Oral cancer in Australia: 1983-1996

Background: The aims of this study were to identify differences in oral cancer incidence and mortality between sexes, age groups, oral sites and Australian States and Territories and recent trends in oral cancer incidence, mortality and age-profile over time. Methods: Data were obtained from the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare and were age-standardized to the Australian 1991 Population Standard. Differences and trends were assessed with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test and the Spearman correlation test, respectively. Results: In Australia in 1996, there were 2173 new oral cancers and 400 deaths due to oral cancer, the majority of oral cancers were in the 60+ age group, oral cancer affected men more than women (>2:1), lip cancer accounted for more than 50 per cent of oral cancers and the oral cancer mortality-to-incidence (M:I) ratio was greatest in ACT and NSW and least in QLD and SA. From 1983 to 1996, the annual incidence of lip cancer increased while the M:I ratio of lip cancer decreased. The annual incidence of cervical cancer decreased whereas the annual incidence of intra-oral cancer remained constant. The M:I ratio of cervical cancer was consistently lower than the MA ratio of intra-oral cancer. Conclusions; Reducing exposure to environmental carcinogens, increasing public awareness and population screening may reduce the incidence and mortality of oral cancer in Australia.

Mortalidade de jovens: análise do período de 1930 a 1991 (a transição epidemiológica para a violência)

Estudou-se a mortalidade de jovens (15 a 24 anos) das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, no período de 1930 a 1991, para avaliação das mudanças no perfil baseado em causas de morte. Os resultados mostraram que São Paulo experimentou um declínio rápido das taxas até 1970, assim como o Rio de Janeiro, até 1980. A partir daí a tendência é crescente, determinada pela mortalidade masculina. O Rio de Janeiro apresentou índices mais elevados durante todo o período. Durante a última década, o percentual de aumento foi mais elevado em São Paulo, aproximando as taxas. As doenças infecciosas, especialmente as tuberculoses, foram responsáveis pela mortalidade elevada, principalmente até a década de 50. Após 1960 a transição se tornou evidente e as causas violentas passaram a ocupar a primeira posição, principalmente acidentes de trânsito e homicídios. Doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias e, mais tarde, a AIDS, também se destacaram.

Descrição da colonização de Aedes albopictus (Diptera: culicidae) na região de São José do Rio Preto, SP, 1991-1994

O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e analisar colonização do Aedes albopictus, cuja presença foi detectada na região de São José do Rio Preto em 1991, jã colonizada pelo Aedes aegypti. A partir de informações obtidas em medidas de densidade larvária pela Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), analisou-se: ano e mês de oconência, município, composição e localização das amostras lanúrias, tipo de recipiente, número médio de laivas e índice de Breteau. Até dezembro de 1994 a presença do As. albopictus fora constatada em 34 municípios. A colonização da região pelo mosquito ainda é reduzida, apresentando algumas diferenças em relação ao Ae. aegypti: maior proporção no peridomicílio, ocupando recipientes em proporções diferentes. O número médio de larvas de As. albopictus sofreu influência da presença de larvas da outra espécie. Apresentou comportamento sazonal semelhante ao do Ae. aegypti e avançou no sentido leste para oeste.

Trends in the risk of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in five Brazilian geographic regions from 1979 to 1996

OBJECTIVE - To analyze the trends in risk of death due to cardiovascular diseases in the northern, northeastern, southern, southeastern, and central western Brazilian geographic regions from 1979 to 1996. METHODS - Data on mortality due to cardiovascular, cardiac ischemic, and cerebrovascular diseases in 5 Brazilian geographic regions were obtained from the Ministry of Health. Population estimates for the time period from 1978 to 1996 in the 5 Brazilian geographic regions were calculated by interpolation with the Lagrange method, based on the census data from 1970, 1980, 1991, and the population count of 1996, for each age bracket and sex. Trends were analyzed with the multiple linear regression model. RESULTS - Cardiovascular diseases showed a declining trend in the southern, southeastern, and northern Brazilian geographic regions in all age brackets and for both sexes. In the northeastern and central western regions, an increasing trend in the risk of death due to cardiovascular diseases occurred, except for the age bracket from 30 to 39 years, which showed a slight reduction. This resulted from the trends of cardiac ischemic and cerebrovascular diseases. The analysis of the trend in the northeastern and northern regions was impaired by the great proportion of poorly defined causes of death. CONCLUSION - The risk of death due to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and cardiac ischemic diseases decreased in the southern and southeastern regions, which are the most developed regions in the country, and increased in the least developed regions, mainly in the central western region.

Child Care (Pre School Services) Regulations 1996 and Child Care (Pre School Services) (Amendment) Regulations 1997

The purpose of this Guide is to offer guidance on the Child Care (Pre- School Services) Regulations, 1996. It is written for persons charged with responsibility for implementing the legislation and for anyone affected by its provisions, in particular persons who are carrying on or proposing to carry on a pre-school service. The Regulations and the Explanatory Guide expand on the provisions of Part VII of the Child Care Act, 1991 Download the Report here

Candidaturas de grupos independentes nas eleições autárquicas em São Vicente. de 1991 a 2012

O presente trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre a candidatura de grupos independentes às eleições autárquicas, em São Vicente, concretamente, entre 1991 e 2012, com o objetivo de analisar o Comportamento do Eleitor do Círculo Eleitoral de São Vicente, durante esse período. O principal desafio é Analisar o Comportamento Eleitoral, em São Vicente, especificamente a relação do Eleitor Sanvicentino com a Candidatura dos grupos Independentes que participaram nas eleições autárquicas, entre 1991 e 2012. A disputa foi entre dois partidos políticos, o MPD (Movimento Para a Democracia), o PAICV (Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde), e um grupo independente, MPRSV (Movimento para o Renascimento de São Vicente), liderado por Onésimo Silveira, que ganhou as eleições autárquicas e, consequentemente, os mandatos de 1991 \1995 e de 1996 a 2000 com maioria absoluta, tanto para a Câmara Municipal como para a Assembleia Municipal. O Movimento Para a Democracia venceu as eleições nos anos 2004/2008/2012 por maioria absoluta, liderado por Isaura Gomes, quer para a Câmara Municipal como para a Assembleia Municipal.

