Primacy and recency effects for the recall of brands across three product categories

The effect of the first brand recalled compared to later brand name recall has been explored in this research. In category cued recall events, the first brand recalled has greater linkages to associations in memory, and is a brand to which consumers are disposed more positively. In addition, the first brand recalled does not inhibit recall of competing brands, but has a facilitating effect on the number, positiveness and uniqueness of associations to the brand name. This concept was explored across three product categories: that of a fast-moving consumer good, a service and a durable. In addition, the first brand recalled was related to the last brand purchased for the services category.<br />

Consumer notes clinical indicators : determining inter-rater reliability with multiple users, nominal categories and several cases

A method of determining inter-rater reliability when there are multiple raters, nominal rating categories and several cases is described and applied in the development of an instrument for auditing the ANZCMHN (1995) standards of practice for mental health nursing in New Zealand. Clinical statements (n=41) from the O&rsquo;Brien et al (2002a, 2003) study, which reflected nursing behaviours contributing to the achievement of the standards of practice, were used to audit consumer files. During two Phases, the clinical indicator statements were refined and rules for judging the achievement of each statement from case note documentation were established. The resultant statements have adequate inter-rater reliability for the assessment of nursing practice with respect to the ANZCMHN (1995) standards of practice.<br />

Cancer survival in Australia 1992���1997 : geographic categories and socioeconomic status

Cancer Survival in Australia 1992-1997 is the first national analysis of how cancer survival varies by socioeconomic status and geographic region. It presents an analysis of five-year relative survival proportions by geographic category and socioeconomic status for persons diagnosed with cancer during the years 1992-1997.This analysis is presented by age and sex for all cancers (Excluding non-melanocytic skin cancers) combined and for the following National Health Priority Area cancers - colorectal cancer, cancer of the lung, melanoma, cancer of the breast (females only), cancer of the cervix, cancer of the prostate, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.This report is the third in a series of three reports on relative survival after being diagnosed with cancer. It is an important reference for all those interested in the health of Australians.

The social life of categories : an empirical study of term categorization

Most classification schemes in common use are actually categorization schemes which fall somewhere on a continuum between unstructured, uncontrolled lists of terms and formal classifications. Over time, terms change meaning and acquire new definitions. This paper presents the results of an approach that used the librarianship principle of consensus to form categories of terms and to relate those categories using a domain reference group. Boisot's Social Learning Cycle (SLC) was then used as a model with which to explain category variations. The single study undertaken in this investigation demonstrated the value of the SLC for explaining the variations between reference group members, and showed the potential for explaining category changes over time. This identifies areas in which consensus is breaking down or emerging, allowing for focused maintenance of categorical schemes.

Advertising new product categories to new geographical markets

Em um ambiente global din��mico e competitivo, muitas empresas notam que constante desenvolvimento e lan��amento de novos produtos s��o atividades-chave para seu crescimento e sobreviv��ncia. Hoje, um dos maiores desafios enfrentados por tais empresas envolve saber como agir em um mundo em que tanto o escopo como a estrutura do ambiente competitivo est��o em constante mudan��a, e em que reestrutura����es e mudan��as de portf��lio s��o centrais para as companhias que visam capitalizar com o crescimento global. Tanto o r��pido ritmo de inova����o tecnol��gica quando a crescente aflu��ncia de economias emergentes apresentam riscos e oportunidades para as empresas, o que torna importante n��o apenas que estas estejam atentas ao lan��amento de produtos de ��ltima gera����o para mercados desenvolvidos: faz-se tamb��m necess��rio que saibam como lan��ar produtos antigos para novos mercados. Usando o mercado brasileiro como um exemplo, esta disserta����o procurou estudar como multinacionais t��m utilizado an��ncios publicit��rios no lan��amento, para novos mercados, de categorias e subcategorias de produtos j�� vendidas em outros pa��ses. Ap��s uma revis��o da literatura dispon��vel, do desenvolvimento de proposi����es, e da avalia����o destas atrav��s de tr��s estudos de caso, foi poss��vel verificar a exist��ncia de alguma linearidade entre os casos e a literatura estudada, incluindo: uma busca pela legitima����o da categoria que precede ��quela pela da marca; o uso de ���especialistas��� para a legitima����o da categoria; o uso de apelos baseados em argumentos; e a divulga����o de mais de uma caracter��stica de produto por an��ncio. No entanto, dadas algumas discrep��ncias entre o que foi observado nos casos e aquilo descrito na literatura consultada, tamb��m foi poss��vel verificar que a maneira como os an��ncios s��o feitos em diferentes lugares depende igualmente do cen��rio competitivo enfrentado pela empresa, bem como de variantes econ��micas e culturais espec��ficas da localidade em quest��o.

