Crystal structure and drawing-induced polymorphism in poly(aryl ether ether ketone). IV

A new crystal modification induced by strain and denoted as form II exists alongside the dominant form I structure in the uniaxially oriented poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and the related polymers. The crystal structure of form II for PEEK is also found to possess a two-chain orthorhombic packing with unit cell parameters of a equal to 0.475 nm, b equal to 1.060 nm, and c equal to 1.086 nm. More extended and flattened chain conformation of form II relative to that of form I is expected to account for an 8% increase in c-axis dimension, which is attributed to the extensional deformation fixed in situ through strain-induced crystallization during uniaxial drawing. Annealing experiments suggest that form II is thermodynamically metastable and can be transformed into more stable form I by chain relaxation and reorganization at elevated temperature without external tension. This strain-induced polymorphism exists universally in the poly(aryl ether ketone) family. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Enhanced redox processes of disulfides with partially N-methylated polyaniline

Partially N-methylated polyaniline (NMPAn) is used instead of polyaniline (PAn) to make a composite with organodisulfides for cathodes of lithium secondary batteries. NMPAn displays a better electrocatalytic effect on the redox processes of organodisulfides than PAn. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

连续碳纤维增强的聚芳醚酮复合材料的层间破坏

用双悬臂梁和端开口弯曲试件分别研究了连续碳纤维增强的聚芳醚酮复合材料(CF/PEK-C)的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的层间破坏。CF/PEK-C的Ⅰ型层破坏的线弹性断裂判据G_(Ⅰc)和弹塑性断裂判据J_(Ⅰc)分别为0.69KJ/m~2且与裂纹长度无关。CF/PEK-C的Ⅱ型层间破坏的稳定性,与裂纹和半距之比α/L有关。当α/L小于0.7时,表现为不稳定的Ⅱ型层间破坏的断裂韧性G_(Ⅱc)为1.62KJ/m~2。当α/L大于0.7时,则为稳定的Ⅱ型层间破坏。此时的G_(Ⅱc)与临界点的选择有关。由亚临界点和0.95点法得出的G_(Ⅱc)值分别为1.73和2.74KJ.M~2。

The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone and partial amino acid sequence of prolactin and somatolactin from sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus)

Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and somatolactin (SL) were purified simultaneously under alkaline condition (pH 9.0) from pituitary glands of sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicas) by a two-step procedure involving gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rpHPLC). At each step of purification, fractions were monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by immunoblotting with chum salmon GH. PRL and SL antisera. The yields of sea perch GH, PRL and SL were 4.2, 1.0 and 0.28 mg/g wet tissue, respectively. The molecular weights of 19,200 and 20,370 Da were estimated by SDS-PAGE for sea perch GH and PRL, respectively. Two forms of sea perch SL were found: one (28,400 Da) is probably glycosylated, while the other one (23,200 Da) is believed to be deglycosylated. GH bioactivity was examined by an in vivo assay. Intraperitoneal injection of sea perch GH at a dose of 0.01 and 0.1 mug/g body weight at 7-day intervals resulted in a significant increase in body weight and length of juvenile rainbow trout. The complete sea-perch GH amino acid sequence of 187 residues was determined by sequencing fragments cleaved by chemicals and enzymes. Alignment of sea-perch GH with those of other fish GHs revealed that sea-perch GH is most similar to advanced marine fish, such as tuna, gilthead sea bream, yellowfin porgy, red sea bream, bonito and yellow tail with 98.4, 96.2%, 95.7%, 95.2%, 94.1% and 91% sequence identity, respectively. Sea-perch GH has low identity to Atlantic cod (76.5%), hardtail (73.3%), flounder (68.4%), chum salmon (66.3%), carp (54%) and blue shark (38%). Partial amino-acid sequences of 127 of sea-perch PRL and the N-terminal of 16 amino-acid sequence of sea-perch SL have been determined. The data show that sea-perch PRL has a slightly higher sequence identity with tilapia PRL( 73.2%) than with chum salmon PRL(70%) in this 127 amino-acid sequence. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策

