba. 8. Durante la investigación de noviembre, las reacciones locales de las diatomeas y sus fluctuaciones regionales pudieron relacionarse en forma satisfactoria con condiciones asociadas con la salinidad de la superficie. Sin embargo, esta correspondencia puede atribuirse sin duda a factores asociados con los niveles observados de salinidad, probablemente con las sales nutritivas, en lugar de directamente con la salinidad. 9. Condiciones calurosas no comunes ocurrieron durante la investigación de marzo, las que pueden atribuirse a que los vientos que ocasionan el afloramiento fueran mas debiles que los normales, lo que contribuyó a que la cosecha estable fuera considerablemente mas baja y a la demora de tres a cinco semanas en la sucecion relativa a la que se observó durante 1955-1957 en los 8°45'N, 8°23'W, en el Golfo de Panama. 10. Durante la investigación de marzo, existió una relación inversa bien definida entre la temperatura y la abundancia media de las diatomeas en los diez metros superiores, y entre la transparencia y la abundancia media de las diatomeas. Una relación directa ocurrio entre la salinidad de superficie y la abundancia media de las diatomeas en los diez metros superiores. Estas relaciones se interpretan como indicadoras de que la abundancia de diatomeas refleja primeramente las concentraciones de las sales nutritivas asociadas con una intensidad de afloramiento dada, en lugar de describir relaciones causales. 11. Los resultados de la investigacion indican que la dinamica del fitoplancton observada en los 8°45'N, 79°23'W, desde noviembre de 1954 a mayo de 1957, es generalmente representativa del Golfo de Panama. 12. Durante las investigaciones se observaron las siguientes formas nuevas, las que seran descritas en una publicación posterior: Actinoptychus undulatus f. catenata n.f., Asterionella japonica f. tropicum n.f., Leptocylindrus maximus n. sp., Skeletonema costatum f. tropicum n.f.

A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight

Species composition, biomass, density, and diversity of benthic invertebrates from six bard-bottom areas were evaluated. Seasonal collections using a dredge, trawl, and suction and grab samplers yielded 432, 525, and 845 taxa, respectively. Based on collections wltb the different gear types, species composition of invertebrates was found to change bathymetrically. Inner- and mlddle-shelf sites were more similar to each other in terms of invertebrate species composition than they were to outer-shelf sites, regardless of season. Sites on the inner and outer shelf were grouped according to latitude; however, results suggest that depth is apparently a more important determinant of invertebrate species composition than either season or latitude. Sponges generally dominated dredge and trawl collections in terms of biomass. Generally, cnidarians, bryozoans, and sponges dominated at sites In terms of number of taxa collected. The most abundant smaller macrofauna collected in suction and grab samples were polychaetes, amphipods, and mollusks. Densities of the numerically dominant species changed botb seasonally and bathymetrically, with very few of these species restricted to a specific bathymetrlc zone. The high diversity of invertebrates from hard-bottom sites is attributed to the large number of rare species. No consistent seasonal changes in diversity or number of species were noted for individual stations or depth zones. In addition, H and its components showed no definite patterns related to depth or latitude. However, more species were collected at middle-shelf sites than at inner- or outer-shelf sites, which may be related to more stable bottom temperature or greater habitat complexity in that area. (PDF file contains 110 pages.)

A quantitative analysis of the phytoplankton of the Gulf of Panama II. On the relationship between C14 assimilation and the diatom standing crop

ENGLISH: The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission has maintained a hydro-biological station in the Gulf of Panama located at 8°45'N, 79°23'W in connection with their ecological investigation of the anchoveta (Cetengraulis mysticetus), a tuna baitfish (see Peterson, 1961, for references) . The depth is approximately 42 meters at mean low water at this station. Routine hydrographic and biological observations have been made (Schaefer, Bishop and Howard, 1958; Schaefer and Bishop, 1958; Forsbergh, 1963), including the collection of quantitative phytoplankton samples from November 1954 through May 1957 (Smayda, 1959; unpublished). The seasonal and regional variations in phytoplankton growth in the Gulf of Panama have also been investigated (Smayda, 1963). The relationships existing between C1 4 assimilation as determined by 24 hour in situ experiments and diatom standing crop at 10 meters when expressed as cell numbers, cell volume, cell surface area and cell plasma volume have been assessed for 30 observations made between November 1954 and May 1957 at 8°45'N, 79°23'W. The average cell volume and cell surface area characteristics for 110 diatom species and varieties are presented. SPANISH: Las relaciones existentes entre la asimilación del C14 , determinadas después de 24 horas de experimentos in situ, y la cosecha estable de las diatomeas a 10 metros, expresando el número de células, volumen celular, área de la superficie celular y volumen del plasma celular, han sido determinadas por medio de 30 observaciones hechas entre noviembre de 1954 y mayo de 1957, a los 8°45'N, 79°23'W. Se presenta, para 110 especies y variedades de diatomeas, el promedio de las características del volumen celular y del área de la superficie celular. (PDF contains 67 pages.)

Os Impactos do PL 5069/2013 sobre os Direitos das Mulheres

Estuda os efeitos do PL 5069/2013, que altera a Lei 12.845, de 1º de agosto de 2013, que dispõe sobre o atendimento obrigatório e integral de pessoas em situação de violência sexual e as consequências para as mulheres atendidas nos hospitais da rede do SUS.

Relación bancaria y racionamiento de crédito : el caso de las pyme de España

497 p.

COLOR-HOLOGRAPHY USING THE ANGULAR SELECTIVITY OF VOLUME RECORDING MEDIA

A display hologram of an object can be recorded and reconstructed in three primary colors if the angular selectivity of volume recording media is exploited. Three holograms are recorded in the same medium, each at a different primary color. These three holograms are reconstructed by simultaneous illumination of the hologram with the original reference beams. By proper choice of the angles that the reference beams make to the hologram, it is possible to suppress strongly cross talk between the different reconstructions (e.g., the red object reconstruction in green light). The technique exhibits high resolution, high diffraction efficiency, and vivid colors. Through the addition of three holographically recorded volume gratings it is possible to reconstruct the hologram with a beam of white light. The saturation and brightness of each primary color in the reconstruction can be adjusted by selection of an appropriate thickness for the corresponding grating.

利用离子交换技术制备跑道形波导谐振腔滤波器的研究

采用AgNO3和KNO3混和熔盐作为离子交换源，在K9玻璃上制备了跑道形波导谐振腔滤波器。利用ASE宽带光源和光谱仪对器件特性进行了测试，得到的该滤波器自由光谱范围为0．176nm。对比对Cr=4dB和3dB带宽δλ=0.13nm来说，耦合系数和传输损耗分别为κ=0．9和α=3．2dB／cm。测试了环形腔的热光调相特性，在16℃的变化范围内实现了2π的相移。通过分析，波导材料的热光系数约为1．49×10^-5/C。该滤波器不仅可用于滤波、传感等领域，而且也可与其它波导结构相结合实现新的功能。