Fluorination of La2NiO4 and La2CuO4+?

We have carried out fluorination on La2NiO4 and La2CuO4+?. Only a small fraction of fluorine enters the bulk; the rest resides on the surface. The cuprate after fluorination exhibits greater departures from tetragonal symmetry than the parent material and transforms at not, vert, similar40 K to the superconducting state. By contrast, the nickelate deviates less from tetragonal symmetry upon fluorination; no superconductivity was observed down to 4.2 K.

Metallo-beta-lactamase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cephalosporins: Some Mechanistic Insights into the Effect of Heterocyclic Thiones on Enzyme Activity

The hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics using zinc-containing metallo-beta-lactamases (m beta l) is one of the major bacterial defense systems. These enzymes can catalyze the hydrolysis of a variety of antibiotics including the latest generation of cephalosporins, cephamycins, and imipenem. It is shown in this paper that the cephalosporins having heterocyclic - SR side chains are less prone to m beta l-mediated hydrolysis than the antibiotics that do not have such side chains. This is partly due to the inhibition of enzyme activity by the thione moieties eliminated during hydrolysis. When the enzymatic hydrolysis of oxacillin was carried out in the presence of heterocyclic thiones such as MU, MDT, DMETT, and MMA, the catalytic activity of the enzyme was inhibited significantly by these compounds. Although the heterocyclic - SR moieties eliminated from the beta-lactams upon hydrolysis undergo a rapid tautomerism between thione and thiol forms, these compounds act as thiolate ligands toward zinc(II) ions. The structural characterization of two model tetranuclear zinc(II) thiolate complexes indicates that the -SR side chains eliminated from the antibiotics may interact with the zinc(II) metal center of m beta l through their sulfur atoms.

Seebeck Coefficient in Bulk and Quantum Wells of Non-Parabolic Kane-Type Materials

We present a simplified and quantitative analysis of the Seebeck coefficient in degenerate bulk and quantum well materials whose conduction band electrons obey Kane's non-parabolic energy dispersion relation. We use k.p formalism to include the effect of the overlap function due to the band non-parabolicity in the Seebeck coefficient. We also address the key issues and the conditions in which the Seebeck coefficient in quantum wells should exhibit oscillatory dependency with the film thickness under the acoustic phonon and ionized impurity scattering. The effect of screening length in degenerate bulk and quantum wells has also been generalized for the determination of ionization scattering. The well-known expressions of the Seebeck coefficient in non-degenerate wide band gap materials for both bulk and quantum wells has been obtained as a special case and this provides an indirect proof of our generalized theoretical analysis.

Electrical switching in chalcogenide glasses - Some newer insights

The recent studies on the switching. behavior of several chalcogenide semiconductors indicate that there exists a close relation between the electrical switching and structural effects in these materials; the two network topological Thresholds, namely the Rigidity Percolation and the Chemical Threshold are found to influence considerably the composition dependence of the switching voltages/fields of many memory and threshold switching glasses. Further, changes in the coordination of constituent atoms are found to effect a change in the switching behavior (memory to threshold), Also, an interesting relation has been established between the type of switching exhibited and the thermal diffusivity of the material.

Chain Length Effects on Helix-Hairpin Distribution in Short Peptides with Aib-(D)Ala and Aib-Aib Segments