调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度，分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度，探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明，高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4．97只／hm~2和10．6只／hm~2，而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0．16只／100hm~2、0．37只／100hm~2、3只／100hm~2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统，全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内；赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔，或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100％、96．1％、100％，高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87．5％、73．2％、0％。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0．703％和0．038％，高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0．780和0．393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度，而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。

化德群和土门群沉积岩碎屑锆石研究：对华北克拉通基底及元古宙盆地演化的指示意义

The Huade Group, consisting of low-grade and un-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks with no volcanic interlayer, is located at the northern margin of the North China craton and adjoining the south part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. It is east to the Paleo- to Meso-Proterozoic Bayan Obo and Zhaertai-Langshan rifts and northwest to the Paleo- to Neo-proterozoic Yanshan aulacogen, in which the typical Changcheng, Jixian and Qingbaikou systems are developed. The Huade Group are mainly composed of pebbly sandstones, sandstones, greywackes，shales，calc-silicate rocks and limestones, partly undergoing low-grade metamorphism and being changed to meta-sandstones, schists, phyllites, slates and crystalline limestones or marbles. The stratigraphic sequences show several cycles of deposition. Each of them developed coarse clastic rocks – interbedded fine clastic rocks and pelites from bottom upward or from coarse clastic rocks to interbedded fine clastic rocks and pelites to carbonate rocks. The Tumen Group outcrop sporadically around or west to the Tanlu faults in western Shandong. They are mainly composed of pebbly sandstones, sandstones, shales and limestones. This thesis deals with the characteristics of petrology, geochemistry and sedimentary of the Huade Group and the Tumen Group, and discusses the LA-ICP-MS and SIMS U-Pb ages, Hf isotope and trace element composition of the detrital zircons from 5 meta-sandstone samples of the Huade Group and 3 sandstone samples of the Tumen Group. The age populations of the detrital zircons from the Huade Group are mainly ~2.5 Ga and ~1.85 Ga, and there are also minor peaks at ~2.0 Ga, ~1.92 Ga and ~1.73 Ga. Most of the detrital zircon grains of 2.47-2.57 Ga and a few of 1.63-2.03 Ga have Hf crust model ages of 2.7-3.0 Ga, and most of the detrital zircon grains of 1.63-2.03 Ga have Hf crust model ages of 2.35-2.7 Ga, with a peak at 2.54 Ga. The main age peaks of the detrital zircons from the Tumen Group are ~2.5 Ga、~1.85 Ga, 1.57 Ga, 1.5 Ga, 1.33 Ga and 1.2 Ga. Different samples from the Tumen Group have distinct Hf isotopic characteristics. Detrital zircon grains of ~2.52 Ga from one sandstone sample have 2.7-3.2 Ga Hf crust model ages, whereas zircon grains of 1.73-2.02 Ga and 2.31-2.68 Ga from another sample have Hf crust model ages of 2.95-3.55 Ga. Detrital zircon grains of Mesoproterozoic ages have Paleoproterozoic (1.7-2.25 Ga) crust model ages. Through detailed analyses of the detrital zircons from the Huade and Tumen Group and comparison with those from the sedimentary rocks of similar sedimentary ages, the thesis mainly reaches the following conclusions: 1. The youngest age peaks of the detrital zircons of 1.73 Ga constrains the sedimentary time of the Huade Group from late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic. 2. The age peaks of detrital zircons of the Huade Group correspond to the significant Precambrian tectonic-thermal events of the North China craton. The basement of the North China craton is the main provenance of the Huade Group, of which the intermediate to high grade metamorphic sedimentary rocks are dominant and provide mainly 1.85-1.92 Ga sediments. 3. The Huade basin belongs to the North China craton and it is suggested that the northern boundary of the North China craton should be north to the Huade basin. 4. The stratigraphic characteristics indicate the Huade Group formed in a stable shallow-hypabyssal sedimentary basin. The rock association and sedimentary time of the Huade Group are similar to those of the Banyan Obo Group and the Zhaertai Group, and they commonly constitute late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic continental margin basins along the northern margin of the North China craton. 5. The continental margin basins would have initiated coeval with the Yanshan and Xiong’er aulacogens. 6. The ages of the detrital zircons from the Tumen Group and the Penglai Group at Shandong peninsula and the Yushulazi Group at south Liaoning are similar, so their sedimentary time is suggested to be Neoproterozoic，coeval with the Qingbaikou system. The detrital zircon ages of 1.0-1.2 Ga from the Tumen Group, the Penglai Group and the Yushulazi Group indicate that there have being 1.0-1.2 Ga magmatic activities at the eastern margin of the North China craton. 7. The U-Pb age populations of the detrital zircons from the late Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks suggest that the main Precambrian tectonic-thermal events of the North China craton happened at ~2.5 Ga and ~1.85 Ga. But the events at 2.7 Ga and 1.2 Ga are also of great significance. Hf isotope characteristics indicate that the significant crust growth periods of the North China craton are 2.7-3.0 Ga and ~2.5 Ga.

