Modeling height-diameter relationship in pinus pinaster ait. in the forest intervention zone of Lomba, NE-Portugal

In this work, the relationship between diameter at breast height (d) and total height (h) of individual-tree was modeled with the aim to establish provisory height-diameter (h-d) equations for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands in the Lomba ZIF, Northeast Portugal. Using data collected locally, several local and generalized h-d equations from the literature were tested and adaptations were also considered. Model fitting was conducted by using usual nonlinear least squares (nls) methods. The best local and generalized models selected, were also tested as mixed models applying a first-order conditional expectation (FOCE) approximation procedure and maximum likelihood methods to estimate fixed and random effects. For the calibration of the mixed models and in order to be consistent with the fitting procedure, the FOCE method was also used to test different sampling designs. The results showed that the local h-d equations with two parameters performed better than the analogous models with three parameters. However a unique set of parameter values for the local model can not be used to all maritime pine stands in Lomba ZIF and thus, a generalized model including covariates from the stand, in addition to d, was necessary to obtain an adequate predictive performance. No evident superiority of the generalized mixed model in comparison to the generalized model with nonlinear least squares parameters estimates was observed. On the other hand, in the case of the local model, the predictive performance greatly improved when random effects were included. The results showed that the mixed model based in the local h-d equation selected is a viable alternative for estimating h if variables from the stand are not available. Moreover, it was observed that it is possible to obtain an adequate calibrated response using only 2 to 5 additional h-d measurements in quantile (or random) trees from the distribution of d in the plot (stand). Balancing sampling effort, accuracy and straightforwardness in practical applications, the generalized model from nls fit is recommended. Examples of applications of the selected generalized equation to the forest management are presented, namely how to use it to complete missing information from forest inventory and also showing how such an equation can be incorporated in a stand-level decision support system that aims to optimize the forest management for the maximization of wood volume production in Lomba ZIF maritime pine stands.

Caracterização das comunidades de aves florestais no distrito de Bragança

Com objetivo de caracterizar a comunidade de aves florestais do Distrito de Bragança, fez-se um estudo em quatro locais de características diferentes sob ponto de vista de estrutura e composição de espécies, através de recolha de informação com base nas listas de 10 espécies de Mackinnon e pelo método captura com redes de neblina, para caracterização das biometrias e parâmetros populacionais, de modo a caracterizar a estrutura das comunidades de aves em cada local. A Combinação dos dois métodos possibilitou a captura e identificação de indivíduos de 44 espécies diferentes, pertencentes a 24 famílias distintas. Destas, as mais representativas foram determinadas através do Índice de Frequência das Listas (IFL) e foram Parus major, Erithacus rubecula, Turdus merula e Sylvia atricapilla. Os resultados referentes à riqueza específica, obtidos através das listas de MacKinnon foram analisados com ANOVA não paramétricas (Kruskal-Wallis). Dos quatro locais, a Ricafé mostrou diferenças significativas na variação de número de espécies. Em relação aos períodos de capturas, o segundo quadrimestre teve número de espécies estatisticamente diferentes dos restantes quadrimestres do ano. No Período de Invernada há menor atividade de aves em todos os locais. Pinhal e Tabuado têm pouca diversidade de espécies.

Assessment of grazing selectivity in relation to land cover: a comparison between sheep and goats

Portugal’s Northeast production of sheep and goats are based on the exploitation of landscape by-products such as spontaneous native vegetation and agriculture leftovers. Shepherds tend the flocks throughout grazing itineraries every day, crossing a mosaic of patches of varied land uses. During the journey, the shepherd acts together with the sheep and goats to select each patch in creating an ordered sequence of land uses. The focus of the research is on the land-use composition of the grazing itineraries; determinate how they depend on the patterns of the landscape mosaic. It is utilized a data set of 26 monthly herd’s itineraries, 13 of sheep and 13 of goats, to investigate the relationship of the land uses crossed by the flocks and the land uses of the landscape, evaluating the land-use preferences and selectivity of the sheep and goats. It is utilized the divergences in the time spent and distance travelled by the herds and the area of the land uses in the landscape, the chi-square test to relate the preferred land used and the season, and the discriminate analysis to distinguish the preferences and the selectivity of the herd of sheep and the herd of goats. The herds of the sheep and the goats presented different land-use preferences over the seasons and the discriminant analysis shows that they have different landscape preferences. The herd of sheep has the highest selectivity indexes for the annual irrigated crops, the agricultural complex systems and the agroforestry land uses. The highest selectivity indexes for the herd of goats were found for the deciduous forest, the agriculture with natural and semi-natural spaces and the shrublands land uses. It was concluded that the landscape management for sheep and goats herding has to be different: the agricultural land uses are essential to the flocks of sheep and the forest land uses are decisive to the flocks of goats.