The Aib-(D)Ala dipeptide segment has a tendency to form both type-I'/III' and type-I/III beta-turns. The occurrence of prime turns facilitates the formation of beta-hairpin conformations, while type-I/III turns can nucleate helix formation. The octapeptide Boc-Leu-Phe-Val-Aib-(D)Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-OMe (1) has been previously shown to form a beta-hairpin in the crystalline state and in solution. The effects of sequence truncation have been examined using the model peptides Boc-Phe-Val-Aib-Xxx-Leu-Phe-NHMe (2, 6), Boc-Val-Aib-Xxx-Leu-NHMe (3, 7), and Boc-Aib-Xxx-NHMe (4, 8), where Xxx = (D)Ala, Aib. For peptides with central Aib-Aib segments, Boc-Phe-Val-Aib-Aib-Leu-Phe-NHMe (6), Boc-Val-Aib-Aib-Leu-NHMe (7), and Boc-Aib-Aib-NHMe (8) helical conformations have been established by NMR studies in both hydrogen bonding (CD(3)OH) and non-hydrogen bonding (CDCl(3)) solvents. In contrast, the corresponding hexapeptide Boc-Phe-Val-Aib-(D)Ala-Leu-Phe-Val-NHMe (2) favors helical conformations in CDCl(3) and beta-hairpin conformations in CD(3)OH. The beta-turn conformations (type-I'/III) stabilized by intramolecular 4 -> 1 hydrogen bonds are observed for the peptide Boc-Aib-(D)Ala-NHMe (4) and Boc-Aib-Aib-NIiMe (8) in crystals. The tetrapeptide Boc-Val-Aib-Aib-Leu-NHMe (7) adopts an incipient 3(10)-helical conformation stabilized by three 4 -> 1 hydrogen bonds. The peptide Boc-Val-Aib-(D)Ala-Leu-NHMe (3) adopts a novel et-turn conformation, stabilized by three intramolecular hydrogen bonds (two 4 -> 1 and one 5 -> 1). The Aib-L(D)Ala segment adopts a type-I' beta-turn conformation. The observation of an NOE between Val (1) NH <-> HNCH(3) (5) in CD(3)OH suggests, that the solid state conformation is maintained in methanol solutions. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 744-756, 2011.

Studies on lithium L-ascorbate dihydrate: An interesting chiral nonlinear optical crystal

Lithium L-Ascorbate dihydrate (LLA) is a new metal organic nonlinear optical crystal belonging to the saccharide family. Single crystals of LLA were grown from aqueous solution. Solubility of the crystal has a positive temperature coefficient facilitating growth by slow cooling. Rietveld refinement was used to confirm the phase formation. The crystal has prismatic habit with (010), (001) and (10-1) prominent faces. Thermal analysis shows that the crystal is stable up to 102 degrees C. Transmission spectrum of the crystal extends from 302 nm to 1600 nm. Dielectric spectroscopic analysis revealed Cole Cole behaviour and prominent piezoelectric resonance peaks were observed in the range of 100-200 kHz. Second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency of up to 2.56 times that of a phase matched KDP crystal was achieved when the (010) plate of LLA single crystal was rotated about the +ve c axis, by 9.4 degrees in the clockwise direction. We also observed SHG conical sections which were attributed to noncollinear phase matching. The observation of the third conical section suggests very high birefringence and large nonlinear coefficients. A detailed study of surface laser damage showed that the crystal has high multiple damage thresholds of 9.7 GW cm(-2) and 42 GW cm(-2) at 1064 nm and 532 nm radiation respectively. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison of structural and luminescence properties of Dy2O3 nanopowders synthesized by co-precipitation and green combustion routes

Dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) nanopowders were prepared by co-precipitation (CP) and eco-friendly green combustion (GC) routes. SEM micrographs prepared by CP route show smooth rods with various lengths and diameters while, GC route show porous, agglomerated particles. The results were further confirmed by TEM. Thermoluminescence (TL) responses of the nanopowder prepared by both the routes were studied using gamma-rays. A well resolved glow peak at 353 degrees C along with less intense peak at 183 degrees C was observed in GC route while, in CP a single glow peak at 364 degrees C was observed. The kinetic parameters were estimated using Chen's glow peak route. Photoluminescence (PL) of Dy2O3 shows peaks at 481, 577,666 and 756 nm which were attributed to Dy3+ transitions of F-4(9/2)-H-6(15/2), H-6(11/2), H-6(11/2) and H-6(9/2), respectively. Color co-ordinate values were located in the white region as a result the product may be useful for the fabrication of WLED'S. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dense shallow granular flows

