Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2003)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2003, vegetation cover was estimated twice in May and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2003, cover on the community level was only estimated for the sown plant community, weed plant community and bare soil. In contrast to later years, cover of dead plant material was not estimated.

Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2005)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2005, vegetation cover was estimated twice in May and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2005, dead plant material was found only in a few plots. Therefore, cover of dead plant material is zero for most of the 82 plots.

Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2006)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2006, vegetation cover was estimated twice in June and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2006, dead plant material was found only in a few plots. Therefore, cover of dead plant material is zero for most of the 82 plots.

Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2007)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2007, vegetation cover was estimated twice in June and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2007, dead plant material was found only in a few plots. Therefore, cover of dead plant material is zero for most of the 82 plots.

Soil temperature along a plant diversity gradient in the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, 2006)

Soil temperature (in °C) was determined using a PT100 resistance thermometer that was inserted 5 cm into the ground. Soil temperature was recorded every hour of the day during July 2006. The average of five monthly measurements of soil temperature was calculated. All data where measured in the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown in the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, or 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing.

Ant abundance and occurrence along the plant diversity gradient in the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2006)

This data set contains measurements of ant abundance (number of individuals observed at the baits) and ant occurrence (binary data) measured in the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). Ants were sampled in 80 plots of the Main Experiment using baited traps in July 2006. In each plot two petri dishes were set on the ground, one received ~10g of Tuna the other ~10g of sugar (Sucrose). After 30min the occurrence (presence = 1 / absence = 0) and abundance (number) of ants at the two baits was recorded. Given is, per plot, the sum of ants attracted to the two different baits. In the Main Experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown in the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, or 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing.

Ant abundance and occurrence along the plant diversity gradient in the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2013)

This data set contains measurements of ant abundance (number of individuals attracted to baits) and ant occurrence (binary data) measured in the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the Main Experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown in the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, or 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Ants where sampled in 80 plots of the Main Experiment using baited traps end of July/ beginning of August 2013. Sampling took place 36 days after the end of a major flooding of the field site that lasted for several weeks (see DOI flood descriptor). In each plot two petri dishes were set on the ground, one received ~10g of Tuna the other ~10g of Honey. After 30min the occurrence (presence = 1 / absence = 0) and abundance (number) of ants at the two baits was recorded. Given is, per plot, the sum of ants attracted to the two different baits.

Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2004)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2004, vegetation cover was estimated twice in May and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2004, cover on the community level was only estimated for the sown plant community, weed plant community and bare soil. In contrast to later years, cover of dead plant material was not estimated.

Duration of a flood along a plant diversity gradient in the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, June 2013)

The Jena Biodiversity Experiment is located on a Central European mesophilic floodplain on the banks of the Saale River (see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown in the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, or 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In June 2013, a natural 200-year flood event occurred at the field site. Rainfall in May 2013 in Jena was ~150mm, constituting >25% of annual precipitation at the site that year. Overall the flood affected the entire Elbe River Basin and much of Europe and was one of the largest natural flooding events in the past two centuries. The flood lasted for a total of 24 days at the site (30 May-24 June) and led to anaerobic soil conditions. Due to small topographical differences among the plots in the experiment (<1m), there was variation in the duration of flooding and the proportion of each plot that was flooded. This variation was well-distributed across the diversity gradient. To assess the importance of flood severity, the proportion of each plot that was flooded was estimated by eye (using five classes: 0 completely dry, 0.25 up to a quarter under water, 0.5 half, 0.75 up to three quarters under water, and 1 more than three quarters under water up to completely submerged). These values, for each of the 24 days that the flood lasted, were summed up to calculate a flooding index. The resulting flooding index is given for each plot of the Main Experiment.

Collection of measurements on environmental conditions in plots of the Jena Experiment (time series since 2002)

This collection contains measurements of environmental conditions measured on the plots of the different sub-experiments at the field site of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. The following series of datasets are contained in this collection: 1.Soil temperature measurements on plots of the Main Experiment; 2. Quantification of the duration that individual plots of the Main Experiment were submerged during a flooding event occurring in June 2013

Physico-geochemical and mineral composition of neem tree soils and relation to organic properties

The Neem tree, the oil of which has a long history of pesticide, fertilizer and medicinal use in India, has been studied extensively for its organic compounds. Here we present a physical, mineralogical and geochemical database resulting from the analyses of two Neem soil profiles (epipedons) in India. Neem tree derivatives are used in the manufacture of a variety of products, from anti-bacterial drugs and insecticides to fertilizers and animal feeds. A preliminary geochemical and mineralogical analysis of Neem soils is made to explore the potential for chemical links between Neem tree derivatives and soils. Physical soil characteristics, including colour, texture and clay mineralogy, suggest the two pedons formed under different hydrological regimes, and hence, are products of different leaching environments, one well-drained site, the other poorly drained. Geochemically, the two Neem soils exhibit similarities, with elevated concentrations of Th and rare earth elements. These elements are of interest because of their association with phosphates, especially monazite and apatite, and the potential link to fertilizer derivatives. Higher concentrations of trace elements in the soils may be linked to nutritional derivatives and to cell growth in the Neem tree.

