Morfoanatomia e histoquímica da semente de sororoca (Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Endl. - Strelitziaceae)

Phenakospermum guyannense é popularmente conhecida na Amazônia como sororoca, geralmente encontrada próxima a cursos d´água, em ambientes ombrófilos. Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever a morfoanatomia e histoquímica da semente madura de P. guyannense, como contribuição a estudos taxonômicos, fisiológicos e ecológicos. Sementes maduras foram coletadas nas margens da Cachoeira do Urubuí, no Município de Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas. O estudo anatômico foi realizado conforme técnicas usuais para análise em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Foram aplicados testes histoquímicos para a detecção de compostos fenólicos, amido, proteína e lipídios. A semente madura de P. guyannense é estenospérmica, com envoltório de cor negra, formado por vários estratos de diferentes tipos celulares, sendo a maioria impregnada de compostos fenólicos. O hilo é punctiforme, circundado por células que constituem o arilo. O endosperma é sólido, constituído por células tetraédricas de conteúdo amiláceo e proteico. O embrião é basal capitado, apresentando células de conteúdo lipídico e proteico, composto por eixo hipocótilo-radícula levemente dilatado de forma cilíndrica e localiza-se na região proximal. O haustório apresenta formato aplanado e situa-se na região distal.

Qualidade dos frutos de crambe durante o armazenamento

Em sementes armazenadas sob condições adequadas, a velocidade do processo de deterioração pode ser diminuída, permitindo a conservação da viabilidade das mesmas por período mais prolongado do que o obtido em condições naturais. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar a qualidade dos frutos de Crambe abyssinica armazenados em diferentes condições ambientais. Foram utilizados frutos de crambe com teor de agua de 6% b.u. Os testes de condutividade elétrica, absorção de água, porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) foram realizados no início do experimento (0 meses) e a cada 2 meses, durante um ano. O armazenamento foi realizado em três condições distintas: condição ambiente (26 ± 3 ºC; 55 ± 12% Umidade Relativa - UR), câmara refrigerada do tipo B.O.D. (5 ± 1 ºC; 79 ±5 % UR) e câmara climatizada com aparelho de ar condicionado (18 ± 1 ºC; 53 ± 7% UR). A câmara climatizada (18 ± 1 ºC; 53 ± 7% UR) conserva melhor a qualidade dos frutos de crambe em relação à condição ambiente (26 ± 3 ºC; 55 ± 12% UR) e câmara refrigerada do tipo B.O.D. (5 ± 1 ºC; 79 ± 5% UR). O armazenamento dos frutos por doze meses, nos três ambientes analisados, promove a quebra de dormência das sementes.

Morfologia comparativa de propágulos de Chrysophyllum amazonicum T. D. Penn. e Chrysophyllum prieurii A.D. Candolle

O gênero Chrysophyllum possui cerca de 70 espécies. O estudo da morfologia possibilita diferenciar espécies do mesmo gênero. Com este trabalho objetivou-se comparar morfologicamente os propágulos de C. amazonicum e C. prieurii. Os frutos foram coletados de matrizes ocorrentes na base de extração petrolífera Geólogo Pedro de Moura, Coari, AM. Uma subamostra com 50 frutos e sementes foi selecionada aleatoriamente para a descrição morfológica. Para a caracterização do desenvolvimento da plântula foi semeada uma amostra de 4x25 sementes, em areia lavada e vermiculita (2:1). Os frutos são secos em C. amazonicum e carnosos em C. prieurii. As sementes diferenciam-se no formato e coloração dos cotilédones: obovados e esverdeados em C. amazonicum e oblongos e amarelados em C. prieurii. A germinação é epígea e o parâmetro de diferenciação nessa fase, é o formato do limbo cotiledonar, elíptico obovado em C. amazonicum e elíptico oblongo em C. prieurii. As plântulas, em ambas as espécies, são fanerocotiledonar com cotilédones foliáceos, que visualmente aparentam semelhança. Contudo em análise detalhada é possível distingui-las pela cor da raiz principal, pelo formato em corte transversal do epicótilo, e pelo formato do limbo do eofilo, lanceolado elíptico em C. amazonicum e lanceolado estreito elíptico em C. prieurii.

