自养氨氧化混合种群特性和共存机理初步研究

组特殊自养氨氧化混合种群，表现：无机环境种群生长迅速、生物量高；在一个完全无机的自养生长环境中，不仅保持高氨氧化速率，并出现丰富的异养微生物种群；该种群置于异养、厌氧环境中，迅速表现出产氢特征。对于这样一个特殊的生态体系，研究其共生机理，以及联接这些种群之间的碳源和能源问题，将具有非常重要意义。我们拟从种群特征、细胞表面分泌产物、游离体系产物多糖、蛋白和脂肪酸方面开展研究。 第一部分，自养氨氧化混合种群的基本特征。采用氨氧化培养基，进行种群氨氧化特征研究；采用扫描电镜观察自养混合种群的微观特征；沉降、离心去除微生物种群，分析水相中的总有机碳、糖类等物质；利用LB培养基进行种群的分离、纯化，并采用DGGE手段对微生物种群结构进行分析。结果表明，接入菌种后（2/5000（V/V）），培养液中氨（200mg/L）在3－5天内快速降解；亚硝酸盐与氨氮变化呈负相关趋势，仅有少量硝酸盐含量（< 30mg/L）。氨氧化种群的生物量增长与氨氧化趋势一致，初始生物量7.75 mg/L(蛋白含量)，3-5天后生物量快速增长，并达到最高63.06 mg/L（蛋白含量）。电镜图片显示，种群外包裹一层粘液。离心除去菌体后，检测培养液总有机碳和糖的含量，同样表现出与生物量增长相似的特征，分别由初始的3.73、2.35 mg/L，3－5内天迅速增加，并分别达到最大值35.19、27.45 mg/L。经初步分离、纯化并对纯化菌株进行测序，获得了10株异养微生物分别为布鲁氏菌科苍白杆菌属、纤维单孢菌、类芽孢菌属、黄杆菌属、无色杆菌、鞘脂单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、噬氢菌属、硫红球菌、假单胞菌；DGGE显示，约有20分条离带，我们对其中的两条优势条带进行切割回收测序，鉴定为欧洲亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas eur）。 第二部分：混合种群自养-异养菌共生的可能机制。在对微生物种群特征初步分析基础上，针对胞外糖类组分可能被微生物代谢分解，我们重点对微生物细胞蛋白质与糖类进行分析。采用超声结合RIPA裂解液裂解，SDS-PAGE电泳分析混合种群总蛋白种类，并通过氨基酸分析仪及红外光谱法分析氨基酸组成及蛋白红外特征。采用超声破碎结合反复冻融对细胞样品进行处理，提取液采用醇沉、Sevage脱氮白，凝胶过滤方法脱盐和分级分离。对提取物的糖分析包括：紫外扫描，红外光谱，核磁共振，单糖组成分析；扫描电镜观察菌群破裂现象。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明：氨氧化种群不同生长阶段都显示出42kD蛋白表达量很高，d4时42kD蛋白表达已经很强，4-7d内一直持续这种过量表达，直到d8后表达开始减弱。说明42kD蛋白可能与氨氧化密切相关。红外光谱分析显示：细胞提取物的特征峰分布在3427.42cm-1、1718.18 cm-1和1681.72 cm-1、1160.07和1086.74 cm-1，分别对应为OH、 C=O、C－O－C基团，表明具有蛋白的典型特征；氨基酸分析显示蛋白中的Gly,Asp,Ala,Glu含量相对较高。 提取物中胞外多糖分离谱图得到不均一组分，共得到6个收集峰；紫外扫描在201－213 nm处有多糖吸收峰，同样表明多糖成分不均一性；多糖红外光谱特征峰主要分别在3400.49 cm-1、2920.28 cm-1、1154.54和1087.52 cm-1，对应OH、－CH2－ or CH 、C－O－H or C－O－C等多糖特征基团；多糖提取物核磁共振1H d4.3～5.9之间出现强吸收峰，这是1H中，多糖存在的明显证据，1H NMR中，其中O-乙酰基的甲基上的氢信号为d1.1～1.3之间。糖肟全苯甲酸酯衍生物的HPLC测定中，得到单一的单糖峰，由于时间问题，还未进行更深入的试验；电镜图片显示，种群中的细胞有大量的破裂现象。 实验表明，自养氨氧化混合种群显示出快速的氨氧化速率，氨氧化过程生物量和有机质的增加明显。微生物种群包裹粘液层，并分离纯化出大量的异养菌；去除菌体后的游离培养液中存在有机质（包括多糖）说明无机自养生长体系中存在异养菌生长、繁殖的二次碳源；细胞提取物中蛋白条带数目多、种类丰富；细胞多糖提取物具有明显的多糖特征，以及单糖的存在。结合种群的显微特征和游离体系中的有机质的检测结果，我们认为，无机自养生长体系中，种群细胞生长过程中发生的破裂现象可能是导致大量的蛋白、多糖释放到游离胞外，并成为其他异养菌生长的碳源和氮源。这可能是自养体系中，大量异养菌共生的可能机制，至于是什么原因引起种群生长过程中产生的破裂现象，还有待下一步深入研究。 A group of mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations, having much biological characteristic tested by concerned personnel for pilot test: Performed rapid population growth and obtained high biomass in inorganic environment; Not only maintained a high rate of ammoxidation, promoted a wealth of heterotrophic microbial populations growth in a totally inorganic and autotrophic growth environment; Placed in heterotrophic and anaerobic environment,had the performance characteristics that could rapidly produce hydrogen.For such a special ecological system, Study its symbiotic mechanism and the connection between these populations of carbon and energy issues, will have a very important significance. We intended from the characteristics of the population, the secretion product of cell surface, free substance in the liquid medium like polysaccharide, protein and fatty acids carrying out research. Part I: The basic features of mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations . Use inorganic liquid medium, processed study for ammonia oxidation characteristics of the population; we used scanning electron microscopy to get micro-features of autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations .The medium was carried out settlement and centrifugal then removed the microbial populations, after all of that we analysis the water phase for total organic carbon(TOC), carbohydrate and other substances; Solid ammonia oxidizing medium was adopted to separation and purification of population, DGGE means was for structure analysis of microbial population. The results showed that after the inoculum of bacteria (2 / 5000 (V / V)), ammonia in the culture medium (200 mg / L) was rapid degradation in 3-5 days; ammonia and nitrite have the negative correlation between changes in the trend, then only a small amount of nitrate content (<30mg / L). The biomass growth of ammoxidation population in line with the trend of ammonia oxidation, the initial volume of it was 7.75 mg / L (protein content), in 3-5 days upto 63.06 mg / L (protein content). Electron microscope image showed, the populations were wrapped in a layer of mucus, including the a large number ruptted micorbe , Centrifuge to remove bacteria, then detected the medium for total organic carbon and sugar content, result took on the same characteristics with biomass growth, that were from the initial 3.73、2.35 mg / L respectively, in 3-6 days achieved rapid increase in the maximum to 35.19、27.45 mg / L respectively. After initial separation、 purification ,then processed sequencing to strains purified and got the result that there were 10 heterotrophic microorganisms : Brucella Branch pale bacillus, Cellu lomonas, Bacillus species category, a Flavobacterium, colorless Bacteria, Aeromonas sheath fat, little support maltophilia Aeromonas, macrophages species hydrogen, sulphur-MI, Pseudomonas bacteria spores; DGGE display, there were 20 separation bands approximately. Part II: Mixed populations that autotrophic - heterotrophic bacteria symbiotic mechanism. On the basis of preliminary analysis of microbial population characteristics, aiming at extracellular carbohydrate components might be decomposition by microbial, we focused on microbial cell protein and carbohydrate analysis. Using ultrasound combined with RIPA lysis cracking the cells, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis the total protein species of the population, and through the amino acid analyzer studied the compositions of amino acid and infrared spectroscopy analysis of a protein infrared characteristics. Using ultrasound combined with repeatedly freezing and thawing to treated the cell sample, then took the means that alcohol precipitation, deproteinization by Sevage, gel filtration aimed at desalination and grade separation to deal with the lysates . The extraction of sugar analysis included: UV scanning, IR, NMR, single-sugar composition analysis. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that: 42 kD protein expression was very high at different growth stages of mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations , on the fourth day, 42 kD protein expression had been very strong, 4-7d, it had continued this excessive expression, then started to weaken after 7 days. 42 kD protein that might be closely associated with ammonia oxidation. Infrared spectral analysis showed that: cell extracts with the characteristic that the peak distribution in 3427.42 cm-1、1718.18 cm-1 and 1681.72 cm-1、1160.07 cm-1 and 1086.74 cm-1 corresponding to OH、C = O、C-O-C Groups which had the typical characteristics of protein; and analysis showed that amino acids including Gly, Asp, Ala, Glu ,the content in the protein is relatively high. Exopolysaccharide in the extracts had the separation map that it was uneven, received a total of six collection peaks by the detection mode of phenol-sulphruic acid method ; ultraviolet scan in the 201-213 nm department had polysaccharide absorbing peak, the same ingredients that polysaccharide heterogeneity; infrared polysaccharide spectral characteristics of the main peak at 3400.49 cm-1, 2920.28 cm-1, 1154.54 and 1087.52 cm-1, corresponding OH,-CH2-or CH, C-O-H or C-O-C;and other characteristics of polysaccharide group; 1H NMR of polysaccharide extract appeared absorption peak between d4.3 ~5.9, which is the apparent evidence of polysaccharide, In 1H NMR, the hydrogen signal of one of O-acetyl was between 1.1 to 1.3. The determination of Sugar oxime whole benzoate derivatives by HPLC, there was a single-sugar peak, as a matter of time, yet more in-depth test. Summary: Mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations show us that it had the ability in ammonia oxidizing and it was great, organic matter and biomass increased significantly in the process of ammonia oxidation. Microbial populations was wrapped up slime layer, the phenomenon of cell breakdown obviously, and there were a lot of separation and purification of the heterotrophic bacteria; a lot of organic matter (including polysaccharides)remined in the medium that removal of cell indicated the inorganic system existed secondary carbon sources that could be used by the heterotrophic bacteria ; there were a large number proteins bands of cell extract, rich variety; cell extracts of polysaccharide had obvious characteristics of polysaccharide, and the existence evidence of single-sugar. Combined population of microscopic characteristics and free of organic matter in the test results, we believe that the health of inorganic system, population growth occurred in the course of the breakdown of the phenomenon is likely to lead to a lot of protein and polysaccharide released into the extracellular free, And other heterotrophic bacteria use them to the growth as carbon and nitrogen. This may be autotrophic system, the large number of heterotrophic bacteria symbiotic mechanism.