Simplified equations are derived for a granular flow in the `dense' limit where the volume fraction is close to that for dynamical arrest, and the `shallow' limit where the stream-wise length for flow development (L) is large compared with the cross-stream height (h). The mass and diameter of the particles are set equal to 1 in the analysis without loss of generality. In the dense limit, the equations are simplified by taking advantage of the power-law divergence of the pair distribution function chi proportional to (phi(ad) - phi)(-alpha), and a faster divergence of the derivativ rho(d chi/d rho) similar to (d chi/d phi), where rho and phi are the density and volume fraction, and phi(ad) is the volume fraction for arrested dynamics. When the height h is much larger than the conduction length, the energy equation reduces to an algebraic balance between the rates of production and dissipation of energy, and the stress is proportional to the square of the strain rate (Bagnold law). In the shallow limit, the stress reduces to a simplified Bagnold stress, where all components of the stress are proportional to (partial derivative u(x)/partial derivative y)(2), which is the cross-stream (y) derivative of the stream-wise (x) velocity. In the simplified equations for dense shallow flows, the inertial terms are neglected in the y momentum equation in the shallow limit because the are O(h/L) smaller than the divergence of the stress. The resulting model contains two equations, a mass conservation equations which reduces to a solenoidal condition on the velocity in the incompressible limit, and a stream-wise momentum equation which contains just one parameter B which is a combination of the Bagnold coefficients and their derivatives with respect to volume fraction. The leading-order dense shallow flow equations, as well as the first correction due to density variations, are analysed for two representative flows. The first is the development from a plug flow to a fully developed Bagnold profile for the flow down an inclined plane. The analysis shows that the flow development length is ((rho) over barh(3)/B) , where (rho) over bar is the mean density, and this length is numerically estimated from previous simulation results. The second example is the development of the boundary layer at the base of the flow when a plug flow (with a slip condition at the base) encounters a rough base, in the limit where the momentum boundary layer thickness is small compared with the flow height. Analytical solutions can be found only when the stream-wise velocity far from the surface varies as x(F), where x is the stream-wise distance from the start of the rough base and F is an exponent. The boundary layer thickness increases as (l(2)x)(1/3) for all values of F, where the length scale l = root 2B/(rho) over bar. The analysis reveals important differences between granular flows and the flows of Newtonian fluids. The Reynolds number (ratio of inertial and viscous terms) turns out to depend only on the layer height and Bagnold coefficients, and is independent of the flow velocity, because both the inertial terms in the conservation equations and the divergence of the stress depend on the square of the velocity/velocity gradients. The compressibility number (ratio of the variation in volume fraction and mean volume fraction) is independent of the flow velocity and layer height, and depends only on the volume fraction and Bagnold coefficients.

Selection of Optimal Time-to-go in Generalized Vector Explicit Guidance

A new method of selection of time-to-go (t(go)) for Generalized Vector Explicit Guidance (GENEX) law have been proposed in this paper. t(go) is known to be an important parameter in the control and cost function of GENEX guidance law. In this paper the formulation has been done to find an optimal value of t(go) that minimizes the performance cost. Mechanization of GENEX with this optimal t(go) reduces the lateral acceleration demand and consequently increases the range of the interceptor. This new formulation of computing t(go) comes in closed form and thus it can be implemented onboard. This new formulation is applied in the terminal phase of an surface-to-air interceptor for an angle constrained engagement. Results generated by simulation justify the use of optimal t(go).

