Instrumentos de financiación deldesarrollo urbano en colombia: la contribución por valorización y la participación en plusvalías. Lecciones y reflexiones

La participación en plusvalías (PPV) es el instrumento de política de una reforma de gran transcendencia en Colombia: la recuperación de las rentas del suelo y su movilización social. Durante la fase de implementación de la PPV se han venido estableciendo esquemas operativos fragmentados que propician una visión procedimental y atomizada del tributo, la cual promueve lógicas institucionales que potencialmente retardan su evolución plena como instrumento de política de suelo. El análisis de la trayectoria de varias décadas de las ciudades colombianas con la contribución por valorización (CV) sugiere que la continuidad y evolución de este instrumento y sus instituciones se derivan en gran parte del manejo “ingenioso” de esta política frente a su entorno de implementación. Por tratarse de un instrumento de recuperación parcial de plusvalías, constituye un precedente para la PPV a partir del cual es posible derivar valiosas lecciones. Este artículo presenta para discusión los factores de viabilidad y sostenibilidad identificados a través del análisis de la experiencia de implementación y del proceso general de consolidación de la CV; así como reflexiones que de allí surgieron sobre la dirección que en el mismo contexto debería dársele a la implementación de la PPV, de manera que se propicien condiciones de entorno favorables a la evolución institucional y sostenibilidad de la reforma.-----Participation in Land Value Increments (participación en plusvalías-PPV) is an essential policy instrument of the urban Reform in Colombia designed to capture and socially mobilize land rents originated by public decisions and investments. The analysis of its recent implementation process in Bogota provides evidence that current institutional arrangements are creating a general tendency amongst the institutions involved towards isolated procedural management, which potentially hinders the integrated vision required to manage the instrument at the policy level. Special Assessment (contribución por valorización-CV), an earlier form of partial value capture, has a long history in Colombia as an effective financialinstrument for urban management. Analysis of the factors that have contributed to successfully consolidate CV show that its technical evolution, continuity and political legitimacy have been strongly supported by integrated institutions and strategic management. Through comparative analysis, the experience with CV is used to draw some useful parallels and insights for a discussion about how PPV´s implementation process should be redirected towards strategic policy thinking and “smart value capture”.

Agricultural sector and competition in Colombia

In this chapter we provide a summary description of Colombian Competition Policy with an emphasis on the agricultural sector. Key developments and recent changes in institutional arrangements affecting competition policy, as it applies to the agricultural sector, are highlighted. Illustrative case studies are depicted to show the richness and complexity of policy developments and enforcement. Some general conclusions are drawn from this examination.

El hospital como organización de conocimiento y espacio de investigación y formación

El libro es una contribución importante al análisis de la productividad de médicos, investigadores y centros de hospitalización vinculados al proceso científico del país. En sus páginas se encuentra información sistemática y accesible a los lectores sobre el desarrollo de la medicina clínica en Colombia. Nunca antes se había logrado un análisis tan completo de los que pareciera una compleja e irrealizable tarea. Los académicos y todos los miembros del sistema de salud encontrarán aquí los datos para entender la dinámica de los recursos humanos que trabajan en la investigación clínica en salud, con el fin de determinar sus formas organizativas, diferenciadas como comunidad científica, su visibilidad y reconocimiento social.Con los indicadores aquí expuestos muchas universidades, hospitales y clínicas seguramente dispondrán de una nueva perspectiva del concepto de capital intelectual, y ofrecerán a las personas con un alto nivel de formación un capital humano acumulado para que su productividad sea mayor.

Las empresas sociales del estado y el derecho fundamental a la salud. Estudio de caso hospital simón bolívar E.S.E (2002-2014)

El presente trabajo busca hacer un análisis sobre los arreglos institucionales introducidos con la ley 100 de 1993 a las Empresas Sociales del Estado (ESE), y cómo estos han afectado la prestación del servicio de salud y la garantía del derecho; para lo cual se escoge como ejemplo el Hospital Simón Bolívar E.S.E de Bogotá durante los años 2002 a 2014. Se explica como con la implementación de la descentralización, el modelo de aseguramiento y la autonomía financiera se afectó la prestación del servicio de salud, teniendo en cuenta la introducción de un eslabón dentro del sistema de salud: las Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS).

