Spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped tellurite glass for 1.55 mu m optical amplifier

Er3+-doped TeO2-BaO (Li2O, Na2O)-La2O3 tellurite glass system was prepared and their density, characteristic temperatures and optical properties were determined and investigated. For the TeO2-BaO-La2O3-Er2O3 system, composition with 10 mol% BaO presented the highest thermal stability and good infrared transmittance. Intense and broad 1.53 mu m infrared fluorescence were observed under 977 nm diode laser excitation and the most full width at half-maximum (FWHM) is similar to 60nm. According to absorption spectrum, we calculated the optical parameters by means of Judd-Ofelt and McCumber theory such as the fluorescence lifetimes which are about 2.72-3.25 ms and the maximum emission cross-sections which are similar to 1.0pm(2) at 1.531 mu m. The sigma(e) x FWHM value of composition with 10 mol% BaO for gain bandwidth is similar to 600 exceeding those in silicon and phosphate glasses. Our results indicated this kind of tellurite glasses could be used as an ideal host glass for optical amplifier. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of La3+ on microwave dielectric properties of (Pb0.45Ca0.55) (Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3 ceramics

In this work, microwave dielectric properties of A-site substitution by La3+ in (Pb0.45Ca0.55) (Fe0.5Nb0.5) 03 system were investigated. Microwave dielectric properties of A-site charge unbalance substitution of [(Pb0.45Ca0.55)(1-x) La-x] (Fe0.5Nb0.5)O-3(+) (P45CLFN) were improved because the solid solution of small amount of surplus La3+ with (Pb, Ca)(2+) could eliminate oxygen vacancies, and the formation of secondary phase (pyrochlore) was also caused by surplus La3+. The decreasing of dielectric constant with the increase of La3+ content is due to the formation of pyrochlore. The grain size is changed slightly and Q(f) values (7000 similar to 7300 GHz) are almost unchanged at x = 0.02 similar to 0.10, but the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF) are increased and changed from negative to positive. TCF is zero at x 0.075 with Q(f) = 7267 GHz and K = 89. TCF of all specimens are within +/- 5 x 10(-6)degrees C-1.

Efficient InGaAsP/InP multiple quantum well optical phase modulator for the 1.5-1.55μm fiber band

We report an InGaAsP/InP MQW phase modulator operating over the entire 1.55μm fiber band with high phase modulation efficiency and low loss modulation. The spectral dependence of the electro-refraction in a MQW structure is measured for the first time.

1.55-μm VCSEL transmission performance up to 20 Gb/s for access networks

We experimentally demonstrate for the first time 1.55μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) transmission over 6.5 km single mode fiber (SMF) at 20 Gb/s for optical access networks. Characterization of the device is also investigated. © 2009 IEEE.

On the effect of tickler chain on the catches landed by a 55 ft. trawl net

The communication deals with the results of comparative tests conducted from Cochin base to study the effect of a tickler chain on the catches landed by a 55' shrimp otter trawl. The net was operated with and without chain and 82 hauls of 61 hours and 28 minutes total duration were made. The following are the conclusions: (a) the catch of shrimp per hour of trawling is increased by about 71% due to attachment of the chain to the ground rope; (b) the attachment of the tickler chain also increased the catch of fish by 25%. The increase in the catch of shrimps and fish is probably due to the disturbance caused by moving chain attached to the foot-rope.