Criterios de manejo genético en un hato criollo reyna en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

Con el propósito de establecer criterios de manejo genético del hato Criollo Reyna, con miras a su conservación y utilización potencial en sistemas de doble propósito, en Nicaragua, se caracterizó y estimó parámetros genéticos que permiten establecer política de desecho y reemplazo en el hato bajo estudio. Primeramente se determinó el efecto de diferentes factores ambientales (año de parto, época de parto, número de parto, raza de la vaca, las interacciones raza de la vaca por año de parto, raza de la vaca por época de parto, número de parto por época de parto, año de parto por la época de parto) sobre el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de hato criollo lechero Reyna bajo condiciones del trópico seco en la finca "San José" Masatepe, Nicaragua. Además se cuantificó repetibilidad para PLIEP y se clasificó las vacas en base a la Habilidad Probable de Producción. Se analizaron 756 registros productivos y reproductivos correspondientes al período l982 a l993. Las características estudiadas fueron producción de leche total (PLTOT) producción de leche por día de intervalo entre partos (PLIEP); largo de lactancia (LARLA); producción de leche 305 días (PL305); intervalo entre partos (IEP). En los análisis se utilizó los procedimientos de mínimos cuadrados. Mediante análisis de varianza se evaluó el efecto del año de parto, época de .parto, número de parto, raza de la vaca y posibles interacciones sobre las características PLTOT, PLIEP, LARLA PL305 e IEP. Este análisis mostró importancia (P<0.01) del año de parto sobre todas las características estudiadas exceptuando PLIEP (P<0.05). El número de parto resultó significativo (P<0.05) para LARLA. La interacción NUMPA x EP es altamente significativa (P<0.01) para todas las variables excepto PLIEP para la cual carece de significancia. En este trabajo también se pudo constatar que la interacción año de parto por época de parto es altamente significativa (P<0.01) para el intervalo entre partos. Las medias de mínimos cuadrados obtenidas en éste estudio fueron de 1673.29±622.228 Kg., 4.533 ±1.84 Kg.,261.42±58.79 días, 1641.10±601.7 Kg., 392.06±63,5 para PLTOT, PLIEP, LARLA, PL305, IEP respectivamente. El valor de repetibilidad calculado para la característica PLIEP fue de O. 27±0.102, el cual muestra la existencia de variabilidad genética para dicha característica, que sumado a los niveles productivos y reproductivos de la Raza en estudio, son biológicamente aceptables y justifican su conservación con miras a su utilización potencial en los sistemas de producción bovina de bajo nivel tecnológico en el trópico seco de Nicaragua.

Evaluación del comportamiento agronómico y uso eficiente del nitrógeno de doce lineas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) en el municipio de San Ramón, Matagalpa

El presente estudio se realizó en el municipio de San Ramón, Matagalpa durante la época de postrera 2003. Las coordenadas de la propiedad son 12º 55' 24" latitúd norte y 85º 50' 33" longitud oeste, con una altitud de 700 a 750 msnm. Se evaluó el comportamiento agronómico y el uso eficiente del nitrógeno de 12 líneas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) más un testigo local PINOLERO 1. Cada línea en estudio se sometió a dos niveles de fertilización; 1) cero absoluto t 2) la aplicación de fertilizantes completo (12-30-10) al momento de la siembra a razón 1.5 qq ha-1 y luego se aplicó urea (46%) en forma fraccionada a razón de 37.43 Kg de N ha-1. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño en bloques completamente al azar con arreglo en parcela divididas. Las variables a evaluar, fueron: altura de la planta (cm), diámetro del tallo (mm) número de hojas por planta, longitud de la panoja (cm), longitud del ráquis (cm), biomasa seca producida (Kg. ha-1), porcentaje nitrógeno en biomasa (%), porcentaje de nitrógeno en grano (%). rendimiento de grano (Kg ha-1), acumulación de nitrógeno en grano (Kg ha-1), Acumulación de nitrógeno en biomasa (Kg ha-1), Eficiencia fisiológica (%), relación de eficiencia (%), Eficiencia de recuperación (%). Los datos se procesaron usando el paquete estadístico Olivares (versión 2.5) de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México, Facultad de Agronomía FAUNAL, con TUKEY al 0.05% de probabilidad. Con el nivel 37.43 Kg. de N ha-1 los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en las variables: Altura de planta, número de hojas, diámetro, longitud del ráquis, en biomasa seca sobresalió la línea ICSVLM_89551, 89513 con 7,756.37 y 7,7049 Kg ha-1 en la interacción de igual forma sobresalió la línea ICSVLM_89513 con 9,035 Kg ha-1 y la línea ICSVLM_89503 con 8,824.75 Kg ha-1, para el rendimiento de grano la línea que sobresalió fue ICSVLM_89537 con 2,595 Kg. ha-1 de igual forma sobresalió de la interacción con 3,931 Kg ha-1 En cuanto a los % de nitrógeno en biomasa con el nivel b1 sobresalió la línea ICSVLM_89537 con 1.11 % y para el nivel b2 fue la misma línea con 0.57 %, para el porcentaje de N en grano sobresalió el testigo pinolero 1 con 1.5 % para el nivel b1 y para el nivel b2 fue la línea ICSVLM_89544 con 1.44%.en la acumulación de nitrógeno en grano para el nivel 37.43 Kg. de N ha-1 (b1) sobresalieron la línea ICSVLM_89537 con 49.5 Kg ha-1 y para el nivel 0 Kg N ha-1 (b2) ICSVLM_89551 con 18.2 Kg. ha-1, En la acumulación de N en la biomasa para el nivel b1 sobresalió la línea ICSVLM_89551 con 62.1 Kg ha-1 y para el nivel b2 de igual forma sobresalió la misma línea con 36.5 Kg. ha-1 en cuanto a la eficiencia fisiológica sobresalieron las líneas ICSVLM_90538 con 71 % en la eficiencia de recuperación sobresalió la línea ICSVLM_ 89537 con 192.7%.