Uso da reidratação e do hipoclorito de sódio para acelerar a emergência de plântulas de cafeeiro

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do hipoclorito de sódio na degradação do pergaminho de sementes de cafeeiro reidratadas ou não, e o efeito desta degradação sobre a emergência de plântulas. Amostras de sementes da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44, com graus de umidade de 12, 16 e 20%, foram reidratadas em água corrente até 33% e outra amostra permaneceu com o grau de umidade inicial. Em seguida, todas as sementes (reidratadas ou não) foram pré-embebidas em solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio nas concentrações de 0, 3, 4 e 5% de cloro ativo, por três horas, além dos tratamentos sementes com pergaminho e pergaminho retirado manualmente. As avaliações da percentagem e velocidade de emergência das plântulas foram realizadas em condições de viveiro. A imersão das sementes com teor de água inicial de 12, 16 e 20%, em solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio a 3, 4 e 5% foi tão eficiente quanto a remoção manual do pergaminho, para aumentar e acelerar a emergência das plântulas, em condições de viveiro. Não há necessidade de reidratação, até atingir 33% de grau de umidade, antes da imersão das sementes em solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio, para melhoria da emergência das plântulas.

Survey, survival and control of Alternaria alternata in wheat seeds

The fungus Alternaria alternata was quantified in 75 wheat seed samples collected from three different regions of southern Brazil for Cropping and Use Value (CUV) I, II and III. Fungal presence was evaluated in two hundred disinfested seeds per sample before sowing in a potato-dextrose-agar medium + antibiotic (PDA+A). Fungus survival was evaluated every 45 days for 180 days for three seed batches from six wheat cultivars stored in propylene bags in a storehouse, with air temperature varying between 18 to 22 °C and relative air humidity around 60%. The efficacy of carboxin+thiram, difenoconazol, thiram, triadimenol, triticonazol and triticonazol + iprodione fungicides to control A. alternata was determined. A. alternata was detected in all the samples with an incidences of 39.6 %, 38.8% and 35.9% for the CUV I, CUV II and CUV III regions, respectively. The highest mean incidence of the fungus was found in the CUV I region, the coolest and most humid, and was significantly different from the other two regions. The average reduction in A. alternata viability in the wheat cultivar seeds was 49.5% during the 180 days of storage (inter-harvest period), demonstrating that infected seeds are the primary inoculum source for the fungus. The triticonazol + iprodione fungicide mixture efficiently controls A. alternata.

Critical levels of organic acids on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat

The objective of this study was to determine the responses of the wheat cultivars CD 108 and CD 111 for tolerance to organic acids. The effects of five concentrations of the three main acids formed in the soil were studied: acetic acid (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mM), propionic acid (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mM) and butyric acid (0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 mM). Tests included germination, shoot length, root length and dry weight of shoot and root. The variable root length is the most responsive variable for all the acids tested and the critical level of toxicity of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, which reduced root length by at least 50% was 9.0, 8.5 and 4.0 mM respectively. It was concluded that the presence of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the germination substratum of wheat seeds of the cultivars CD 111 and CD 108 reduced seedling development, mainly by reducing the length of the radicles.

RR soybean seed quality after application of glyphosate in different stages of crop development

In consequence of several studies and speculations concerning the issue of RR transgenic soybean after the application of glyphosate, additional scientific investigations became necessary to clarify the actual viability of the product use when applied in different developmental stages of the soybean crop. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the physiological quality as well as seed health quality of RR soybean subjected to application of the herbicide glyphosate in different phonological stages of the transgenic soybean, cultivar CD 219RR. For this, an experiment with a complete block experimental design with treatments randomly distributed within the block, with four replications, was carried out. The assessed treatments were foliar sprayings of glyphosate in three increasing dosages [0 (control); 1,440 g ha-1; and 2,880 g ha-1] of acid equivalent, applied in two crop developmental stages: vegetative (V6) and reproductive (R2). The variables assessed were: germination; first count of germination; fresh and dry mass of seedlings, lengths of seedling and root; vigor and viability by the tetrazolium test; and seed health quality. Glyphosate application may adversely affect physiological quality of RR soybean seeds, when applied in dosages varying from 1,440 to 2,880 g acid equivalent per hectare at the stages V6 and R2.