Pattern and function of woody features on the grazing itineraries of Terra Fria, Trás–os–Montes – Portugal

The trees, hedgerows and woods are current configuration of the tree network in several ecological regions of the world. In Trás–os–Montes region, Northeast of Portugal, they are a traditional component of Terra fria landscape and they could be seen in several forms: scatter trees, fencerows, small woodlots, riparian buffer strips, among others. The extensive livestock systems in this region are based on a set of circuits across the landscape. In this practice, flocks interacts with these structures using them for different functions inducing an influence on the itineraries. Our purpose will be focused on the woody features of landscape regarding their configurations, abundance and spacial distribution; in order to examine how the grazing systems depends on the currency of these formations; particularly how species flocks behaviors are related on. Depending on spatial data, The investigation attain to compare the tree network within the agriculture matrix, to the grazed territory crossed by flocks. From the other side, the importance of spatial data on interpreting the issue by suggesting different parameter that may influence the circuits. The recognition of the pressure exerciced by the occurence of the woody structures on the grazed circuits is possible. We believe that the role of these woody structures features in supporting the tradicional silvopastoral systems has been sufficiently strong for change their distribution pattern.

La Unión Europea y España en su relación con el Magreb: Los casos de Marruecos y Argelia

354 p.

Expansion of sunflower crop production in Brazil: a survey of future trends.

Sunflower cropped area in Brazil has been showing potential possibilities to be increased in a short period of time for biofuel production. Planning the activities is one of the requirements for the success of future cropped area expansion. This requires a previous survey that identifies future trends in the transformation and rearrangement of the sunflower agro-industry sector and also identifies technological needs that may affect this process. With the objectives of identify future trends and technological needs, a value production chain was built and a questionary was applied to agents of all the sectors participating at the V National Brazilian Symposium of Sunflower and at the XVII Sunflower National Research Meeting Network. The results pointed out a strong tendency for area expansion in the next two to five years (75%); being as a secondary follow-up crop (83%) specially after soybean and top be used for biofuel (77%). The main research needs were linked with disease control, crop zoning and varietal improvement for disease resistance and high oleic oil content. Also considering the vision of and concerns regarding the future expansion and transformation of the sunflower productive complex, it is believed that the expansion is a consolidated trend, requiring a strategic sector planning associated with an economic and technological police for its success within the Brazilian agribusiness.

Sunflower and peanut emergency : initial development under sugarcane mulch.

The research aimed to evaluate the effect of residual sugarcane mulch on sunflower and peanut plant emergence and initial development. Vases of 4.0 L were disposed in a randomized experimental blocks design, with four replications, in a factorial arrangement of five mulch amounts and three cultivars of each crop. The mulch treatments consisted of four increasing amounts (5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1) and a tester with no mulch. The sunflower cultivars were the varieties IAC-iarama and Catissol and the hybrid H-358; the peanut cultivars were IAC-Caiapó, Runner 886 and Tatu. The speed emergency index and final percentage, the plant height and shoot dry mass were evaluated. The presence of different levels of sugarcane mulch negatively influences the emergency and initial plant development mainly in peanut but also in sunflower. The negative effects are stronger especially for the runner type of peanut cultivars, while cultivar Tatu was less influenced by the mulch thickness.

Initial growth of sunflower in soils with high concentrations of boron and heavy metals.

Phytoremediation studies have been conducted in an area contaminated by heavy metals, located in Piracicaba - SP, Brazil. This area was contaminated accidentally by the addition of auto scrap shredding to the soil and was limed later to reduce heavy metal mobility in the environment. Previous characterization showed that it also presents high concentration of boron, which has limited the initial plant development of some species. As sunflower plants require a high boron supply and the literature describes its use in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals under some conditions, the aim of this work was to evaluate its potential for the remediation of this area. In the present study, the results of preliminary tests are presented, aiming at the evaluation of sunflower plant germination and its initial development when cultivated in the contaminated soil described. Two sunflower hybrids were sown in soils treated with different rates of boron and in the soil from the contaminated area in study. The results showed that sunflower plants had a normal initial development, even in the soil from the contaminated area. Therefore, sunflower is a promising crop and further studies will be developed to evaluate the sunflower efficiency in phytoextraction or phytostabilization of heavy metals in areas where boron contamination also occurs, as is the case in the study area.

