Characterization of polyphenol oxidase in two cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivars produced in the south of Bahia, Brazil

Abstract The reactions leading to the formation of precursors of chocolate flavor are performed by endogenous enzymes present in the cocoa seed. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) presence and activity during fermentation of cocoa beans is responsible for the development of flavor precursors and is also implicated in the reduction of bitterness and astringency. However, the reliability of cocoa enzyme activities is complicated due to variations in different genotypes, geographical origins and methods of fermentation. In addition, there is still a lack of systematic studies comparing different cocoa cultivars. So, the present study was designed to characterize the activity of PPO in the pulp and seeds of two cocoa cultivars, PH 16 and TSH 1188. The PPO activity was determined spectrophotometrically and characterized as the optimal substrate concentration, pH and temperature and the results were correlated with the conditions during the fermentation process. The results showed the specificity and differences between the two cocoa cultivars and between the pulp and seeds of each cultivar. It is suggested that specific criteria must be adopted for each cultivar, based on the optimal PPO parameters, to prolong the period of maximum PPO activity during fermentation, contributing to the improvement of the quality of cocoa beans.

The impact on advanced economies of north-south trade in manufacturing and services

Many types of production are being transferred from the rich economies of the North to the poorer economies of the South. Such changes began in manufacturing but are now spreading to services. This paper provides estimates of their past and future impact on employment in the North. About 5 million manufacturing jobs have been lost over the past decade because of trade with low-wage economies. A similar number of service jobs may be lost to low-wage economies over the next decade. Although small compared to total employment, such losses may seriously harm certain localities or types of worker.

Sanaleikkien kääntäminen animaatiosarjassa South Park

Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan sanaleikkien kääntämistä amerikkalaisen animaatiosarja South Parkin suomen- ja saksankielisissä DVD-tekstityksissä. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, miten hyvin sanaleikit säilyvät tekstityskäännöksessä, ja vaikuttaako tekstityskieli sanaleikkien säilymiseen. Tutkin, mitä eri sanaleikkityyppejä lähtö- ja kohdekielissä esiintyy, ja miten eri sanaleikkityyppejä on käännetty suomessa ja saksassa. Lisäksi vertailen, millaisia käännösstrategioita suomen- ja saksankielisissä tekstityksissä on käytetty sanaleikkien kääntämiseen. Tutkimusaineistona on South Parkin kolmelta tuotantokaudelta kerätyt englanninkieliset sanaleikit ja niiden suomen- ja saksankieliset käännökset. Tutkimuksen sanaleikit jaetaan kielellisten ominaisuuksien perusteella viiteen yläkategoriaan, jotka jakautuvat yhteensä neljääntoista alakategoriaan. Sanaleikit perustuvat joko fonetiikkaan (homofonia, paronymia ja foneettinen jäljittely), morfologiaan (yhdistellyt sanat, keksityt sanat, sananmukaisuus ja sanarajoilla leikittely), semantiikkaan (homonymia, polysemia, kaksikieliset sanaleikit ja sanojen väärinkäyttö), syntaksiin (syntaktinen homonymia) tai pragmatiikkaan (muunnellut alluusiot ja sanonnat sekä kuva tukee yhtä tulkintaa). Lisäksi osassa sanaleikeissä yhdistyy useampi sanaleikkityyppi. Englanninkielisestä tutkimusaineistosta löytyi yhteensä 58 sanaleikkiä, joista oli säilynyt suomenkieliseen tekstitykseen 36 ja saksankieliseen 34. Näin ollen alkuperäisestä sanaleikkimäärästä säilyi suomenkielisiin tekstityksiin 62,1 %, ja saksankielisiin 58,6 %. Oletuksenani oli, että sanaleikeistä häviäisi noin puolet, joten hypoteesini toteutui. Ero suomen ja saksan välillä on kuitenkin niin pieni, ettei sen perusteella voida vetää johtopäätöstä siitä, onko kohdekielellä ollut merkitystä sanaleikkien käännettävyyteen. Saksan ja englannin kielisukulaisuus ei vaikuttanut vastoin ennakko-odotuksia suuresti sanaleikkien säilymiseen, eikä myöskään sillä ollut merkitystä, mitä käännösmetodia – tekstitystä vai dubbausta – kohdekulttuurissa yleensä käytetään. Sitä vastoin sanaleikkityyppi vaikutti tutkituissa kohdekielissä sanaleikkien käännettävyyteen. Tutkimusaineistossa käytettyjä käännösstrategioita oli yhteensä kuusi. Tutkimuksestani selvisi, että strategioiden määrät ja suhteelliset osuudet jakaantuivat hyvin samalla tavalla molemmissa kielissä. Sekä suomessa että saksassa yleisin käännösstrategia oli sanaleikkityypin säilyttäminen, ja toiseksi eniten oli käytetty sanaleikin sivuuttamista. Kolmanneksi käytetyin käännösstrategia molemmissa kielissä oli sanaleikin korvaaminen retorisella tehokeinolla. Sanaleikin kopiointi oli saksassa neljänneksi ja suomessa viidenneksi yleisin käännösstrategia, ja sanaleikkityypin muuttaminen suomessa neljänneksi ja saksassa viidenneksi käytetyin käännösstrategia. Sanaleikkikohdan poisto oli suomenkielisissä tekstityksissä vähiten käytetty käännösstrategia, ja saksassa sitä ei ollut käytetty kertaakaan.