辽河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统水碳通量动态及其控制机制

全球变化背景下人类生存环境及社会经济的可持续发展要求，使得水循环和碳循环成为科学研究的关注点。湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统，与生态平衡、人类生存和经济社会可持续发展息息相关，特别是湿地的碳汇功能使得其在全球碳循环中具有重要作用。我国湿地面积占亚洲第一位，世界第四位，占世界湿地面积的11.9% 。但是，与森林、草地与农田等生态系统相比，湿地水碳循环控制机制研究的甚少，制约着湿地生态系统的水碳管理。 本论文基于2005~2007 年盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统野外观测站的涡度相关系统的水碳通量和气象环境因子的连续观测数据，结合芦苇湿地生态系统的生物学调查资料，较系统地分析了芦苇湿地生态系统水汽通量和碳通量的动态特征，探讨了不同时间尺度芦苇湿地生态系统水汽通量和碳通量的环境控制机制。主要结论如下： (1)芦苇湿地生态系统蒸散的日、季变化显著。2005~2007 年盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统的年蒸散量分别为432、480 和445 mm。非生长季(11 月~次年4 月)对全年蒸散量的贡献约13~16%，表明在湿地蒸散年总量的估算中不能忽略非生长季的贡献。 (2)关于动力作用和热力作用对芦苇湿地蒸散的贡献表明，能量是驱动芦苇湿地蒸散的重要因素，在小时至月尺度上均起着主导作用；时间尺度越长，能量因子对蒸散变异的解释率越大。仅温度就能解释蒸散月总量变异的95%左右。但是，随着时间尺度的降低，水分条件如饱和水汽压差、相对湿度，对芦苇湿地蒸散的作用逐渐显现。降雨和蒸散的变化虽然没有统计上的相关性，但短时段的降雨可能导致雨后蒸散增强，而持续多天的阴雨天气却能导致蒸散量连续下降。 (3)基于芦苇湿地生态系统作物系数(kc)具有显著日间变异的事实，发展了耦合气温、相对湿度和净辐射影响的芦苇湿地日作物系数模型，弥补了国际粮农组织建议的蒸发散估算模型FAO56 缺乏适宜湿地作物系数的不足。 (4)芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸呈单峰型季节变化，2005~2007 年生态系统呼吸的年总量分别为834、894 和872 g C m-2 yr-1，非生长季芦苇湿地的生态系统呼吸碳排放量为102~136 g C m-2 season-1，占全年生态系统呼吸总量的12~16%。这说明，非生长季湿地生态系统的碳排放通量不可忽视。温度是小时至月尺度的生态系统呼吸控制因子；同时，生物因素也对芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸有显著影响。生态系统呼吸对温度的响应呈指数函数关系，二者间的响应受土壤水分的影响。当表层土壤含水量(5 cm) 为20~25%时，芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸的潜力(Reco,10)最大。生态系统呼吸的日值与地上生物量、叶面积指数呈对数正相关，而与冠层高度呈显著二次曲线关系。生态系统呼吸的年际差异并不是由温度变化引起，而与植被生长状况密切相关。 (5)芦苇湿地生态系统的净碳交换季节变化明显，变化范围在-12.9~4.2 g C m-2 day-1 之间。一般在5~9 月表现为大气CO2 的汇，其余月份为碳源。其中，净碳吸收最大的月份为6、7 月，而净碳排放最大的月份为4、10 月。2005~2007 年的年碳收支分别为-55、-230 和-53 g C m-2 yr-1，呈碳汇。 (6)不同时间尺度的净碳交换控制因子不同。小时尺度上，影响芦苇湿地生态系统净碳交换的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR) 。芦苇湿地生态系统光合作用的光响应参数(α、Amax 和Reco)随温度指数上升，而与叶面积指数呈线性正相关。光响应参数的这种显著季节波动表明，在生态系统碳循环模型中不应该将生态系统的光合作用参数视为常数，应该考虑采用光响应参数与环境和生物因子间的定量关系来反映光合作用光响应参数动态。日尺度上，温度是芦苇湿地碳交换的主要控制因子，湿地净碳交换在15℃左右由正值变为负值，芦苇湿地由碳源变为碳汇。除温度外，饱和水汽压差对日尺度净碳交换波动也有影响，二者呈二次曲线关系(U 型)，当饱和水汽压差在0.8 kPa 附近时，芦苇湿地净碳吸收达到最大。月尺度上，影响芦苇湿地净碳交换的主要环境因子依然是温度，二者间表现出“非对称响应”特征。 (7)对芦苇湿地碳交换各组分间的关系分析表明，芦苇湿地生态系统呼吸和净碳交换均受总光合生产力的显著影响，即通过光合作用产物来源控制。

Partial survey and critique of Ceylon's marine fisheries, 1953-55

This is a resume of a 1953-1955 study of Ceylon's fishing gears, fisheries and records of experimental and commercial fishing operations. Representative catches of edible fish per unit of effort for several of the gears studied are summarized in the table. They are low compared with many countries, indicating low abundance of fish.