[Ressenya del llibre] Fernando Collantes Gutiérrez. El declive demográfico de la montaña española (1850-2000) : ¿Un drama rural? . Madrid, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 2004, 364 pp.

Comentari del llibre de Fernando Collantes Gutiérrez, 'El declive demográfico de la montaña española (1850-2000) : ¿Un drama rural?', publicat l'any 2004 pel Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación

L'agricultura i la pesca: de la tradició a l'especialització i la mecanització

Després de les dues crisis de la fi de segle passat -la fil·loxera i la competencia dels cereals ultramarins-, el procés de canvi de l' agricultura gironina es va accelerar, però el seu procés real de modernització no es va produir fins als anys seixanta, amb el final del model agrari lligat a l'autoconsum. A la mecanització del camp va seguir la del món de la pesca, especialitzada i concentrada en uns quants ports -els millor dotats i els mes ben comunicats- i convertida en una dedicació menys arriscada i mes regular, pero també menys sàvia

Estudio de factibilidad técnico-económica para el cultivo de peces tilapia roja en jaulas flotantes del Centro de desarrollo de la pesca y la aculcultura (CENDEPESCA), del ramo de agricultura y ganadería aplicable en lago de Ilopango.

Este documento de factibilidad diseñado para el Centro de Desarrollo de la Pesca y la Acuicultura (CENDEPESCA), cuyo propósito principal fue preparar un estudio de factibilidad técnico-económica para implementar el cultivo de peces tilapia roja en jaulas flotantes a la Institución antes mencionada, el cual incluye en la metodología métodos tales como el analítico, sintético, deductivo e inductivo para realizar un adecuado diagnóstico de la situación problemática actual. También en esta parte se estableció un tipo de investigación descriptiva utilizada para obtener un panorama más preciso de la magnitud del problema, las fuentes de información primarias para recopilar la información en forma directa a través de las técnicas como la entrevista, la encuesta y la observación directa y las fuentes secundarias como el marco de referencia teórico en el que se fundamenta la investigación entre los que se incluyen libros, revistas, informes, periódicos, sitios Web, entre otras, las técnicas de investigación fueron la entrevista, la encuesta y la observación; en la población objeto de análisis se dividió en dos universos: el primero constituido por los consumidores de 29 negocios que incluye a restaurantes, merenderos y comerciantes de productos pesqueros de los mercados municipales, localizados en los municipios de Ilopango, Soyapango y San Martín, y el segundo universo conformado por 14 propietarios de proyectos piscícolas ubicados en los alrededores del lago de Ilopango; el instrumento de recolección de datos fue el cuestionario, el cual permitió llevar a cabo el censo de dichos universos. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el diagnóstico conllevan a una conclusión principal, la cual indica que existe un potencial de demanda para los peces tilapia roja, ya que así se confirmo mediante la investigación realizada, el cual se puede utilizar como mercado objetivo del proyecto, de esta se deriva la principal recomendación en donde se sugiere invertir en este tipo de proyecto, debido a que si existe demanda insatisfecha para los peces tilapia roja. De los resultados del diagnóstico se efectuó la propuesta de inversión, que hace referencia a las variables principales de mercado, técnicas, organizacionales, legales, económicas y financieras que demandará y generará el proyecto.

¿Qué es la agricultura ecológica?

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Conoce la agricultura ecológica.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Perfil logístico de Colombia una visión hacia el mejoramiento estratégico de las operaciones nacionales e internacionales; sector floricultor.

La floricultura en Colombia ha sido uno de los rubros más destacados dentro del sector agropecuario, silvicultura, caza y pesca, afirmación que se ve reflejada en la participación de la floricultura con un 7% dentro del sector agropecuario, el cual tuvo un crecimiento del 5,2% en lo correspondiente del 2012 al 2013 del PIB Nacional, según el informe anual que realizó el DANE en marzo del 2014. Es uno de los sectores comerciales más importantes y dinámicos de la economía colombiana. De ahí que, el propósito de este texto, es realizar un informe investigativo que genere conocimientos claros en temas referentes a la logística del sector floricultor, buscando determinar la mayor producción de ciertos tipos de flores mayor demandados, la clasificación de las mismas para el consumo interno y externo, las rutas, el tiempo, los costos, los flujos logísticos y demás factores relevantes para el análisis del perfil floricultor, con el fin de facilitar los procesos de producción, almacenamiento y distribución, que generen competitividad dentro de un marco global en el mismo.