Trade with China and strategy in South American recent economic development

Trade between South America and China has been an important source of the high growth shown by those economies in the 2000s. During the globalization of the 1990s, trade between the region and China had not developed so much. A rather sharp growth in China's presence in world trade since the beginning of the 2000s changed the world trade trends for MERCOSUR countries, or, at least, for many of them. The impact of the increasing trade of agrifood has been very relevant, and different per country. Strategy is another important issue, referring to bilateral relations with China. This country should be seen as a partner in the global trade, and not as a new foreign investor for the region, but this may be different in the context of different national strategies of South American countries.

Optimal Recycling Combination of Ash in South-East Finland

The present world energy production is heavily relying on the combustion of solid fuels like coals, peat, biomass, municipal solid waste, whereas the share of renewable fuels is anticipated to increase in the future to mitigate climate change. In Finland, peat and wood are widely used for energy production. In any case, the combustion of solid fuels results in generation of several types of thermal conversion residues, such as bottom ash, fly ash, and boiler slag. The predominant residue type is determined by the incineration technology applied, while its composition is primarily relevant to the composition of fuels combusted. An extensive research has been conducted on technical suitability of ash for multiple recycling methods. Most of attention was drawn to the recycling of the coal combustion residues, as coal is the primary solid fuel consumed globally. The recycling methods of coal residues include utilization in a cement industry, in concrete manufacturing, and mine backfilling, to name few. Biomass combustion residues were also studied to some extent with forest fertilization, road construction, and road stabilization being the predominant utilization options. Lastly, residues form municipal solid waste incineration attracted more attention recently following the growing number of waste incineration plants globally. The recycling methods of waste incineration residues are the most limited due to its hazardous nature and varying composition, and include, among others, landfill construction, road construction, mine backfilling. In the study, environmental and economic aspects of multiple recycling options of thermal conversion residues generated within a case-study area were studied. The case-study area was South-East Finland. The environmental analysis was performed using an internationally recognized methodology — life cycle assessment. Economic assessment was conducted applying a widely used methodology — cost-benefit analysis. Finally, the results of the analyses were combined to enable easier comparison of the recycling methods. The recycling methods included the use of ash in forest fertilization, road construction, road stabilization, and landfill construction. Ash landfilling was set as a baseline scenario. Quantitative data about the amounts of ash generated and its composition was obtained from companies, their environmental reports, technical reports and other previously published literature. Overall, the amount of ash in the case-study area was 101 700 t. However, the data about 58 400 t of fly ash and 35 100 t of bottom ash and boiler slag were included in the study due to lack of data about leaching of heavy metals in some cases. The recycling methods were modelled according to the scientific studies published previously. Overall, the results of the study indicated that ash utilization for fertilization and neutralization of 17 600 ha of forest was the most economically beneficial method, which resulted in the net present value increase by 58% compared to ash landfilling. Regarding the environmental impact, the use of ash in the construction of 11 km of roads was the most attractive method with decreased environmental impact of 13% compared to ash landfilling. The least preferred method was the use of ash for landfill construction since it only enabled 11% increase of net present value, while inducing additional 1% of negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a following recycling route was proposed in the study. Where possible and legally acceptable, recycle fly and bottom ash for forest fertilization, which has strictest requirements out of all studied methods. If the quality of fly ash is not suitable for forest fertilization, then it should be utilized, first, in paved road construction, second, in road stabilization. Bottom ash not suitable for forest fertilization, as well as boiler slag, should be used in landfill construction. Landfilling should only be practiced when recycling by either of the methods is not possible due to legal requirements or there is not enough demand on the market. Current demand on ash and possible changes in the future were assessed in the study. Currently, the area of forest fertilized in the case-study are is only 451 ha, whereas about 17 600 ha of forest could be fertilized with ash generated in the region. Provided that the average forest fertilizing values in Finland are higher and the area treated with fellings is about 40 000 ha, the amount of ash utilized in forest fertilization could be increased. Regarding road construction, no new projects launched by the Center of Economic Development, Transport and the Environment in the case-study area were identified. A potential application can be found in the construction of private roads. However, no centralized data about such projects is available. The use of ash in stabilization of forest roads is not expected to increased in the future with a current downwards trend in the length of forest roads built. Finally, the use of ash in landfill construction is not a promising option due to the reducing number of landfills in operation in Finland.