温度对Ti_(45)Zr_(35)Ni_(20)合金电化学贮氢性能的影响

采用真空熔炼法制备了Ti45Zr35Ni20合金,研究了合金在不同温度下的电化学贮氢性能。结果表明,Ti45Zr35-Ni20电极的电化学性能随着温度而变化,温度从323 K升高到343 K时,电极的活化次数从22次减少到8次,放电容量从86.1 mAh/g增到135.0 mAh/g,快速放电能力也有所提高,然而,高温使电极的循环稳定性显著下降,自放电率增大。

铈卤氧化物的ESCA表征（Ⅱ）──Ce的M_5N_（45）N_（45）俄歇峰

研究了ＸＰＳ诱导的ＣｅＭ５Ｎ４５Ｎ４５俄歇峰，由于其终态空穴处于芯能级，故俄歇峰有较好的分辨率。从ＣｅＭ５Ｎ４５Ｎ４５的俄歇峰可获得中心离子Ｃｅ的电子云密度等信息，发现其俄歇参数与配位体的极化变形程度有关，从而解释了双烯烃定向聚合必须有稀土卤氧键存在的原因。

THERMODYNAMICS OF AMINO-ACID DISSOCIATION IN MIXED-SOLVENTS .3. GLYCINE IN AQUEOUS GLUCOSE SOLUTIONS FROM 5-DEGREES-C TO 45-DEGREES-C

The first thermodynamic dissociation constants of glycine in 5, 15 mass % glucose + water mixed solvents at five temperatures from 5 to 45-degrees-C have been determined from precise emf measurements of a cell without liquid junction using hydrogen and Ag-AgCl electrodes and a new method of polynomial approximation proposed on the basis of Pitzer's electrolytic solution theory in our previous paper. The results obtained from both methods agree within experimental error. The standard free energy of transfer for HCl from water to aqueous mixed solvent have been calculated and the results are discussed.

渤海沉积物中氮的赋存形态及其在循环中的作用

为揭示渤海沉积物中氮的生物地球化学循环过程，本文应用自然粒度下的分级分离浸取方法首次对渤海沉积物中氮的形态进行了研究，获得了氮形态分布的地球化学特征；将沉积物氮中可转化和非转化部分定量区别开，并对可转化态中各形态氮对其循环贡献的大小进行了评估；结合底栖生物的分布初步探计了沉积物中氮与生物生产的关系及底栖生物对氮循环的影响。得到的主要结论包括：渤海沉积物中氮的形态分布特征及其控制因素。表层沉积物中IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N和OSF-N占TN的比例分别为3.67%，0.31%，0.42%和26.45%，OSF-N是可转化态氮的优势形态。IEF-N 中NH_4~+和NO_3~-具有不同的成岩机制：NH_2~+主要受OC、Es和粘土矿物性质影响，NO_3~-与水体分布密切相关。CF-N含量最小，主要受沉积环境pH值的影响。IMOF-N主要由NH_4~+在Fe~（3+）上的吸附形成，受沉积物的氧化还原环境控制。OSF-N除与物质来源有关外，受到粘土矿物性质及沉积物粒度的影响。Fe、Mn和Co对IEF-N和IMOF-N的成岩作用影响明显，Cu、Pb和Mo对OSF-N的分布产生影响，二者作用的机理不同。表层样中，约69.15%的氮经过早期成岩作用而埋藏，短期内不再参与循环。氮的埋藏通量与沉积物聚积速率呈显著正相关，同时受温度、Eh、OC、盐度、硫化物含量等因素影响。沉积物中C/N和N/P均呈现异常的低值，前者主要是由于沉积物中保留了大量的无机氮，后者主要因为陆地排放大量磷入海以及磷的埋藏效率高于氮所致。柱状样中，IEF-N基本随深度减小，IMOF-N随深度有突变现象，OSF-N随深度的变化表明了矿化作用进行的程度。对沉积物中生源要素分解速率常数有：N>P>C>Si。表层沉积物中可转化态氮占总氮的比例高于深层沉积物。OC/ON随深度减小表明沉积物通过某种机制富集了有机氮。各形态氮在氮循环中作用及渤海氮循环收支。对渤海沉积物中可转化态氮的量进行了估算，IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N和OSF-N分别为3.657 * 10~8kg，2.794 * 10~7 kg，3.832 * 10~7kg和2.372平共处* 10~9kg；结合室内模拟的氮的界面交换通量，估算其完全释放所需的时间分别为2.15a，0.16a，0.225a和13.94a。各形态氮释放的顺序与其结合牢固程度一致，即IEF-N>CF-N >IMOF-N>OSF-N，其对界面交换的贡献大小则随时间尺度大小发生变化：随时间尺度增加，IEF-N、CF-N、IMOF-N的贡献逐渐减小，OSF-N的贡献逐渐增大，当时间尺度大到足以使四态氮完全释放时，其贡献的大小与各形态氮的量一致即OSF-N（84.6%）>IEF-N（13.0%）>IMOF-N（1.4%）>CF-N（1.0%）。非转化态氮占总氮的 69.15%，其中由于颗粒物包裹导致的“非转化态”氮为49%，说明粒度的影响非常重要。IEF-N和OSF-N主要存在于颗粒物质外层，是循环的主要参与者，CF-N和IMOF-N绝大部分在内层，对循环的贡献很小。水体中再循环的氮对初级生产力的贡献（74.4%）比沉积物中再循环氮的贡献 （26.1）大得多，二者对生态系统的作用不同，水体再生的营养盐通常在较长的时间尺度上维持初级生产力的平衡，而沉积物中的再生则在很短的时间内通过强烈的混合作用提高初级生产力。沉积物中氮与生物生产的关系及底栖生物对沉积物氮循环的影响。IEF-N和OSF-N的分布均与初级生产力以及浮游植物个体数量的分布具有一定的相似性。沉积物中的IEF-N的作用相当于一个氮营养盐的“储存库”对初级生产力产生影响，其作用机制类似于水体富营养化的正反馈机制。IEF-N能对赤潮的发生起加速作用。底栖生物的分布与氮形态分布具有正的相关性：莱洲湾内IEF-N和OSF-N的分布与该区域高生物量和高密度的大型底栖动物分布一致，说明在底栖生物活动活跃的区域营养盐的再生和流动是高效而迅速的。生物扰动能加速矿化作用的进行，使沉积物在一定深度范围内NH_4~+含量增加，大型底栖动物的灌溉作用使NO_3~-在深层仍有较高的分布。底栖生物的不同种群对营养盐变化的响应不同。