Crecimiento y reclutamiento del calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas en el Perú (1991 a 1994)

Presenta las características biológicas y poblacionales del calamar gigante a fin de establecer las medidas adecuadas de explotación. Se aprecia que el calamar presenta una alta tasa de crecimiento pudiendo alcanzar tallas de 41 a 53 cm. al año de edad y se revela la presencia de dos pulsos anuales de reclutamiento, los que involucran varios meses durante primavera-verano y otoño-invierno.

Evaluación de los efectos de la contaminación en el macrobentos de la Bahía Carquín, Huacho. 1990-1991

Estudia el efecto de la contaminación marina sobre la macrofauna de la zona intermareal de la bahía Carquín a través del análisis de comunidades bénticas de sustrato rocoso. Asimismo, busca determinar la calidad bacteriológica de las aguas marinas receptoras de la playa de Carquín, que reciben aguas residuales de descarga del río Huaura.

A territorial model of commuting in Catalonia, 1986-1996

Commuting consists in the fact that an important fraction of workers in developed countries do not reside close to their workplaces but at long distances from them, so they have to travel to their jobs and then back home daily. Although most workers hold a job in the same municipality where they live or in a neighbouring one, an important fraction of workers face long daily trips to get to their workplace and then back home.Even if we divide Catalonia (Spain) in small aggregations of municipalities, trying to make them as close to local labour markets as possible, we will find out that some of them have a positive commuting balance, attracting many workers from other areas and providing local jobs for almost all their resident workers. On the other side, other zones seem to be mostly residential, so an important fraction of their resident workers hold jobs in different local labour markets. Which variables influence an area¿s role as an attraction pole or a residential zone? In previous papers (Artís et al, 1998a, 2000; Romaní, 1999) we have brought out the main individual variables that influence commuting by analysing a sample of Catalan workers and their commuting decisions. In this paper we perform an analysis of the territorial variables that influence commuting, using data for aggregate commuting flows in Catalonia from the 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses.These variables influence commuting in two different ways: a zone with a dense, welldeveloped economical structure will have a high density of jobs. Work demand cannot be fulfilled with resident workers, so it spills over local boundaries. On the other side, this economical activity has a series of side-effects like pollution, congestion or high land prices which make these areas less desirable to live in. Workers who can afford it may prefer to live in less populated, less congested zones, where they can find cheaper land, larger homes and a better quality of life. The penalty of this decision is an increased commuting time. Our aim in this paper is to highlight the influence of local economical structure and amenities endowment in the workplace-residence location decision. A place-to-place logit commuting models is estimated for 1991 and 1996 in order to find the economical and amenities variables with higher influence in commuting decisions. From these models, we can outline a first approximation to the evolution of these variables in the 1986-1996 period. Data have been obtained from aggregate flow travel-matrix from the 1986, 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses

A territorial model of commuting in Catalonia, 1986-1996

Commuting consists in the fact that an important fraction of workers in developed countries do not reside close to their workplaces but at long distances from them, so they have to travel to their jobs and then back home daily. Although most workers hold a job in the same municipality where they live or in a neighbouring one, an important fraction of workers face long daily trips to get to their workplace and then back home.Even if we divide Catalonia (Spain) in small aggregations of municipalities, trying to make them as close to local labour markets as possible, we will find out that some of them have a positive commuting balance, attracting many workers from other areas and providing local jobs for almost all their resident workers. On the other side, other zones seem to be mostly residential, so an important fraction of their resident workers hold jobs in different local labour markets. Which variables influence an area¿s role as an attraction pole or a residential zone? In previous papers (Artís et al, 1998a, 2000; Romaní, 1999) we have brought out the main individual variables that influence commuting by analysing a sample of Catalan workers and their commuting decisions. In this paper we perform an analysis of the territorial variables that influence commuting, using data for aggregate commuting flows in Catalonia from the 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses.These variables influence commuting in two different ways: a zone with a dense, welldeveloped economical structure will have a high density of jobs. Work demand cannot be fulfilled with resident workers, so it spills over local boundaries. On the other side, this economical activity has a series of side-effects like pollution, congestion or high land prices which make these areas less desirable to live in. Workers who can afford it may prefer to live in less populated, less congested zones, where they can find cheaper land, larger homes and a better quality of life. The penalty of this decision is an increased commuting time. Our aim in this paper is to highlight the influence of local economical structure and amenities endowment in the workplace-residence location decision. A place-to-place logit commuting models is estimated for 1991 and 1996 in order to find the economical and amenities variables with higher influence in commuting decisions. From these models, we can outline a first approximation to the evolution of these variables in the 1986-1996 period. Data have been obtained from aggregate flow travel-matrix from the 1986, 1991 and 1996 Spanish Population Censuses