Las limitaciones de los mecanismos de aproximación jurídica para el diseño de la nueva arquitectura financiera internacional (Tema Central)

A nivel internacional existe consenso respecto a la importancia que tiene el marco institucional para el funcionamiento eficiente del sistema financiero y para la generación de incentivos correctos para mantener la disciplina de mercado. Por eso mismo, durante los últimos diez años, se ha estado discutiendo, especialmente a nivel técnico, respecto de las condiciones de una nueva arquitectura financiera internacional que se ajuste a la realidad de un sistema financiero globalizado, y se han generado políticas, lineamientos y mínimos estándares para los sistemas financieros que han sido recogidos fundamentalmente por normas informales conocidas como softlaw y por órganos igualmente informales. La Declaración de la Cumbre del G20 en Washington de noviembre de 2008 estableció cinco principios comunes para reforma del sistema financiero que deben ser considerados en esta nueva arquitectura, a la que se puede definir como ""el establecimiento e implementación, a nivel nacional e internacional, de reglas, principios y arreglos institucionales que aseguren la estabilidad del sistema financiero internacional, previniendo las crisis y estableciendo los mecanismos institucionales para enfrentarlas o mitigarlas"". Sin embargo de esto, no existe una conciencia clara de que el problema de la nueva arquitectura financiera internacional es un problema ante todo jurídico: los órganos informales creados y el softlaw son insuficientes para crear las condiciones necesarias para asegurar el obligatorio cumplimiento y la aplicación general de este marco de regulación financiera global. Además, el principio de la soberanía de los Estados, base de los ordenamientos y sistemas jurídicos actuales, de naturaleza fundamentalmente nacional, y norma fundamental para las relaciones entre Estados, en el Derecho público internacional, vuelve complejay demorada la creación de un nuevo sistema de gobernanza global que viabilice esta nueva arquitectura financiera internacional y permita devolver rápidamente la confianza perdida y la estabilidad de este nuevo sistema financiero global.

Perceptions of the impacts of genetically modified cotton varieties: a case study of the cotton industry in Gujarat, India

The paper reports the findings of a study designed to consider the impact of the adoption of Bt cotton on markets, businesses, and institutional arrangements in India. Given that evidence to date suggests that widespread adoption of Bt cotton by farmers is likely to increase production, this study aims to assess possible implications for markets (access to inputs, prices of inputs and outputs, etc.) and local industries and to identify potential winners and losers. The results suggest that there are impacts on the cotton industry following from the release of Bt hybrids, and so far the impacts are most noticeable "upstream" (i.e., the input suppliers), where companies are rapidly moving away from the sale of bollworm insecticide and attempting to sell Bt seeds. Seed companies are looking for partnerships with Monsanto, the owner of the Bt gene. One reason that companies are keen to move away from insecticide is so they can avoid the need for credit supply to their customers. Seed purchase is not normally through credit, whereas insecticide purchase is. Issues for companies "downstream" (gins, textile manufacturers) relate more to the better quality of Bt cotton and the need for adequate segregation of Bt and non-Bt cotton.

Fragmentation or creative diversity? Options in the provision of land management advisory services

Rural land managers need access to sound advice and information to respond to pressures from environmental regulations, declining farm incomes, changing patterns in international trade and new institutional arrangements within the domestic food chain. Governments have cut back their provision of advisory services but need more than ever to influence land managers' decisions to achieve a growing array of policy objectives: The paper develops a conceptual framework for analysing advisory services and concludes, through a review of sixteen case studies, that the needs of both governments and land managers can be met by a diverse mixture of private and public sector provision. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Policy ‘framing’ and evidence-based planning: ‘epistemic communities’ in the multi-jurisdictional environment of an enlarged Europe

