987 resultados para zeolite membrane
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Human Class I phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) exists in two forms: PITPα and PITPβ. PITPs are believed to be lipid transfer proteins based on their capacity to transfer either phosphatidylinositol (PI) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) between membrane compartments in vitro. In Drosophila, the PITP domain is found to be part of a multi-domain protein named retinal degeneration B (RdgBα). The PITP domain of RdgBα shares 40 % sequence identity with PITPα and has been shown to possess PI and PC binding and transfer activity. The detailed molecular mechanism of ligand transfer by the human PITPs and the Drosophila PITP domain remains to be fully established. Here, we investigated the membrane interactions of these proteins using dual polarization interferometry (DPI). DPI is a technique that measures protein binding affinity to a flat immobilized lipid bilayer. In addition, we also measured how quickly these proteins transfer their ligands to lipid vesicles using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay. DPI investigations suggest that PITPβ had a two-fold higher affinity for membranes compared to PITPα. This was reflected by a four-fold faster ligand transfer rate for PITPβ in comparison to PITPα as determined by the FRET assay. Interestingly, DPI analysis also demonstrated that PI-bound human PITPs have lower membrane affinity compared to PC-bound PITPs. In addition, the FRET studies demonstrated the significance of membrane curvature in the ligand transfer rate of PITPs. The ligand transfer rate was higher when the accepting vesicles were highly curved. Furthermore, when the accepting vesicles contained phosphatidic acid (PA) which have smaller head groups, the transfer rate increased. In contrast, when the accepting vesicles contained phosphoinositides which have larger head groups, the transfer rate was diminished. However, PI, the favorite ligand of PITPs, or the presence of anionic lipids did not appear to influence the ligand transfer rate of PITPs. Both DPI and FRET examinations revealed that the PITP domain of RdgBα was able to bind to membranes. However, the RdgBα PITP domain appears to be a poor binder and transporter of PC.
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Studies have demonstrated that the oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) acts as a phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP)-sterol exchanger at membrane contact sites (MCS) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. OSBP is known to pick up phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) from the ER, transfer it to the trans-Golgi in exchange for a cholesterol molecule that is then transferred from the trans-Golgi to the ER. Upon further examination of this pathway by Ridgway et al. (1), it appeared that phosphorylation of OSBP played a role in the localization of OSBP. The dephosphorylation state of OSBP was linked to Golgi localization and the depletion of cholesterol at the ER. To mimic the phosphorylated state of OSBP, the mutant OSBP-S5E was designed by Ridgway et al. (1). The lipid and sterol recognition by wt-OSBP and its phosphomimic mutant OSBP-S5E were investigated using immobilized lipid bilayers and dual polarization interferometry (DPI). DPI is a technique in which the protein binding affinity to immobilized lipid bilayers is measured and the binding behavior is examined through real time. Lipid bilayers containing 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and varying concentrations of PI(4)Ps or sterols (cholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol) were immobilized on a silicon nitride chip. It was determined that wt-OSBP binds differently to PI(4)P-containing bilayers compared to OSBP-S5E. The binding behavior suggested that wt-OSBP extracts PI(4)P and the change in the binding behavior, in the case of OSBP-S5E, suggested that the phosphorylation of OSBP may prevent the recognition and/or extraction of PI(4)P. In the presence of sterols, the overall binding behavior of OSBP, regardless of phosphorylation state, was fairly similar. The maximum specific bound mass of OSBP to sterols did not differ as the concentration of sterols increased. However, comparing the maximum specific bound mass of OSBP to cholesterol with oxysterol (25-hydroxycholesterol), OSBP displayed nearly a 2-fold increase in bound mass. With the absence of the wt-OSBP-PI(4)P binding behavior, it can be speculated that the sterols were not extracted. In addition, the binding behavior of OSBP was further tested using a fluorescence based binding assay. Using 22-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3β-ol (22-NBD cholesterol), wt-OSBP a one site binding dissociation constant Kd, of 15 ± 1.4 nM was determined. OSBP-S5E did not bind to 22-NBD cholesterol and Kd value was not obtained.