Seed quality parameters of three interspecific hybrids of elephant grass x pearl millet

An interspecific hybrid resulting from the crossing of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) x pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) has been developed. This hybrid, however, revealed low phenotypic uniformity and low production of pure seeds. Through recurrent selection, two improved populations were obtained (genotypes Corte and Pastoreio). The aim of this study was assessing seed quality of the three hybrids (genotypes Corte, Pastoreio and Paraiso) by tests of: seed purity; seed germination; accelerated aging test, at 42 ºC; 1,000 seeds weight; drying curves; and sorption and desorption isotherms. Recurrent selection altered the seed size and increased initial quality of population for genotype Pastoreio. Drying curves for the three hybrids have shown similar behavior and reached moisture contents of 2.1%, 1.9%, and 1.8%, respectively, after 63 days. The accelerated aging test showed that hybrid Pastoreio was the most vigorous.

Desiccation tolerance of Tapirira obtusa seeds collected from different environments

This study was aimed at evaluating the desiccation sensitivity in seeds of the tree Tapirira obtusa (Benth.) J. D. Mitchell collected from three different environments and subjected to two distinct drying speeds. Seeds were collected from a rocky area, in the "Cerrado", and in a riparian forest area, in the region of municipality of Lavras, State of Minas Gerais. The seeds were subjected to drying with magnesium chloride (slow drying) or silica gel (fast drying), into closed environment, until moisture contents of 40%, 30%, 20% and 10%, considering as control, the percentage of germination at the initial moisture content in each environment, which varied from 47% to 50%. Percentages of germination and normal seedlings as well as germination speed index were assessed. For the three environments studied, there was no effect of slow drying on seed germination. Seeds from area of Cerrado, however, have shown a slight reduction on germination when subjected to fast drying. Oppositely, seeds from rocky area had germination increased when subjected to fast drying. Seeds from riparian forest area had no reduction on germination percentage, independent of drying speed. Results suggest that seeds of T. obtusa are not sensitive to desiccation.

Physiological quality, content and activity of antioxidants in soybean seeds artificially aged

The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological quality, content, and activity of antioxidants, in soybean seeds subjected to accelerated aging during different periods. Seeds of cultivars BRS 258, BRS 262 and BRS 268, subjected to accelerated aging during 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours and non-aged seeds were used. After each aging period, the seed were evaluated by tests of: germination; first count and tetrazolium. The total of phenolic compounds, total flavonoides, total of isoflavones, and activity for eliminating ABTS●+ radicals were quantified. There were differences among cultivars according to vigor and viability only after seeds were aged. Cultivars BRS 158 and BRS 268 have shown better seed physiological quality in each aging period; however, not presenting higher amounts of isoflavones and efficiency in removing free radicals. For all cultivars, the values for total of phenolic compounds, as well as total of flavonoids have shown quadratic positive behavior; the values for isoflavones remained constant and the vigor and viability showed contrary trend to activity of antioxidant agents.

Viability of recently harvested and stored Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) seeds

Xylopia aromatica is a native species from Brazil's "Cerrado", recommended for restoration ecology and also as a medicine. Its seeds have embryos with morphophysiological dormancy, making nursery propagation difficult. The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of X-ray and tetrazolium tests for evaluating the viability of three seed lots, stored for different periods. All seeds were X-rayed (13 kV, 350 seconds) and samples used for tetrazolium and germination tests. In the tetrazolium test, seeds were submitted to six treatments at two temperatures (25 and 30 °C) with imbibition in distilled water and immersion in three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) at the two imbibition temperatures. Seeds for the germination test were placed for imbibition in distilled water and a 500 ppm Promalin® (6-Benzyladenine + GA4 + GA7) solution and later sown in sterilized sand. The embryo could not be observed with the X-ray test. However, those seeds observed with an undamaged endosperm did not differ in the percentages of seeds with firm and stained endosperms observed in the tetrazolium test for all the lots. The tetrazolium test is efficient for evaluating seed viability, principally if imbibed at 30 °C and immersed in a 0.5% solution at 30 °C.

