Stimulation by adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate of protein synthesis by adenohypophyseal polyribosomes

Addition of dibutyryl 3′,5′-cyclic AMP to slices of bovine pituitary stimulated incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein, whether or not actinomycin D was present; therefore the influence of 3′,5′-cyclic AMP on protein synthesis by bovine pituitary polysomes was studied. If the cyclic nucleotide was added to the complete protein-synthesizing system (including pH 5.0 enzyme), stimulation of [3H]leucine incorporation occurred only with pH 5.0 enzyme from rat liver; there was no stimulation when homologous enzyme, i.e., from bovine pituitary, was used. Addition of 3′,5′-cyclic AMP to the polysomes, before addition of pH 5.0 enzyme, resulted in stimulation of protein synthesis with either source of enzyme, but stimulation was facilitated to a greater degree, over the range 0.5-2 mM 3′,5′-cyclic AMP, when rat liver was the source. The stimulation of protein synthesis was prevented by the addition of cycloheximide. With rat liver pH 5.0 enzyme the product of hydrolysis of 3′,5′-cyclic AMP was mainly 5′-AMP whereas with pituitary pH 5.0 enzyme there was also dephosphorylation and deamination resulting in production of hypoxanthine and other bases. However, using either source of pH 5.0 enzyme and the complete protein-synthesizing system (i.e., including an ATP-regenerating mechanism) most of the 3H from hydrolysis of [3H]3′,5′-cyclic AMP was incorporated into ATP. The data are seen as compatible with a stimulation by 3′,5′-cyclic AMP of translation by pituitary polysomes; the significance of the importance of the source of pH 5.0 enzyme used in the system is obscure.

The Negative News Threshold - an Explanation for Negative Skewness in Stock Returns

A vast literature documents negative skewness and excess kurtosis in stock return distributions on several markets. We approach the issue of negative skewness from a different angle than in previous studies by suggesting a model, which we denote the “negative news threshold” hypothesis, that builds on asymmetrically distributed information and symmetric market responses. Our empirical tests reveal that returns for days when non-scheduled news are disclosed are the source of negative skewness in stock returns. This finding lends solid support to our model and suggests that negative skewness in stock returns is induced by asymmetries in the news disclosure policies of firm management.

Dominant role of the Cu---O charge-transfer energy, electronic polarizability and associated factors in the superconductivity of cuprates

Although it is believed that there is strong hybridization between the Cu(3d) and O(2p) orbitals in the layered cuprates and that the parent compounds such as La2CuO4 are charge-transfer gap insulators, very few models consider the Cu---O charge-transfer energy, Δ, or the hybridization strength, tpd, to be the important factors responsible for the superconductivity of these materials. Based on the crucial experimental observation that the relative intensity of the features in Cu(2p) photoemission of several families of cuprates varies systematically with the hole concentration, nh, we have been able to show that both these properties vary smoothly with Δ /tpd. More importantly, we show that the electronic polarizability of the CuO2 sheets, α , is sufficiently large to favour hole pairing and that the value α also depends on Δ/tpd. Both nh and α increase smoothly with decreasing Δ /tpd. Considering that the maximum Tc in the various cuprate families containing the same number of CuO2 sheets occurs around the same nh value (e.g., nh≈ 0.2 in cuprates with two CuO2 sheets). The present study demonstrates how Δ /tpd, α and such chemical bonding characteristics have an important bearing on the superconducting properties of the cuprates.

Eri maitohappobakteerien ja niiden annostustason vaikutus säilörehun käymislaatuun ja aerobiseen stabiilisuuteen

