Development of an Active Superconducting Magnetic Bearing

The potential use of YBa2Cu3C7as an active component in a magnetic bearing is being investigated. Measurements are being made of the load bearing capacity and related stiffnesses in comparison to predictions from the critical state model. Although the load bearing capacity is high and increases with the square of the magnetic field trapped the stiffness is low. We report on a novel design concept to overcome this problem. © 1995 IEEE

Active roll control of an experimental articulated vehicle

A new experimental articulated vehicle with computer-controlled suspensions is used to investigate the benefits of active roll control for heavy vehicles. The mechanical hardware, the instrumentation, and the distributed control architecture are detailed. A simple roll-plane model is developed and validated against experimental data, and used to design a controller based on lateral acceleration feedback. The controller is implemented and tested on the experimental vehicle. By tilting both the tractor drive axle and the trailer inwards, substantial reductions in normalized lateral load transfer are obtained, both in steady state and transient conditions. Power requirements are also considered. © IMechE 2005.

Implementation of semi-active damping on a tri-axle heavy-vehicle suspension

A semi-active truck damper was developed in conjunction with a commercial shock absorber manufacturer. A linearized damper model was developed for control system design purposes. Open- and closed-loop damper force tracking control was implemented, with tests showing that an open-loop approach gave the best compromise between response speed and accuracy. A hardware-in-the-loop test facility was used to investigate performance of the damper when combined with a simulated quarter-car model. The input to the vehicle model was a set of randomly generated road profiles, each profile traversed at an appropriate speed. Modified skyhook damping tests showed a simultaneous improvement over the optimum passive case of 13 per cent in vertical body acceleration and 8 per cent in dynamic tyre forces. Full-scale vehicle tests of the damper on a heavy tri-axle trailer were carried out. Implementation of modified skyhook damping yielded a simultaneous improvement over the optimum passive case of 8 per cent in vertical body acceleration and 8 per cent in dynamic tyre forces. © IMechE 2008.

An experimental semi-active anti-roll system

The use of anti-roll bars to provide additional roll stiffness and therefore to reduce the trade-off between ride and rollover performance has previously been studied. However, little work has been carried out to investigate the benefits of a switchable roll stiffness. Such a semi-active anti-roll system has the ability to have a low roll stiffness during straight-ahead driving for improved ride performance and high roll stiffness during cornering for improved roll performance. Modelling of such a system is conducted and the model is validated against a semi-active anti-roll system fitted to an experimental vehicle. Experimental and theoretical investigations are used to investigate the performance of such a system with several different strategies employed to switch to the high-stiffness state. The use of an air suspension on the vehicle to roll into corners is also investigated, as is the possibility of exploiting the road layout by allowing the vehicle to be in a low-roll-stiffness configuration during a corner, and then to switch to the high-roll-stiffness configuration midcorner, hence 'locking in' a roll angle. The best rollover performance improvement that was achieved was 12.5 per cent. © IMechE 2008.

Active Voltage Control on series connection of IGBTs and diode recovery optimization

In this paper an Active Voltage Control (AVC) technique is presented, for series connection of insulated-gate-bipolar-transistors (IGBT) and control of diode recovery. The AVC technique can control the switching trajectory of an IGBT according to a pre-set reference signal. In series connections, every series connected IGBT follows the reference and so that the dynamic voltage sharing is achieved. Another key advantage for AVC is that by changing the reference signal at turn-on, the diode recovery can be optimised. © 2010 IEEE.

Soft turn-on of NPT IGBT under Active Voltage Control

In this paper the soft turn-on of NPT IGBT under Active Voltage Control (AVC) is presented. The AVC technique is able to control the IGBT switching trajectory according to a pre-defined reference signal generated by a FPGA chip. By applying a special designed reference signal at turn-on, the IGBT turn-on current overshoot and diode recovery can be optimized. Experiments of soft turn-on with different reference signal are presented in this paper. This technique can be used to reduce the switching stress on the device and on other components of the circuit. © 2011 IEEE.

Frog skins keep redox homeostasis by antioxidant peptides with rapid radical scavenging ability

The question of how amphibians can protect themselves from reactive oxygen species when exposed to the sun in an oxygen-rich atmosphere is important and interesting, not only from an evolutionary viewpoint, but also as a primer for researchers interested in mammalian skin biology, in which such peptide systems for antioxidant defense are not well studied. The identification of an antioxidant peptide named antioxidin-RL from frog (Odorrana livida) skin in this report supports the idea that a peptide antioxidant system may be a widespread antioxidant strategy among amphibian skins. Its ability to eliminate most of the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical tested within 2 s, which is much faster than the commercial antioxidant factor butylated hydroxytoluene, suggests that it has a potentially large impact on redox homeostasis in amphibian skins. Cys10 is proven to be responsible for its rapid radical scavenging function and tyrosines take part in the binding of antioxidin-RL to radicals according to our nuclear magnetic resonance assay. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Active steering of a tractor-semi-trailer

This paper develops a path-following steering control strategy for an articulated heavy goods vehicle. The controller steers the axles of the semi-trailer so that its rear end follows the path of the fifth wheel coupling: for all paths and all speeds. This substantially improves low-speed manoeuvrability, off-tracking, and tyre scrubbing (wear). It also increases high-speed stability, reduces 'rearward amplification', and reduces the propensity to roll over in high-speed transient manoeuvres. The design of a novel experimental heavy goods vehicle with three independent hydraulically actuated steering axles is presented. The path-following controller is tested on the experimental vehicle, at low and high speeds. The field test results are compared with vehicle simulations and found to agree well. The benefits of this steering control approach are quantified. In a low-speed 'roundabout' manoeuvre, low-speed off-tracking was reduced by 73 per cent, from 4.25 m for a conventional vehicle to 1.15 m for the experimental vehicle; swept-path width was reduced by 2 m (28 per cent); peak scrubbing tyre forces were reduced by 83 per cent; and entry tail-swing was eliminated. In an 80 km/h lane-change manoeuvre, peak path error for the experimental vehicle was 33 per cent less than for the conventional vehicle, and rearward amplification of the trailer was 35 per cent less. Increasing the bandwidth of the steering actuators improved the high-speed dynamic performance of the vehicle, but at the expense of increased oil flow.

A highly active anticomplement factor from the venom of Naja kaouthia

A highly active anticomplement factor (cobra venom factor) from the venom of Naja kaouthia in South Yunnan, China was isolated by sequential column chromatography (SP-Sephadex-C25, Q Sepharose HP and Sephadex G-150). It displays strong anticomplement acti

Active control of sound radiated by a submarine hull in bending vibration using inertial actuators

Submarines are efficient sources of low frequency radiated noise due to the vibrations induced by the rotation of the propeller in a non uniform wake. In this work the possibility of using inertial actuators to reduce the far field sound pressure is investigated. The submerged vessel is modelled as a cylindrical shell with two conical end caps. Complicating effects such as ring stiffeners, bulkheads and the fluid loading are taken into account. A harmonic radial force is transmitted from the propeller to the hull through the stern end cone and it is tonal at the blade passing frequency (rotational speed of the shaft multiplied by the number of blades). The actuators are attached at the inside of the prow end cone to form a circumferential array. Both Active Vibration Control (AVC) and Active Structural Acoustic Control (ASAC) are analysed and it is shown that the inertial actuators can significantly reduce the far field sound pressure.