The Use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Performing Alternatives Assessment and Comparative Risk Analysis: The Case Study of Codling Moth Pesticides

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Effet des pesticides MCPA et imidaclopride sur la régulation des voies de signalisation du récepteur à la dioxine (AhR) et au récepteur aux androgènes (AR)

Avec l’ère industrielle sont venus les polluants environnementaux. Ils sont de plus en plus pointés du doigt pour une variété d’effets indésirables en particulier pour leur potentiel à affecter la santé humaine. Les pesticides font partie de ces polluants et leurs usages ne font que croître depuis une vingtaine d’années. Ces produits qui servent à améliorer la production agricole en éliminant les pestes qui ravagent les récoltes sont souvent peu étudiés à long terme avant d’être homologués. L’effet perturbateur au niveau cellulaire et les effets à long terme de ces pesticides sont peu connus. Pour ce projet de maîtrise, nous avons observé l’effet de deux pesticides, l’imidaclopride et l’acide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic (MCPA), sur les voies de signalisation du récepteur à la dioxine (AhR) et du récepteur aux androgènes (AR). L’imidaclopride est un insecticide de la famille des néonicotinoïdes, une classe de plus en plus utilisée. Ce pesticide est surtout connu pour être en lien avec le déclin des colonies d’abeilles depuis une décennie. Le MCPA est un des herbicides les plus utilisés au Québec, il est persistant et souvent retrouvé dans les eaux de la province. Nous avons traité des cellules du cancer du sein et des cellules du cancer de la prostate avec ces pesticides et nous avons vérifié si leur présence perturbait les deux voies de signalisation cellulaire à l’étude. Le récepteur AhR est un facteur de transcription activé par un ligand. Le TCDD, une dioxine, est le meilleur ligand exogène connu à ce jour de ce récepteur. Par contre, ses ligands naturels, des dérivés du tryptophane ou des facteurs de virulence de bactéries, l’activent de façon beaucoup moins forte. Lors de l’activation de la voie AhR, les gènes CYP1A1 et CYP1B1 sont transcrits et codent pour des enzymes du cytochrome P450 qui transforment les ligands en produits plus facilement éliminables. Dans un contexte où de l’œstradiol (E2) est présent dans les cellules, il y a une interaction croisée entre le récepteur à l’œstrogène (ER) et le récepteur AhR, qui fait en sorte que l’expression de CYP1A1 est réprimée. Cela se traduit en un ratio d’enzyme CYP1A1 à CYP1B1 différent qui pourrait augmenter la possibilité d’une accumulation de métabolites génotoxiques. En effet, CYP1B1 hydroxyle le ligand d’AhR mais aussi l’œstradiol en 4-hydroxyœstradiol (4-OHE), dont l’accumulation peut amener des mutations dans l’ADN alors que l’enzyme CYP1A1 l’hydroxyle en 2-hydroxyœstradiol (2-OHE), qui n’as aucun effet néfaste répertorié sur la cellule. Dans les cellules du cancer du sein, le MCPA appliqué en champs induisait fortement l’expression de CYP1B1 comparable à l’échantillon traité au témoin positif (TCDD), alors que CYP1A1 l’était que très légèrement par rapport au témoin non-traité. Au niveau protéique, CYP1A1 n’était qu’exprimée dans le témoin positif (TCDD) et ce, en quantité moindre lorsqu’il y avait présence d’œstradiol. CYP1B1 était fortement exprimée dans l’échantillon de TCDD, ce qui était attendu, mais aussi dans tous les échantillons traités au MCPA de NuFarm. Ces effets ne sont pas notés avec l’ingrédient actif du MCPA. La présence d’un ou plusieurs autres produits ajoutés dans le MCPA de la compagnie NuFarm en combinaison avec l’ingrédient actif pourrait activer la voie de signalisation d’AhR et causer ce débalancement dans l’expression des gènes CYP1A1 et CYP1B1. Nos résultats indiquent que plusieurs concentrations de l’ingrédient actif de l’imidaclopride ne perturbe pas les voies cellulaires d’AhR ni AR, alors que, le MCPA perturbe ces deux voies cellulaires. Par contre, c’est seulement celui produit par la compagnie NuFarm qui est utilisé en champs. Cette formulation appliquée en terrain agricole inclut l’ingrédient actif ainsi que les antigels, les surfactants et les adjuvants qui permettent au produit d’être plus efficace. L’ingrédient actif du MCPA seul n’affectait pas les deux voies. Le récepteur aux androgènes (AR) est aussi un facteur de transcription qui se lie à l’ADN afin de réguler l’expression des gènes et il est particulièrement important pour le développement et le maintien du phénotype masculin. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, des problèmes de baisse de libido et de fertilité s’accentuent dans notre société et semblent être reliés à la baisse de testostérone des hommes (Travison et al. 2007). Cette molécule est d’ailleurs un des deux ligands du récepteur AR, le deuxième étant la 5-dihydrotestostérone (DHT). Le facteur environnemental plutôt que le mode de vie semble être un facteur déterminant dans l’étude qui portait sur ce déclin. Les pesticides ont déjà été soupçonnés pour avoir un potentiel anti-androgénique, mais aucune étude ne fait un lien de causalité direct. Dans le projet de maitrise présenté dans ce document, l’expression des gènes marqueurs PSA (antigène spécifique de la prostate) et PCA3 (antigène du cancer de la prostate) a été quantifiée pour savoir si les pesticides ont un effet perturbateur sur la voie du récepteur AR. Dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate, l’expression de PSA et PCA3 était semblable au non-traité dans l’échantillon traité au MCPA (NuFarm), et ce, même après l’ajout de DHT, qui active l’expression de ces deux gènes. Cette fois-ci, l’ingrédient actif seul faisait en sorte que les deux gènes marqueurs étaient moins exprimés lors de l’ajout de la DHT, par rapport au témoin. Il semblerait que l’ingrédient actif est à la base de ce changement d’expression de nos gènes marqueurs. Donc, le MCPA pourrait avoir un effet anti-androgénique dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate. Donc, le MCPA est un pesticide qui affecte les voies de signalisation cellulaires AhR et AR. Il est particulier de noter que le pesticide appliqué en champ perturbe nettement plus les voies cellulaires. Il sera important de continuer à étudier les effets des pesticides sur l’homme au niveau cellulaire et de comprendre comment ils pourraient contribuer au développement du cancer.