Tämän maisterin tutkielman tarkoituksena oli testata eri maitohappobakteerien ja niiden annostustason vaikutusta säilörehun käymislaatuun ja aerobiseen stabiilisuuteen. Biologisilla säilöntäaineilla eli ympeillä säilöttyjen rehujen laatua verrattiin kontrolleina toimiviin painorehuun ja muurahaishapolla tehtyyn rehuun. Koerehut tehtiin Helsingin yliopiston Maataloustieteiden laitoksella 7.6.2010. Timotei (Phleum pratense) - nurminata (Festuca pratensis) kasvusto korjattiin tähkimisen alkuvaiheessa D-arvon ollessa 711 g/kg ka. Nurmikasvuston kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli 170 g/kg heti niiton jälkeen määritettäessä ja neljän tunnin esikuivauksen jälkeen 208 g/kg. Rehuraaka-aine jaettiin kuuteen erään, joihin lisättiin säilöntäaine. Säilöntäainekäsittelyt olivat: 1) ei säilöntäainetta (painorehu), 2) muurahaishappo (100 %:na 4 l/t), 3) Lactobacillus plantarum ja Pediococcus acidilactici 1x10? pmy/g sekä pektinaasi-, ksylanaasi- ja sellulaasientsyymi, 4) L. plantarum 1x10? pmy/g, 5) L. plantarum 1x10? pmy/g ja 6) L. plantarum ja L. buchneri 2x10? pmy/g. Rehut säilöttiin laboratoriosiiloissa kolmena rinnakkaisena. Laboratoriosiilojen lisäksi rehua säilöttiin jokaisesta säilöntäainekäsittelystä kuuteen rinnakkaiseen minisiiloon säilönnän alkuajan fermentaation ja rehujen pH:n muutoksen seuraamiseksi. Minisiiloista seurattiin kaasuntuotantoa 21 päivän ajan. Raaka-aineen koostumus ja rehujen säilönnällinen laatu sekä aerobinen stabiilisuus määritettiin. Säilörehujen kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli suhteellisen pieni (n. 210 g/kg), jotta voitiin testata biologisten säilöntäaineiden tehoa märässä rehussa. Kosteassa rehussa biologisten säilöntäaineiden toiminnan onnistuminen on haastavaa. Koska raaka-aineen sokeripitoisuus oli kuitenkin erittäin suuri (196 g/kg ka), onnistui ymppirehujen säilöntä hyvin. Kaikkien koerehujen pH oli alle 4:n. Painorehu ei täyttänyt hyvän rehun kriteerejä ammoniumtypen osalta. Muurahaishapporehu oli laadultaan tyydyttävää etikkahapon pitoisuuden osalta. Rehussa tapahtui epätyypillistä etanolikäymistä hiivojen toimesta, jonka johdosta rehussa muodostui suuri määrä kaasua säilönnän aikana. Muurahaishapporehu ei kuitenkaan lämmennyt aerobisen stabiilisuuden mittauksen aikana, johtuen todennäköisesti suuresta etikkahapon määrästä ja toisaalta pienestä sokerin määrästä. Maitohappobakteerisäilöntäaineilla saatiin käymislaadultaan parempaa säilörehua verrattuna painorehuun, lukuun ottamatta maitohappobakteeri-entsyymirehua. Entsyymilisäyksestä ei todennäköisesti ollut hyötyä rehun säilöntälaadun kannalta. Raaka-aineen suuren sokeripitoisuuden johdosta säilörehussa oli koko säilönnän ajan tarpeeksi sokeria maitohappobakteerien käytettäväksi ja sokeri toimi siten substraattina haitallisille mikrobeille tuottaen suuren etikkahappopitoisuuden. Maitohappobakteeri-entsyymiseoksella tehty rehu oli etikkahappopitoisuuden perusteella heikkolaatuista. Lactobacillus plantarumin molemmilla annostustasoilla (1x10? ja 1x10? pmy/g rehua) saatiin laadultaan hyvää rehua. Suuri sokeripitoisuus molemmissa rehuissa johtui todennäköisesti raaka-aineen tavallista suuremmasta sokerin määrästä. Molempien rehujen maitohappo-etikkahappo-suhde oli melko korkea, viitaten homofermentatiiviseen maitohappokäymiseen. Lactobacillus buchneri –lisäyksellä rehu oli säilönnälliseltä laadultaan hyvää. Heterofermentatiivisen ympin lisäys nosti tyypillisesti rehun pH:ta sekä pienensi maitohappoetikkahappo-suhdelukua verrattuna homofermentatiiviseen ymppiin. L. buchneri –lisäys paransi hieman säilörehun aerobista stabiilisuutta verrattuna homofermentatiivisella maitohappobakteerilla säilöttyyn rehuun, mutta tulos ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevä.