[Grève des cheminots en Angleterre, train à l'arrêt portant l'inscription LB&SCR, London, Brighton & South Coast Railway] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 56126

Welch Hall South Entrance

The main entrance to Welch Hall and the David S. Howes Theatre, formerly the Playhouse. The Schmon Tower can be seen in the background. Note the sign reading 'St. Catharines Teachers College. This photograph thus precedes the amalgamation of the College with Brock University.

Welch Hall South Entrance

The main entrance to Welch Hall and the David S. Howes Theatre, formerly the Playhouse. The Schmon Tower can be seen in the background. The 'St. Catharines Teachers College' sign is no longer present. This photograph was taken at some point after the College joined Brock University.

Snowy South Entrance

The main entrance to Welch Hall and the David S. Howes Theatre, formerly the Playhouse. The Schmon Tower can be seen in the background. Note the sign reading 'College of Education & The Playhouse'. This photograph was taken some time after the College joined Brock University.

Welch Hall South Entrance

A view of the south entrance from Thistle Complex in 1999.

Academic South and North ( September 2002)

The Academic South and Academic North buildings are located at the west end of campus. The 80 000 square-foot facilities include the Computer Commons, several multimedia lecture halls, office space, state-of-the-art labs, a food court, and student meeting space. The complex included some of the most modern technology, including broadband Internet video conferencing that enabled real-time visual contact between professors, students, and researchers from around the world.

Structural studies in the Southern Province, South of Sudbury, Ontario

Rocks correlated with the Hough Lake and Quirke Lake Groups of the Huronian Supergroup form part of a northeasterly trending corridor that separates 1750 Ma granitic intrusive rocks of the Chief Lake batholith from the 1850 Ma mafic intrusive rocks of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. This corridor is dissected by two major structural features; the Murray Fault Zone (MFZ) and the Long Lake Fault (LLF). Detailed structural mapping and microstructural analysis indicates that the LLF, which has juxtaposed Huronian rocks of different deformation style and metamorphism grade, was a more significant plane of dislocation than the MFZ. The sense of displacement along the LLF is high angle reverse in which rocks to the southeast have been raised relative to those in the northwest. South of the LLF Huronian rocks underwent ductile defonnation at amphibolite facies conditions. The strain was constrictional, defined by a triaxial strain ellipsoid in which X > Y > z. Calculations of a regional k value were approximately 1.3. Penetrative ductile defonnation resulted in the development of a preferred crystallographic orientation in quartz as well as the elongation of quartz grains to fonn a regional southeast-northwest trending, subvertical lineation. Similar lithologies north of the LLF underwent dominantly brittle deformation under greenschist facies conditions. Deformation north of the LLF is characterized by the thrusting of structural blocks to form angular discordances in bedding orientation which were previously interpreted as folds. Ductile deformation occurred between 1750 and 1238 Ma and is correlated with a regional period of south over north reverse faulting that effected much of the southern Sudbury region. Post dating the reverse faulting event was a period of sedimentation as a conglomerate unit was deposited on vertically bedded Huronian rocks. Rocks in the study area were intruded by both mafic and felsic dykes. The 1238 Ma mafic dykes appear to have been offset during a period of dextral strike slip displacement along the major fault'). Indirect evidence indicates that this event occurred after the thrusting at 950 to 1100 Ma associated with the Grenvillian Orogeny.

Attitudes toward Konglish of South Korean teachers of English in the Province of Jeollanamdo /

This study examined the attitudes of South Korean teachers of English in Jeollanamdo toward Konglish, particularly in relation to English education. The literature search shows that Konglish is a typical local variety, evolved from the borrowing and redefining of English words that became part of everyday South Korean speech. Konglish is not unique in this regard. Japlish in Japan and Chinglish in China developed for similar reasons and display the distinctive characteristics of those languages. However, Konglish is usually defined as poor and incorrect. Teachers in the study expressed embarrassment, shyness, guilt, and anger about Konglish. On the other hand, they also valued it as something uniquely theirs. Teachers believed that students should not be taught that Konglish is bad English. However, students should be taught that it is poor or incorrect. With few exceptions, they correct Konglish in their classes. Teachers exhibited considerable inner conflict. They defined Konglish as valid when used in Korea with Koreans. However, some preferred that their students not use it, even with their friends. This may cause students to judge Konglish as unacceptable or inferior. The teachers believed that students should learn to distinguish between Konglish and "Standard English," and that they should learn about the contexts in which each is appropriate or preferred. The conclusion, therefore, is that South Korean teachers see the value of teaching about varieties of English. The recommendations are that intelligibility, broader communication skills, and information about International English be included in the curriculum in South Korea.