Combination Of Cfd And Csd Packages For Fluid-Structure Interaction

In this article the UDF script file in the Fluent software was rewritten as the "connecting file" for the Fluent and the ANSYS/ABAQUS in order that the joined file can be used to do aero-elastic computations. In this way the fluid field is computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations and the structure movement is integrated by the dynamics directly. An analysis of the computed results shows that this coupled method designed for simulating aero-elastic systems is workable and can be used for the other fluid-structure interaction problems.

Efecto de diferentes niveles de nitrógeno, espaciamientos y poblaciones sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del maíz (Zea Mays L) var. NB-6

Con el Objetivo de estudiar la influencia de tres diferentes nieves de nitrógeno (0.70 y 140 kilogramos por hectárea), cuatro diferentes espaciamientos (40,60 80 y 120 cm) y tres diferentes densidades de población (41 500.62 500 y 83 250 plantas por Hectárea) sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de maíz (Zea mays L.) var. NB-6, se estableció un experimento, utilizando el diseño de parcelas Divididas con cuatro repeticiones, en la Estación Experimental La Compañía, Carazo, cuyos suelos son de topografía plana, textura media, altos en materia orgánica, Clase II pertenecientes a la serie Masatepe. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la aplicación de nitrógeno y los diferentes espaciamientos entre surcos no produjeron efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, asimismo no se determinó efecto significativo de las intersecciones cobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, La densidad de población mostró un efecto altamente significativo sobre el rendimiento en grano obteniéndose 7,470 kilogramos por hectárea. Se determinó que el mayor rendimiento se produjo utilizando 140 kilogramos de nitrógeno por hectárea, espaciamientos de 40 cm y una densidad de población de 83.250 plantas por hectárea, al cual corresponde un ingreso Neto de $756,743 córdobas equivalente a una tasa de retorno Marginal de 6.58.

采用分布式压电驱动器升力面的颤振主动抑制

对采用分布式压电驱动器升力面的颤振主动抑制进行了理论与试验研究。应用LQG最优控制法设计了主动控制律，在控制律降阶时提出了平衡实现与LK法结合使用的新途径，在对不定常气动力进行有理函数拟合时对LS法进行了改进。试验中利用激光测速仪非接触测量模型的速度响应并在地面共振试验中用压电驱动器激振模型。颤振风洞试验结果表明，理论计算合理并与试验结果吻合良好。