贵阳市大气颗粒物、雨水及土壤中重金属的研究

重金属是指比重大于或等于5.0的金属。随着城市化在全球范围内的飞速发展，以及城市人口的不断增长，客观上需要增加对城市生态环境的了解，以及研究城市生态环境与人类健康之间的相互关系。 大气沉降包括干沉降与湿沉降，大气的干、湿沉降是大气化学、环境化学和生物地球化学研究的重要内容之一，在重金属循环中扮演着重要的角色。大气沉降对土壤重金属地球化学过程有着重要影响。因此，准确把握环境中重金属的主要来源、行为及归宿，对有效控制重金属的污染、保护人类健康提供科学依据具有非常重要的意义。城市土壤是城市生态环境的重要组成部分，对城市的可持续发展有着重要意义。在城市环境中，各种各样的人类活动将大量的重金属带人城市土壤中，造成这些元素在土壤中的积累，并通过大气、水体或食物链而直接或间接地威胁着人类的健康甚至生命。 本研究以贵阳为例，对环境中的重金属进行研究。系统研究了贵阳市大气颗粒物重金属含量与形态、雨水重金属的含量与季节变化及土壤重金属含量与形态。主要结果如下： 1 贵阳市的干、湿沉降与气象因子关系密切。随温度的升高，贵阳市TSP浓度下降；相对湿度与TSP呈负相关性；风速对贵阳市区的TSP浓度的影响主要表现为扩散和稀释作用，随风速的增加，贵阳TSP浓度降低；雨水对贵阳市大气总悬浮颗粒物的有明显的清除作用。随着风速的增加，贵阳市雨水中重金属含量降低；雨量与雨水中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb与Zn的含量均呈一定的负相关关系，总体趋势为当降雨量较大的时候，雨水中重金属的含量较低。 2 贵阳市大气颗粒物中重金属含量有明显季节变化规律。Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn冬季的含量明显高于其它季节，而春季和夏季颗粒物中重金属含量相对较低，冬季的浓度是夏季的1.8-4.6倍。同样，贵阳市雨水中Cr、Cu、Zn的最高浓度都出现在冬季，这与贵阳市在冬季大量使用燃煤来取暖的时段相符合。 3与其它城市相比，贵阳市大气颗粒物重金属污染比较严重。同样，与地表水国家标准值相比较，贵阳市大部分样品Cd、Cu、Pb与Zn明显超过地表水国家标准，雨水中Cd、Cu、Pb与Zn的平均值分别国家标准的为2.7、2.2、6.0和1.3倍。贵阳市表层土壤已受到重金属不同程度的污染。表层土壤Cd的平均含量为0.66mg/kg，Co的平均含量为17.31mg/kg，Cr的平均含量为82.91mg/kg，Cu的平均含量为52.20mg/kg，Ni的平均含量38.76mg/kg，Pb的平均含量为71.03 mg/kg，Zn的平均含量为216.05mg/kg。土壤Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别我国土壤元素的背景值的6.8倍、1.36倍、1.36倍、2.31倍、1.44倍、2.73倍与2.98倍，其中以Cd和Zn 积累较明显。 4对贵阳市大气颗粒物、土壤重金属形态分别进行分析，结果表明：大气颗粒物中Cd主要以环境可迁移态存在，占61.4%；Cr和Cu主要稳定态存在，二者对环境不会造成直接影响；Pb主要以环境可迁移态、碳酸盐和氧化物结合态存在；Zn主要以环境可迁移态存在。土壤中，除Cd以外，Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn元素的酸可提取态在总的元素含量中所占比例较小，均小于总量的3.0%，而Cd的酸可提取态含量为23.3%。相反，除Cd以外，其它6种金属元素的残渣态含量都比较高，Zn为96.8%，Cr为92.2%，Cu为83.4%，Co为69.2%，Ni为57.4%，Pb为41.9%。 5 贵阳市土壤剖面重金属元素的分布比较混乱，没有规律性，底土层含量仍然很高。城市土壤受到人为因素等影响，已发生严重改变。土壤中有许多不同来源物质的混入，土壤剖面经常受到人为扰动，自然土壤发生层被破坏，导致许多土壤剖面上下土层没有发生学上的联系。