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Le canal calcique de type L, Cav1.2, joue un rôle clé dans le couplage excitation-contraction des myocytes ventriculaires. Il a été montré que la sous-unité Cavα1 était sujette à l’épissage alternatif et que ce phénomène pouvait mener à une protéine tronquée en C-terminal au niveau de l’exon 45 (Liao, Yong et al. 2005). D’autres groupes ont étudié différentes délétions au niveau de l’extrémité C-terminale (De Jongh, Warner et al. 1991; Gao, Cuadra et al. 2001). Les courants mesurés dans la configuration cellule entière, était significativement plus grands que le canal « pleine longueur ». Nous avons décidé de tester certaines de ces délétions (ΔC2030, ΔC1935, ΔC1856, ΔC1733, ΔC1700) en présence ou en absence de la sous-unité auxiliaire Cavβ3, susceptible d’interagir avec l’extrémité C-terminale de la sous-unité Cavα1 par l’intermédiaire de son domaine SH3 (Lao, Kobrinsky et al. 2008). Les résultats obtenus dans les ovocytes de Xénope ont mis en évidence que les sous-unités Cavα1.2 tronquées montraient des courants globaux plus élevés que le canal « pleine longueur » en présence de la sous-unité auxiliaire Cavβ3 et que les sous-unités Cavα1.2 tronquées donnaient des courants en absence de la sous-unité Cavβ3 contrairement à la sous-unité Cavα1.2 « pleine longueur ». Afin de vérifier si l’augmentation des courants macroscopiques était le résultat d’une augmentation du nombre de sous-unités Cavα1.2 à la membrane, nous avons choisi de quantifier la fluorescence spécifiquement due à cette sous-unité en utilisant la méthode de cytométrie de flux (FACS : « Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting »). L’épitope HA a été inséré dans une région extracellulaire de la sous-unité Cavα1 du canal calcique Cav1.2 et un anticorps anti-HA couplé au FITC (« Fluorescein IsoThioCyanate ») a été utilisé pour observer la fluorescence. Nos résultats confirment que la sous-unité Cavα1-HA du canal calcique Cav1.2, s’exprime à la membrane plasmique en présence de la sous-unité auxiliaire Cavβ3, et qu’en absence de celle-ci, ne s’exprime que peu ou pas à la membrane. Les mêmes résultats ont été obtenus pour les trois délétions testées dans les mêmes conditions soit Cavα1.2-HA ΔC1935, Cavα1.2-HA ΔC1856 et Cavα1.2-HA ΔC1733. Ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que l’augmentation des courants macroscopiques observés après une délétion partielle du C-terminal n’est pas causée par une augmentation du nombre de protéines Cavα1.2 à la membrane.
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La méthode IIM (Immersed Interface Method) permet d'étendre certaines méthodes numériques à des problèmes présentant des discontinuités. Elle est utilisée ici pour étudier un fluide incompressible régi par les équations de Navier-Stokes, dans lequel est immergée une membrane exerçant une force singulière. Nous utilisons une méthode de projection dans une grille de différences finies de type MAC. Une dérivation très complète des conditions de saut dans le cas où la viscosité est continue est présentée en annexe. Deux exemples numériques sont présentés : l'un sans membrane, et l'un où la membrane est immobile. Le cas général d'une membrane mobile est aussi étudié en profondeur.
