The determinants of offshore production by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) : a comparison of Japanese and US MNCs

This study employs confidential affiliate-level panel data to improve measures of foreign affiliate activities of Japanese firms in manufacturing sectors. Combining existing data on U.S. MNCs with the Japanese data, we illustrate the pattern and determinant of their foreign affiliate sales by destination market across countries and industries for the period 1989-2005. Among our results, Japanese and U.S. MNCs are similar in the substantial growth of their foreign affiliate sales and the importance of sales to local markets. However, Japanese MNCs are distinctive from U.S. MNCs in that Japanese affiliate sales in Asia were prominently higher in host markets with lower educational attainment.

Offshore stereo measurements of gravity waves: classical epipolar and novel variational techniques

Stereo video techniques are effective for estimating the space-time wave dynamics over an area of the ocean. Indeed, a stereo camera view allows retrieval of both spatial and temporal data whose statistical content is richer than that of time series data retrieved from point wave probes. Classical epipolar techniques and modern variational methods are reviewed to reconstruct the sea surface from the stereo pairs sequentially in time. Current improvements of the variational methods are presented.

Methodology for the design of offshore wind farms

Although still in an early stage, offshore wind development is now characterized by a boom process. This leads to the necessity of applying an integral management model for the design of offshore wind facilities, being the purpose of the model to achieve technical, economical and environmental viability, all within a sustainable development framework. The foregoing led to the research project exposed in this paper, consisting of drawing up an offshore wind farms methodological proposal; this methodology has a global and/or general nature or point of view whilst searching for optimization of the overall process of operations leading to the design of this type of installations and establishing collated theoretical bases for the further development of management tools. This methodological proposal follows a classical engineering thought scheme: it begins with the alternatives study, and ends with the detailed design. With this in mind, the paper includes the following sections: introduction, methodology used for the research project, conditioning factors, methodological proposal for the design of offshore wind farms, checking the methodological proposal, and conclusions

Offshore Wind Farms: Foundations and influence on the Littoral Processes

Offshore wind farms are beginning to form part of coastal and marine landscapes located in dynamic surroundings. An integral management model must therefore be applied to achieve not only technical and economic viability of the project but also respect for the environment. Amongst other aspects, the latter calls for an analysis of the possible impact these facilities may have on littoral processes and this requires the differences between littoral processes prior and subsequent to the facility’s construction to be known. The maritime climate, the composition of the coast, lay-out distribution and characteristics of the facility’s components need to be known, particularly foundations as they are the main obstacles waves and currents meet. This article first addresses different aspects related to an offshore wind farm’s influence on the analysis of how it affects littoral dynamics and, because of their importance in this study, pays special attention to foundations. Coastal erosion due to this type of facility is then examined. The main conclusion of this article is that, whilst there are certain opinions claiming the coast is not affected by the presence of this kind of facility since the distance from location to coast and between wind turbine generators themselves is long, the impact must be analysed in each specific case, at least until experience proves otherwise and criteria are adopted in this respect.

Condicionantes ambientales a la actividad minera del P.R.U.G. del Parque Regional del Sureste (Madrid): análisis de acciones restauradoras prioritarias y sus oportunidades ecológicas en las explotaciones autorizadas y no activas del parque

El Parque Regional del Sureste (declarado mediante la Ley 6/1994, el 28 de junio) representa uno de los espacios de mayor interés y singularidad ambiental de la Comunidad de Madrid y, a la vez, una zona sujeta a grandes presiones derivadas del aprovechamiento minero de sus recursos, intensificado desde los años 70. La reciente aprobación del Plan Rector de Uso y Gestión del Parque (P.R.U.G., Decreto 9/2009, de 5 de febrero) recoge y consolida legalmente la gestión encaminada a salvaguardar y mejorar sus valores ambientales. Respecto a la actividad minera, el aspecto fundamental del P.R.U.G. es que ordena y hace compatible el aprovechamiento de recursos mineros mediante una zonificación y limitación superficial de explotación, para lo que contempla de forma específica el caso de las explotaciones no activas. El estudio llevado a cabo analizó la situación administrativa y progreso de la restauración de las explotaciones inactivas del Parque, interpretadas a la luz de las acciones impuestas por el P.R.U.G. El establecimiento de unas prioridades de actuación que subsanasen situaciones incompatibles con lo establecido supuso la base para formular unas recomendaciones de restauración y uso, a partir del examen del contexto territorial y potencialidades ecológicas de las explotaciones, que respondieran al objetivo de ordenación y mejora de recursos ambientales y sociales del Parque.