Investigations on the promoting effect of metal oxides on La-V-O catalyst in propane oxidative dehydrogenation

The addition of reducible metal oxides as promoters shows a positive effect on the catalytic behavior of lanthanum vanadate (LaVO4). A C3H6 yield increase of 6.5% is observed at 500 degreesC on molybdenum-promoted LaVO4, which can be attributed to the change of the redox properties, the blocking of the strong oxidation sites of the catalysts and to an increase of the accessibility of the labile oxygen toward the reactant. The influence of the catalyst preparation method and of the Mo loading as well as the additional promoting effect of CO2 in the gas feed was also examined.

A Note of Zipf's Law, Natural Languages, and Noncoding DNA Regions

In Phys. Rev. Letters (73:2), Mantegna et al. conclude on the basis of Zipf rank frequency data that noncoding DNA sequence regions are more like natural languages than coding regions. We argue on the contrary that an empirical fit to Zipf"s "law" cannot be used as a criterion for similarity to natural languages. Although DNA is a presumably "organized system of signs" in Mandelbrot"s (1961) sense, and observation of statistical featurs of the sort presented in the Mantegna et al. paper does not shed light on the similarity between DNA's "gramar" and natural language grammars, just as the observation of exact Zipf-like behavior cannot distinguish between the underlying processes of tossing an M-sided die or a finite-state branching process.

Erratum: Generalized Smarr relation for Kerr-AdS black holes from improved surface integrals (Physical Review D (2005) 71 (044016)

SCOPUS: er.j

Multiple attractors of host-parasitoid models with integrated pest management strategies: eradication, persistence and outbreak

Host-parasitoid models including integrated pest management (IPM) interventions with impulsive effects at both fixed and unfixed times were analyzed with regard to host-eradication, host-parasitoid persistence and host-outbreak solutions. The host-eradication periodic solution with fixed moments is globally stable if the host's intrinsic growth rate is less than the summation of the mean host-killing rate and the mean parasitization rate during the impulsive period. Solutions for all three categories can coexist, with switch-like transitions among their attractors showing that varying dosages and frequencies of insecticide applications and the numbers of parasitoids released are crucial. Periodic solutions also exist for models with unfixed moments for which the maximum amplitude of the host is less than the economic threshold. The dosages and frequencies of IPM interventions for these solutions are much reduced in comparison with the pest-eradication periodic solution. Our results, which are robust to inclusion of stochastic effects and with a wide range of parameter values, confirm that IPM is more effective than any single control tactic.