Candida spp. biotypes in the oral cavity of school children from different socioeconomic categories in Piracicaba - SP, Brazil

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Semantic categories in the indigenous languages of Brazil

This article investigates which semantic categories, as defined in Functional Discourse Grammar, formally manifest themselves in a sample of native languages of Brazil, and the extent to which the distribution of these manifestations across categories can be described systematically in terms of implicational hierarchies. The areas subjected to investigation are basic interrogative words, basic demonstrative words, and nominalization strategies.

Influence of risk behavior aggregation in different categories of physical activity on the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors

Background: We aimed to verify the association of risk behavior aggregation in different categories of physical activity (PA) with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (RF) employees at a public university. Method. We analyzed data of 376 employees, which were visited in their workplace for measurement of weight, height and questionnaires to identify the risk behaviors and risk factors. Chi-square test was used to analyze the association between the dependent and independent variables and binary logistic regression was used to construct a multivariate model for the observed associations. Results: Associations were found between the aggregation of following risk behaviors: smoking, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity, considered in different categories of PA, and the increase in RF, except for the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. Individuals with two or more risk behaviors in occupational PA category are more likely to be hypertensive (3.04 times) and diabetes (3.44 times). For the free time PA category, these individuals were 3.18 times more likely to have hypercholesterolemia and for locomotion PA, more likely to be hypertensive (2.42 times) and obese (2.51 times). Conclusion: There are association between the aggregation of two or more risk behaviors and the presence of cardiovascular RF. �� 2013 Bernardo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among different exposure categories in the State of Par��, Brazilian Amazon

INTRODU����O: Estudos epidemiol��gicos sobre a distribui����o genot��pica do HCV na Amaz��nia Brasileira s��o escassos. Baseado nisto, determinamos o padr��o de distribui����o genot��pica do HCV em diferentes categorias de exposi����o no Estado do Par��, Amaz��nia Brasileira. M��TODOS: Estudo transversal foi realizado com 312 indiv��duos infectados pelo HCV, pertencentes a diferentes categorias de exposi����o atendidas pelo HEMOPA, CENPREN e uma cl��nica privada de hemodi��lise em Bel��m. Eles foram testados quanto �� presen��a de anticorpos anti-HCV por teste imunoenzim��tico, RNA-HCV utilizando PCR em tempo real e genotipados atrav��s de an��lise filogen��tica da 5' UTR. Os grupos de popula����es foram caracterizados epidemiologicamente de acordo com dados coletados em breve entrevista ou consulta de prontu��rios m��dicos. RESULTADOS: Em todas as diferentes categorias de exposi����o ao HCV, foram encontrados predom��nio do gen��tipo 1. A distribui����o genot��pica do HCV em doadores de sangue (BD) foi constitu��da pelos gen��tipos 1 (94%) e 3 (6%). Todos os pacientes com doen��as hematol��gicas cr��nicas (PCHD) possu��am gen��tipo 1. A distribui����o genot��pica em usu��rios de drogas il��citas (DU) foi constitu��da pelos gen��tipos 1 (59,6%) e 3 (40,4%). Em pacientes em hemodi��lise (PUH) foram detectados os gen��tipos 1 (90,1%), 2 (3,3%) e 3 (6,6%). Finalmente, a frequ��ncia entre os gen��tipos 1 e 3 foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos: BD e DU, PUH e DU, PUH e PCHD, e PCHD e DU. CONCLUS��ES: A frequ��ncia genot��pica e distribui����o de HCV em diferentes categorias de exposi����o no Estado do Par�� mostraram predomin��ncia do gen��tipo 1, independentemente do poss��vel risco de infec����o.

Food categories reconstruction and feeding consumption estimates for the Sciaenid Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider), and the congeneric fishes Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan) and Stellifer naso (Jordan) (Pisces, Perciformes) in the Caet�� Estuary, Northern Coast of Brazil

Um m��todo quantitativo para se estimar o consumo alimentar e o aporte energ��tico das diferentes categorias alimentares �� apresentado atrav��s da reconstru����o das presas ingeridas com base em estruturas corporais n��o diger��veis. Para tal, o presente estudo estabelece, atrav��s do exame dos conte��dos estomacais de 1.086 exemplares dissecados de Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889) e Stellifer naso (Jordan, 1889), as equa����es das rela����es funcionais entre o peso das presas e estruturas corporais. Com as categorias reconstru��das foi poss��vel quantificar o alimento ingerido pelos esp��cimes. Os resultados indicaram que existe uma marcada diferen��a, tanto na composi����o das categorias alimentares, bem como no aporte energ��tico acompanhando o desenvolvimento ontog��nico do predador.