2-Dimensional Linear-Stability of Premixed Laminar Flames Under Zero-Gravity

This paper reports on the numerical study of the linear stability of laminar premixed flames under zero gravity. The study specifically addresses the dependence of stability on finite rate chemistry with low activation energy and variable thermodynamic and transport properties. The calculations show that activation energy and details of chemistry play a minor role in altering the linear neutral stability results from asymptotic analysis. Variable specific heat makes a marginal change to the stability. Variable transport properties on the other hand tend to substantially enhance the stability from critical wave number of about 0.5 to 0.20. Also, it appears that the effects of variable properties tend to nullify the effects of non-unity Lewis number. When the Lewis number of a single species is different from unity, as will happen in a hydrogen-air premixed flame, the stability results remain close to that of unity Lewis number.

Identification of Mxr1p-binding sites in the promoters of genes encoding dihydroxyacetone synthase and peroxin 8 of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

Expression of genes involved in methanol metabolism of Pichia pastoris is regulated by Mxr1p, a zinc finger transcription factor. In this study, we studied the target gene specificity of Mxr1p by examining its ability to bind to promoters of genes encoding dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS) and peroxin 8 (PEX8), since methanol-inducible expression of these genes is abrogated in mxr1-null mutant strains of P. pastoris. Different regions of DHAS and PEX8 promoter were isolated from P. pastoris genomic DNA and their ability to bind to a recombinant Mxr1p protein containing the N-terminal 150 amino acids, including the zinc finger DNA-binding domain, was examined. These studies reveal that Mxr1p specifically binds to promoter regions containing multiple 5'-CYCC-3' sequences, although all DNA sequences containing the 5'-CYCC-3' motif do not qualify as Mxr1p-binding sites. Key DNA-binding determinants are present outside 5'-CYCC-3' motif and Mxr1p preferably binds to DNA sequences containing 5'-CYCCNY-3' than those containing 5'-CYCCNR-3' sequences. This study provides new insights into the molecular determinants of target gene specificity of Mxr1p, and the methodology described here can be used for mapping Mxr1p-binding sites in other methanol-inducible promoters of P. pastoris. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Three-dimensional laminar compressible boundary layers with large injection

The effect of large mass injection on the following three-dimensional laminar compressible boundary-layer flows is investigated by employing the method of matched asymptotic expansions: (i) swirling flow in a laminar compressible boundary layer over an axisymmetric surface with variable cross-section and (ii) laminar compressible boundary-layer flow over a yawed infinite wing in a hypersonic flow. The resulting equations are solved numerically by combining the finite-difference technique with quasi-linearization. An increase in the swirl parameter, the yaw angle or the wall temperature is found to be capable of bringing the viscous layer nearer the surface and reducing the effects of massive blowing.

Heat shock protein 70 as a biomarker of heat stress in a simulated hot cockpit

Background: Fighter pilots are frequently exposed to high temperatures during high-speed low-level flight. Heat strain can result in temporary impairment of cognitive functions and when severe, loss of consciousness and consequent loss of life and equipment. Induction of stress proteins is a highly conserved stress response mechanism from bacteria to humans. induced stress protein levels are known to be cytoprotective and have been correlated with stress tolerance. Although many studies on the heat shock response mechanisms have been performed in cell culture and animal model systems, there is very limited information on stress protein induction in human subjects. Hypothesis: Heat shock proteins (Hsp), especially Hsp70, may be induced in human subjects exposed to high temperatures in a hot cockpit designed to simulate heat stress experienced in low flying sorties. Methods: Six healthy volunteers were subjected to heat stress at 55degreesC in a high temperature cockpit simulator for a period of 1 h at 30% humidity. Physiological parameters such as oral and skin temperatures, heart rate, and sweat rate were monitored regularly during this time. The level of Hsp70 in leukocytes was examined before and after the heat exposure in each subject. Conclusions: Hsp70 was found to be significantly induced in all the six subjects exposed to heat stress. The level of induced Hsp70 appears to correlate with other strain indicators such as accumulative circulatory strain and Craig's modified index. The usefulness of Hsp70 as a molecular marker of heat stress in humans is discussed.