Blood-gas properties of plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi)

Plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) is one of the blind subterranean mole rats that spend their life solely underground in scaled burrows. It is one of the special species of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. In their burrows, oxygen is low and carbon dioxide is high and their contents fluctuate with the change of seasons, soil types, rain and depth of burrows. However, plateau zokors show successful adaptation to that extreme environment. In this study, their adapting mechanisms to the hypoxic hypercapnic environment were analyzed through the comparison of their blood-gas properties with that of pikas (Ochotona curzniae) and Sprague-Dawley rats. The results indicated that plateau zokors had higher red blood corpuscle counts (8.11 +/- 0.59 (10(12)/L)) and hemoglobin concentrations (147 +/- 9.85 g/L), but hematocrit (45.9 +/- 3.29%) and mean corpuscular volume (56.67 +/- 2.57 fL) were lower than the other rodents. Their arterial blood and venous blood pH were 7.46 +/- 0.07 and 7.27 +/- 0.07. Oxygen pressure in arterial blood of plateau zokors was about 1.5 times higher than that of pikas and rats, and it was 0.36 and 0.26 times in their venous blood. Partial pressure for carbon dioxide in arterial and venous blood of plateau zokors was 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, than in rats and pikas. Oxygen saturation of plateau zokors was 5.7 and 9.3 times lower in venous blood than that of pikas and rats, respectively. As result, the difference of oxygen saturation in arterial blood to venous blood was 2- and 4.5-fold higher in plateau zokors as that of pikas and rats, respectively. In conclusion, plateau zokors had a high tolerance to pH changes in tissues, together with strong capabilities to obtain oxygen from their hypoxic-hypercapnic environment. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.