Synthèse et caractérisation des matériaux nanostructurés et leur mise en oeuvre comme photocatalyseurs pour la dégradation du glyphosate en milieux aqueux

L’utilisation des pesticides n’a cessé d’augmenter en particulier le glyphosate, herbicide utilisé principalement dans l’agriculture. Ses effets ont été démontrés néfastes sur l’environnement et sur la santé humaine. Bien que la plupart du glyphosate résiduel soit adsorbé par les constituants du sol, une partie peut être désorbée ou atteindre les eaux de surface par érosion. Le renforcement des normes de qualité de l’eau en milieu agricole et urbain entraîne le développement de nouveaux procédés. Les photocatalyseurs à base de TiO2 peuvent procurer une solution attrayante pour l’élimination de cet herbicide. Actif uniquement dans le domaine de l’UV qui représente 4% du rayonnement solaire, étendre cette réactivité photocatalytique dans le domaine du visible est un enjeu majeur. Le dopage du TiO2 à l’azote et au graphène a permis une élimination totale du glyphosate au bout de 30 minutes. Après sa synthèse, le photocatalyseur GR-N/TiO2 a été caractérisé par différentes techniques à savoir la diffraction des rayons X (DRX), l’infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR), la spectroscopie de photoélectrons X (XPS) et la microscopie électronique par transmission (TEM). L’activité photocatalytique est testée sur la dégradation du glyphosate sous irradiation de la lumière visible. Les résultats montrent que le composite GR-N/TiO2 peut effectivement photodégrader le glyphosate grâce à une amélioration impressionnante de l’activité photocatalytique due à une grande adsorption du glyphosate sur le nanomatériau synthétisé et à l’extension de l’absorption au domaine du visible.

A Mobile High Sensitivity On-field Organophosphorous Compounds Detecting System for IoT Based Food Safety Tracking

Food safety has always been a social issue that draws great public attention. With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies and intelligent devices, more and more Internet of Things (IoT) systems are applied in the food safety tracking field. However, connection between things and information system is usually established by pre-storing information of things into RFID Tag, which is inapplicable for on-field food safety detection. Therefore, considering pesticide residue is one of the severe threaten to food safety, a new portable, high-sensitivity, low-power, on-field organophosphorus (OP) compounds detection system is proposed in this thesis to realize the on-field food safety detection. The system is designed based on optical detection method by using a customized photo-detection sensor. A Micro Controller Unit (MCU) and a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) module are used to quantize and transmit detection result. An Android Application (APP) is also developed for the system to processing and display detection result as well as control the detection process. Besides, a quartzose sample container and black system box are also designed and made for the system demonstration. Several optimizations are made in wireless communication, circuit layout, Android APP and industrial design to realize the mobility, low power and intelligence.