Heat shock protein 90 from neglected protozoan parasites

Significant advances have been made in our understanding of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in terms of its structure, biochemical characteristics, post-translational modifications, interactomes, regulation and functions. In addition to yeast as a model several new systems have now been examined including flies, worms, plants as well as mammalian cells. This review discusses themes emerging out of studies reported on Hsp90 from infectious disease causing protozoa. A common theme of sensing and responding to host cell microenvironment emerges out of analysis of Hsp90 in Malaria, Trypanosmiasis as well as Leishmaniasis. In addition to their functional roles, the potential of Hsp90 from these infectious disease causing organisms to serve as drug targets and the current status of this drug development endeavor are discussed. Finally, a unique and the only known example of a split Hsp90 gene from another disease causing protozoan Giardia lamblia and its evolutionary significance are discussed. Clearly studies on Hsp90 from protozoan parasites promise to reveal important new paradigms in Hsp90 biology while exploring its potential as an anti-infective drug target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Artemisinin-based combination with curcumin adds a new dimension to malaria therapy

Malaria afflicts 300 million people worldwide, with over a million deaths every year. With no immediate prospect of a vaccine against the disease, drugs are the only choice to treat it. Unfortunately, the parasite has become resistant to most antimalarials, restricting the option to use artemisinins (ARTs) for effective cure. With the use of ARTs as the front-line antimalarials, reports are already available on the possible resistance development to these drugs as well. Therefore, it has become necessary to use ART-based combination therapies to delay emergence of resistance. It is also necessary to discover new pharmacophores to eventually replace ART. Studies in our laboratory have shown that curcumin not only synergizes with ART as an antimalarial to kill the parasite, but is also uniquely able to prime the immune system to protect against parasite recrudescence in the animal model. The results indicate a potential for the use of ART curcumin combination against recrudescence/relapse in falciparum and vivax malaria. In addition, studies have also suggested the use of curcumin as an adjunct therapy against cerebral malaria. In this review we have attempted to highlight these aspects as well as the studies directed to discover new pharmacophores as potential replacements for ART.

Composition, structure and electrical properties of DC reactive magnetron sputtered Al2O3 thin films

Thin films of alumina (Al2O3) were deposited over Si < 1 0 0 > substrates at room temperature at an oxygen gas pressure of 0.03 Pa and sputtering power of 60 W using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The composition of the as-deposited film was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the O/Al atomic ratio was found to be 1.72. The films were then annealed in vacuum to 350, 550 and 750 degrees C and X-ray diffraction results revealed that both as-deposited and post deposition annealed films were amorphous. The surface morphology and topography of the films was studied using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. A progressive decrease in the root mean square (RMS) roughness of the films from 1.53 nm to 0.7 nm was observed with increase in the annealing temperature. Al-Al2O3-Al thin film capacitors were then fabricated on p-type Si < 1 0 0 > substrate to study the effect of temperature and frequency on the dielectric property of the films and the results are discussed.

Carbon nanoflake growth from carbon nanotubes by hot filament chemical vapor deposition

We report the growth of carbon nanoflakes (CNFs) on Si substrate by the hot filament chemical vapor deposition without the substrate bias or the catalyst. CNFs were grown using the single wall carbon nanotubes and the multiwall carbon nanotubes as the nucleation center, in the Ar-rich CH4-H-2-Ar precursor gas mixture with 1% CH4, at the chamber pressure and the substrate temperature of 7.5 Ton and 840 degrees C, respectively. In the H-2-rich condition, CNF synthesis failed due to severe etch-removal of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) while it was successful at the optimized Ar-rich condition. Other forms of carbon such as nano-diamond or mesoporous carbon failed to serve as the nucleation centers for the CNF growth. We proposed a mechanism of the CNF synthesis from the CNTs, which involved the initial unzipping of CNTs by atomic hydrogen and subsequent nucleation and growth of CNFs from the unzipped portion of the graphene layers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.