The following paper builds on ongoing discussions over the spatial and territorial turns in planning, as it relates to the dynamics of evidence-based planning and knowledge production in the policy process. It brings this knowledge perspective to the organizational and institutional dynamics of transformational challenges implicit in the recent enlargement of the EU. Thus it explores the development of new spatial ideas and planning approaches, and their potential to shape or ‘frame’ spatial policy through the formulation of new institutional arrangements and the de-institutionalization of others. That is, how knowledge is created, contested, mobilized and controlled across governance architectures or territorial knowledge channels. In so doing, the paper elaborates and discusses a theoretical framework through which the interplay of knowledge and policymaking can be conceptualized and analyzed.

Community based ecotourism as a panacea for protected areas: the use of common property theory in its analysis and development

Tourism is the worlds largest employer, accounting for 10% of jobs worldwide (WTO, 1999). There are over 30,000 protected areas around the world, covering about 10% of the land surface(IUCN, 2002). Protected area management is moving towards a more integrated form of management, which recognises the social and economic needs of the worlds finest areas and seeks to provide long term income streams and support social cohesion through active but sustainable use of resources. Ecotourism - 'responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well- being of local people' (The Ecotourism Society, 1991) - is often cited as a panacea for incorporating the principles of sustainable development in protected area management. However, few examples exist worldwide to substantiate this claim. In reality, ecotourism struggles to provide social and economic empowerment locally and fails to secure proper protection of the local and global environment. Current analysis of ecotourism provides a useful checklist of interconnected principles for more successful initiatives, but no overall framework of analysis or theory. This paper argues that applying common property theory to the application of ecotourism can help to establish more rigorous, multi-layered analysis that identifies the institutional demands of community based ecotourism (CBE). The paper draws on existing literature on ecotourism and several new case studies from developed and developing countries around the world. It focuses on the governance of CBE initiatives, particularly the interaction between local stakeholders and government and the role that third party non-governmental organisations can play in brokering appropriate institutional arrangements. The paper concludes by offering future research directions."

Hyperactive governance in the Thames Gateway

This paper examines the implementation of brownfield regeneration policies in the UK within the context of complex systems of multi-level governance. Using the regeneration of the Thames Gateway as an example, it explores how the Government's centrally driven institutional arrangements have undermined leadership in this key development project. The Government's approach to brownfield governance is characterised as one of constant intervention in the Thames Gateway in an ad hoc and incoherent fashion. Congested and fragmented governance structures are the result. These, this paper argues, have diffused the focus and undermined the leadership of policy and implementation. It is suggested that the adoption of the principles of policy mapping and weaving would bring more clarity and coherence to the governance of the Thames Gateway.

Coming to grips with 'abandoned arable' land in efforts to enhance communal grazing systems in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa

The communal lands of the Eastern Cape have been regarded as both tools and problems by policy-makers. In particular, communal lands are problematised as environmentally degraded, of suboptimum productivity and constraining economic development. The Eastern Cape Communal Lands Research Project was framed within this policy discourse with the aim of introducing legume-based pasture into ‘abandoned arable lands’. Initial results from community workshops show that the institutional arrangements for these arable lands vary widely and, with them, the capacity to utilise any new technology that may have application to them. Rather than simply draw on social capital, if a participatory research approach is to enhance the agency of the participating communites, it may need to contribute to social capital building and especially to create a dialogical space in which the matters being researched can be discussed meaningfully.