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Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) forment la plus grande et la plus diversifiée des familles de protéines localisées à la surface cellulaire et responsables de la transmission de signaux à l’intérieur des cellules. D’intenses recherches effectuées au cours des trente dernières années ont mené à l’identification de dizaines de protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant la signalisation, la désensibilisation, l’internalisation et la dégradation de ces importantes cibles pharmacologiques. Contrairement aux processus régulant l’activité des récepteurs à partir de la membrane plasmique, les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant la biosynthèse des RCPGs dans le reticulum endoplasmique (RE) et leur transport jusqu’à la surface cellulaire sont très peu caractérisés. Une meilleure compréhension de ces processus nécessite l’identification de la machinerie protéique responsable de la maturation des RCPGs. Un crible protéomique basé sur le transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET), qui permet la mesure d’interactions protéiques dans les cellules vivantes, a mené à l’identification de plusieurs nouvelles protéines localisées dans la voie de sécrétion et interagissant potentiellement avec les RCPGs. Ces protéines étant localisées dans les compartiments cellulaires (reticulum endoplasmique et appareil de Golgi) responsables de la synthèse, du repliement adéquat et du transport à la membrane plasmique des récepteurs, il est très probable qu’elles soient impliquées dans le contrôle de l’expression des RCPGs à la surface cellulaire. La caractérisation de l’homologue humain de cornichon 4 (CNIH4), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs identifié dans le crible, a démontré que cette protéine localisée dans les compartiments précoces de la voie de sécrétion (RE et ERGIC) interagit de façon sélective avec les RCPGs. De plus, la suppression de l’expression endogène de cette protéine préalablement non-caractérisée, diminue le transport à la membrane plasmique d’un récepteur, indiquant que CNIH4 influence positivement l’export des RCPGs du RE. Ceci est supporté par l’observation que la surexpression de CNIH4 à de faibles niveaux favorise la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE. Nous avons également pu démontrer que CNIH4 est associée à la protéine Sec23, une des composantes de l’enveloppe des vésicules COPII qui sont responsables du transport des protéines du RE vers le Golgi, suggérant que CNIH4 pourrait favoriser le recrutement des récepteurs dans ces vésicules. La surexpression de CNIH4 à de très hauts niveaux provoque également la rétention intracellulaire des récepteurs. Cet effet dominant négatif pourrait être causé par la titration d’un autre facteur d’export des RCPGs. Une deuxième étude a permis de révéler que la protéine transmembranaire 9 (TMEM9), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs également identifié dans le crible, interagit sélectivement avec les récepteurs et avec CNIH4. La surexpression de cette protéine aux fonctions précédemment inconnues, rétablit le transport normal d’un récepteur en présence de CNIH4 surexprimée. De plus, la co-expression de TMEM9 potentialise la capacité de CNIH4 à augmenter la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE, suggérant que ces deux protéines forment un complexe régulant la maturation des RCPGs. Au cours de cette thèse, de nouvelles protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant leur expression à la membrane plasmique ont donc été identifiées, permettant une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulant le transport des récepteurs du RE à la surface cellulaire.
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Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
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Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté de médecine en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences appliquées (M.Sc.A.) en génie biomédical, option génie clinique.
Zeolite Encapsulated Complexes Of Fe,Co,Ni,Cu And Pd:Synthesis , Characterization And Catalysis-2003
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This thesis deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalysis activity studies of some zeolite encapsulated complexes. Encapsulation inside the zeolite cages makes the catalysts more stable. Further, the framework prevents the complexes from dimerising. Catalysis by metal complexes encapsulated in the cavities of zeolites and other molecular sieves has many features of homogeneous, heterogenous and enzymatic catalysis. Serious attempts has been made to gain product selectivity in catalysis .The catalytic activity shown by the encapsulated complexes can be correlated to the structure of the active site inside the zeolite pore. It deals with the studies on the partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. The oxidatio was carried out using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant in presence of PdYDMG and CuYSPP as catalysts. The product (benzaldehyde) was detected using TLC and confirmed using GC.The catalytic activity of the complexes was tested for oxidation under various conditions. The operating conditions like the amount of the catalyst, reaction time, oxidant to substrate ratio, reaction temprature, and solvents have been optimized. No further oxidation products were obtained on continuing the reaction for four hours beyond the optimum time. Maximum conversion was obtained at room temperature and the percentage conversion decreased with increase in temperature. Activity was found to be dependent on the solvent used. With increasing awareness about the dangers of environmental degradation, research in chemistry is getting increasing geared to the development of “green chemistry,” by designing environmentally friendly products and processes that bring down the generation and use of hazardous substances.
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The thesis deals with the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity studies of some new Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes of hydrazones and their zeolite encapsulated analogues. Hydrazones have diverse applications in biological, non-biological and biochemical front. During the present study three hydrazone types of ligands namely, acetylacetone- 2-hydroxyphenylhydrazone (APAcAc), acetoacetanilide- 2-hydroxyphenylhydrazone (APAcAcA) and acetoacetanilide-3,5-dihydro-2,4-dione pyrimidylhydrazone (AUAcAcA) were synthesized by diazotization of primary amine and coupling with compounds containing active methylene group. First part of the thesis deals with the synthesis of Fe, Co, Ni and Cu complexes using three hydrazone types of ligands are given. Details regarding the characterization of these complexes with a view to establishing the molecular structures are presented in this part. The other part contains the method of encapsulation of these complexes in zeolite cavities and their characterizations of the encapsulated metal species are described. A comparitive account of the catalytic activities of the pure and encapsulated complexes for cyclohexanol oxidation was also carried out.