Physiological quality of coffee seeds produced under different levels of solar radiation and maturation stages

In Brazil, although the coffee plantations are predominantly grown under full sunlight, the use of agroforestry systems can lead to socioeconomic advantages, thus providing a favorable environment to the crop by promoting its sustainability as well as environmental preservation. However, there is a lack of information on physiological quality of the coffee seeds produced under different levels of solar radiation. Within this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different levels of solar radiation and maturation stages on the physiological quality of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seeds, cv. Acaiá Cerrado MG-1474. Three levels of solar radiation (plants grown under full sunlight; under plastic screens of 35% shading; and under plastic screens of 50% shading) and three maturation stages (cherry, greenish-yellow and green) were assessed. Physiological quality of seeds was assessed by using germination test, first count of germination, abnormal seedlings, dead seeds, and seedlings with open cotyledonary leaves. Electrophoretic analysis of isoenzymes catalase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase was also performed. With the evolution of development the coffee seeds presents increases on physiological quality, and at its beginning the seeds show improvements on quality with the reduction of solar radiation.

Physiological potential of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu seeds kept in contact with phosphatic fertilizers

The effect of mixture of seeds of Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu, with different sources, granulometry, and phosphatic fertilizer doses during various periods of exposure on the physiological potential of the seeds has been assessed. The treatments consisted in seed exposure during periods of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h to the following fertilizers: ground granulated single superphosphate (SS), and powdered (SSp); and ground granulated ammonium monophosphate (AMP), at doses of 40 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1. Tests of germination, tetrazolium, moisture content, and vigor (first count, electrical conductivity, emergence, emergence speed, and fresh mass of seedlings) were performed. It has been concluded that seed physiological potential of B. brizantha cv. Marandu is reduced with increase on the exposure period to phosphatic fertilizer. Such effect, however, is dependent on the product source, granulometry, and dose. SSp was the most harmful to seeds, followed by SSp and AMP, respectively. Moreover, considering a 60% germination rate as acceptable, it may be inferred that seeds can be kept in contact with AMP and SSp, in dose of 80 kg of P2O5 ha-1, respectively, for periods of 71.2 and 16.2 hours.

Storage of Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau seeds in different packaging and temperatures

Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau, commonly known as Silver Trumpet Tree is a forestal species, belonging to Bignoniaceae family, which can be utilized as medicinal plant or in landscaping of urban and rural areas; besides producing large mechanical resistance wood. Despite its wide use and ecological importance, basic studies on storages of their seeds are scarce. This way, the objective of this study was to determine the most adequate packaging and the best temperatures, for storing seeds of T. caraiba. For this, seeds were stored in two types of packaging: Kraft paper bags and transparent polyethylene bags; which were then stored during 150 days under three different environments: laboratory normal environment (25±2 °C); cold chamber (8±2 °C); and refrigerator (6±2 °C). After periods of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days, seed moisture content, percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, and seedling length were evaluated. Seeds of T. caraiba kept in packaging of paper and polyethylene bags and stored at laboratory environmental condition, have lost more quickly their vigor along the storage period. For storage, it is recommended the maintenance of T. caraiba seeds in polyethylene bags into cold chamber; and/or polyethylene bags or Kraft paper bags into refrigerator.

Maturação e dormência em diásporos de carrapicho-de-carneiro (Acanthospermum hispidum DC. - Asteraceae)

Objetivou-se acompanhar a maturação dos diásporos de carrapicho-de-carneiro (Acanthospermum hispidum DC.) e avaliar métodos de superação da dormência. Diásporos com 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após antese (DAA) obtidos em plantas ocorrentes na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as dimensões dos diásporos de cada estádio, seu teor de água e de massa seca. Fez-se um teste de emergência de plântulas, a 25 ºC, sob 16 horas de luz em areia lavada. Avaliou-se semanalmente a emissão da parte aérea, determinando o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) e a porcentagem de diásporos mortos e dormentes. Em outro experimento, utilizaram-se tratamentos para superação da dormência: escarificação com lixa; lavagem em água corrente por 24 horas; estratificação a 10 ºC por sete dias; GA3 a 4000 mg L-1; sementes intactas. Ocorreram incrementos na largura e na massa da matéria seca até 21 DAA, o comprimento aumentou até 35 DAA. A máxima emergência de plântulas (45%) e o máximo IVE (3,4) ocorreram aos 21 DAA, quando ocorreu a maturidade fisiológica; nos estádios seguintes verificou-se aumento da dormência. A. hispidum dispersa sementes fisiologicamente dormentes e a dormência é superada com GA3.