Nationalised large-scale mining, trade unions and community representation: perspectives from Northern Madagascar

This article critically explores the nature and purpose of relationships and inter-dependencies between stakeholders in the context of a parastatal chromite mining company in the Betsiboka Region of Northern Madagascar. An examination of the institutional arrangements at the interface between the mining company and local communities identified power hierarchies and dependencies in the context of a dominant paternalistic environment. The interactions, inter alia, limited social cohesion and intensified the fragility and weakness of community representation, which was further influenced by ethnic hierarchies between the varied community groups; namely, indigenous communities and migrants to the area from different ethnic groups. Moreover, dependencies and nepotism, which may exist at all institutional levels, can create civil society stakeholder representatives who are unrepresentative of the society they are intended to represent. Similarly, a lack of horizontal and vertical trust and reciprocity inherent in Malagasy society engenders a culture of low expectations regarding transparency and accountability, which further catalyses a cycle of nepotism and elite rent-seeking behaviour. On the other hand, leaders retain power with minimal vertical delegation or decentralisation of authority among levels of government and limit opportunities to benefit the elite, perpetuating rent-seeking behaviour within the privileged minority. Within the union movement, pluralism and the associated politicisation of individual unions restricts solidarity, which impacts on the movement’s capacity to act as a cohesive body of opinion and opposition. Nevertheless, the unions’ drive to improve their social capital has increased expectations of transparency and accountability, resulting in demands for greater engagement in decision-making processes.

A fundamentação microeconômica da macroeconomia e o problema da coordenação econômica

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a necessidade de uma microfundamentação para a macroeconomia. Para tanto procurará mostrar que este é um falso problema para a análise Keynesiana, na medida em que esta supõe que a coordenação da economia não pode ser feita mediante os mecanismos de preços, mas que depende de certos arranjos institucionais. De outro lado, a análise procurará mostrar que os mecanismos de preços não podem coordenar uma economia real, no caso a capitalista, se supusermos realisticamente que esta apresenta, através do mecanismo de preços, comportamentos complexos e/ou caóticos.

Federalismo cooperativo no Brasil: da Constituição de 1988 aos sistemas de políticas públicas

A tese se dedica à discussão da relação de reciprocidade entre federalismo e políticas sociais no Brasil, analisando os sistemas de políticas públicas nas áreas da saúde, assistência social e educação. A tese se apóia na literatura internacional sobre federalismo e Estado de Bem-Estar Social para construir um referencial teórico que analisa os sistemas de políticas públicas como uma matriz, que aprofunda o compartilhamento federativo, com base na negociação intergovernamental. Argumenta-se que esse modelo resulta da interação entre o desenho institucional produzido pela Constituição de 1988 e as diretrizes de universalização de políticas sociais implementadas, por meio de ações federais, a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990. Com esse estudo,pretende-se propor uma nova abordagem sobre o federalismo brasileiro, alternativa à dicotomia entre centralização e descentralização que predomina na literatura nacional; além de chamar atenção para a figura dos sistemas de políticas públicas enquanto arranjos institucionais que permitem a combinação de nacionalização de políticas sociais, com fortalecimento da negociação federativa.

Governando os comuns ou para os comuns?: gestão de áreas protegidas e os arranjos institucionais da política ambiental no Estado de São Paulo

Desde o século XIX, quando foi instituído o primeiro parque nacional, a gestão de áreas protegidas foi evoluindo e se aprimorando, sendo um importante mecanismo para a conservação da biodiversidade e uma das ações de maior intervenção estatal. Neste sentido, esta dissertação apresenta uma análise dos arranjos institucionais da política ambiental que impactam o uso comum dos recursos naturais por populações residentes do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Para esta discussão, são analisados: o embate teórico entre ambientalismo e socioambientalismo; a problemática do uso de acesso comum, associada a necessidade, ou não, de intervenção governamental; os programas e ações do Governo do Estado de São Paulo para a consolidação das unidades de conservação de proteção integral; e as variáveis que compõe os arranjos institucionais da política ambiental dos casos avaliados, na Cota 400 e Água Fria, no município de Cubatão. Face aos arranjos institucionais da política ambiental para gestão de áreas protegidas, esta dissertação busca compreender qual a melhor situação para a conservação dos recursos naturais, com estudos aplicados a luz do modelo proposto por Elinor Ostrom. A análise dos casos permitiu verificar uma performance institucional frágil da comunidade para o uso sustentável dos recursos de acesso comum.