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A new PVC membrane sensor, which is highly selective towards Ni (II) ions, has been developed using a thiophene-derivative Schiff base as the ionophore. The best performance was exhibited by the membrane having the composition percentage ratio of 5:3:61:31 (ionophore:NaTPB:DBP:PVC) (w=w), where NaTPB is the anion excluder, sodium tetraphenylborate and DBP is the plasticizing agent (dibutyl phthalate). The membrane exhibited a good Nernstian response for nickel ions over the concentration range of 1.0 10 1– 5.0 10 6M (limit of detection is 1.8 10 6 M) with a slope of 29.5 1.0mV per decade of activity. It has a fast response time of<20 s and can be used for a period of 4 months with good reproducibility. The sensor is suitable for use in aqueous solutions of a wide pH range of 3.2–7.9. The sensor shows high selectivity to nickel ions over a large number of mono-, bi- and trivalent cations. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of nickel ions against EDTA and also for direct determination of nickel content in real samples – wastewater samples from electroplating industries and Indian chocolates.
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A new PVC membrane sensor, which is highly selective towards Ni (II) ions, has been developed using a thiophene-derivative Schiff base as the ionophore. The best performance was exhibited by the membrane having the composition percentage ratio of 5:3:61:31 (ionophore:NaTPB:DBP:PVC) (w=w), where NaTPB is the anion excluder, sodium tetraphenylborate and DBP is the plasticizing agent (dibutyl phthalate). The membrane exhibited a good Nernstian response for nickel ions over the concentration range of 1.0 10 1– 5.0 10 6M (limit of detection is 1.8 10 6 M) with a slope of 29.5 1.0mV per decade of activity. It has a fast response time of<20 s and can be used for a period of 4 months with good reproducibility. The sensor is suitable for use in aqueous solutions of a wide pH range of 3.2–7.9. The sensor shows high selectivity to nickel ions over a large number of mono-, bi- and trivalent cations. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of nickel ions against EDTA and also for direct determination of nickel content in real samples – wastewater samples from electroplating industries and Indian chocolates.
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In this regard Schiff base complexes have attracted wide attention. Furthermore, such complexes are found to play important role in analytical chemistry, organic synthesis, metallurgy, refining of metals, electroplating and photography. Many Schiff base complexes are reported in literature. Their properties depend on the nature of the metal ion as well as on the nature of the ligand. By altering the ligands it is possible to obtain desired electronic environment around the metal ion. Thus there is a continuing interest in the synthesis of simple and zeolite encapsulated Schiff base complexes of metal ions. Zeolites have a number of striking structural similarities to the protein portion of natural enzymes. Zeolite based catalysts are known for their remarkable ability of mimicking the chemistry of biological systems. In view of the importance of catalysts in all the areas of modern chemical industries, an effort has been made to synthesize some simple Schiff base complexes, heterogenize them by encapsulating within the supercages of zeoliteY cavities and to study their applications. The thesis deals with studies on the synthesis and characterization of some simple and zeoliteY encapsulated Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes and on the catalytic activity of these complexes on some oxidation reactions. Simple complexes were prepared from the Schiff base ligands SBT derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and salicylaldehyde and the ligand VBT derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole and vanillin (4-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzaldehyde). ZeoliteY encapsulated Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of Schiff base ligands SBT and VBT and also of 2-aminobenzothiazole were synthesized. All the prepared complexes were characterized using the physico-chemical techniques such as chemical analysis (employing AAS and CHN analyses), magnetic moment studies, conductance measurements and electronic and FTIR spectra. EPR spectra of the Cu(II) complexes were also carried out to know the probable structures and nature of Cu(II) complexes. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out to obtain the information regarding the thermal stability of various complexes. The successful encapsulations of the complexes within the cavities of zeoliteY were ascertained by XRD, surface area and pore volume analysis. Assignments of geometries of simple and zeoliteY encapsulated complexes are given in all the cases. Both simple and zeoliteY encapsulated complexes were screened for catalytic activity towards oxidation reactions such as decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and cyclohexanol.