强流脉冲离子束辐照45钢表面热效应的模拟

以Fourier瞬态传热方程为基础,确定了强流脉冲离子束(HIPIB)热效应的基本传热方程,对靶材45钢进行不同能量参数的HIPIB辐照热效应的模拟计算.针对离子注入金属内部的情况,在模拟束流加载方式上分别采用体加载和面加载,比较了两种加载计算结果之间的差距.本算法的另一个改进就是在高能量辐照下,用单元死活法对蚀坑部分材料的消失进行模拟.结果表明,用单元死活法模拟单元的失效,更能符合HIPIB辐照金属表面热效应的蚀坑机制;单元死活法对靶材的升温过程没有明显影响,但对冷却阶段,可以显著提高模拟的精度.

On the Behavior of the Homogeneous Self-Dual Model for Conic Convex Optimization

There is a natural norm associated with a starting point of the homogeneous self-dual (HSD) embedding model for conic convex optimization. In this norm two measures of the HSD model’s behavior are precisely controlled independent of the problem instance: (i) the sizes of ε-optimal solutions, and (ii) the maximum distance of ε-optimal solutions to the boundary of the cone of the HSD variables. This norm is also useful in developing a stopping-rule theory for HSD-based interior-point methods such as SeDuMi. Under mild assumptions, we show that a standard stopping rule implicitly involves the sum of the sizes of the ε-optimal primal and dual solutions, as well as the size of the initial primal and dual infeasibility residuals. This theory suggests possible criteria for developing starting points for the homogeneous self-dual model that might improve the resulting solution time in practice

C 191 INST-D 2013. 372 Tejidos en lana con dos agujas, telares horizontales y exhibición de productos en Tópaga.

18 fotografías a color.

Practice Links [Issue 45, December 2011]

Practice Links is a free e-publication for practitioners working in Irish social services, voluntary and nongovernmental sectors. Practice Links was created to enable practitioners to keep up-to-date with new publications, electronic resources and conference opportunities. Issue 45 unveils a new, regular section in the publication entitled Practice Signposts. This section aims to promote quality research- informed databases.

Social Work and theatre: considering intersections

Theatre is a cultural and artistic form that involves a process of communication between creators and is received in a space and time located in the public sphere, which has meant that, over the centuries, it has acted as a space for expression, exchange and debate regarding all manner of ideas, causes and struggles. Implicit within this process are processes of expression, creation and reception, by way of which people demonstrate, analyse and question ways of seeing and understanding life, and ways of being and existing in the world. This gives rise to educational, cultural, social and political potential, which has been endorsed in numerous studies and investigations. In this work, in which theoretical orientation is established through a review of the relevant literature, we consider different intersections that occur between theatre and social work in order to also show that dramatic and theatrical expression offers substantive methodologies for achieving some objectives of social work, particularly in areas such as critical literacy, reflexivity and recognition, awareness raising, social participation, personal and/or community development, ownership of cultural capital and access to personal and social wellbeing.

Intercultural competence in the area of drug dependencies

This article takes a multidimensional or biopsychosocial conception of drug dependency as its starting point. Within this analytical framework, we advocate making the intercultural dimension more visible, since it is essential for the design and implementation of integral intervention processes. We propose intercultural competence as a working model that can increase the capacities of institutions and professionals —a particularly important consideration in the case of social work— in order to effectively address the aforementioned cultural dimension. After an extensive review of the scientific literature, we have defined five processes that can contribute to strengthening an institution’s intercultural competence and four processes that can do the same for a professional’s intercultural competence. Though selected for application in the area of drug dependencies, all these processes can also prove useful in improving attention to any other kind of culturally diverse group or person.

Photodiodes array as potential diagnostic for measuring short bursts of K-alpha radiation from Ti targets irradiated with 45 fs laser pulses

We report on a study comparing absolute K-alpha yield from Ti foils measured with a calibrated system of an X-ray CCD coupled to a curved LiF Von-Hamos crystal spectrometer to the difference in the signals measured simultaneously with two similar photodiodes fitted with two different filters. Our data indicate that a combination of photodiodes with different filters could be developed into an alternative and inexpensive diagnostic for monitoring single shot pulsed emission in a narrow band of X-ray region.