Històries de malaltia : anàlisi narrativa en l'experiència de càncer

En la present tesi doctoral es presenta, des d'una perspectiva narrativa i socioconstruccionista, una aproximació a l'estudi de l'experiència de malaltia en càncer a partir del treball amb relats narrats. Es realitza una anàlisi narrativa de la construcció de les històries de malaltia a partir dels relats escrits per les persones "malaltes" i /o els seus familiars. Es cerquen elements per a la reflexió de: a) el paper de la narració en la comprensió de l'experiència de malaltia oncològica i la construcció narrativa d'identitat; b) l'ús del mètode d'anàlisi narrativa dins el camp de la salut/malaltia; i c) implicacions i aplicacions en la pràctica terapèutica. Seguint una orientació metodològica qualitativa, s'analitza la construcció de narratives de malaltia i del self, la construcció i relació amb els personatges de la història, la construcció de la malaltia (càncer), així com les potencialitats i limitacions de l'aproximació narrativa en l'estudi. Finalment, es presenten elements narratius per a la reflexió del seu ús en l'atenció psicològica i la pràctica del professional de la salut en càncer.

Reading hybrid texts : remarks on text/image transitions

The reading of printed materials implies the visual processing of information originated in two distinct semiotic systems. The rapid identification of redundancy, complementation or contradiction rhetoric strategies between the two information types may be crucial for an adequate interpretation of bimodal materials. Hybrid texts (verbal and visual) are particular instances of bimodal materials, where the redundant information is often neglected while the complementary and the contradictory ones are essential.Studies using the 504 ASL eye-tracking system while reading either additive or exhibiting captions (Baptista, 2009) revealed fixations on the verbal material and transitions between the written and the pictorial in a much higher number and duration than the initially foreseen as necessary to read the verbal text. We therefore hypothesized that confirmation strategies of the written information are taking place, by using information available in the other semiotic system.Such eye-gaze patterns obtained from denotative texts and pictures seem to contradict some of the scarce existing data on visual processing of texts and images, namely cartoons (Carroll, Young and Guertain, 1992), descriptive captions (Hegarty, 1992 a and b), and advertising images with descriptive and explanatory texts (cf. Rayner and Rotello, 2001, who refer to a previous reading of the whole text before looking at the image, or even Rayner, Miller and Rotello, 2008 who refer to an earlier and longer look at the picture) and seem to consolidate findings of Radach et al. (2003) on systematic transitions between text and image.By framing interest areas in the printed pictorial material of non redundant hybrid texts, we have identified the specific areas where transitions take place after fixations in the verbal text. The way those transitions are processed brings a new interest to further research.

O ensino : aprendizagem da produção textual : um estudo a partir de textos produzidos por alunos do ensino fundamental

RESUMO : Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da produção textual em relação a competência comunicativa escrita do aluno, identificando as características e verificando se as propostas teóricas sobre produção textual foram implementadas em sala de aula, de forma a possibilitar o aprendizado da escrita de maneira motivadora, preparando-o para realizar tarefas sobre distintos componentes da competência comunicativa em nível de palavra, frase e texto. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo-qualitativo e para a coleta de dados, aplicamos um questionário, e logo em seguida damos início as atividades de produção textual com temas indicados tanto pela professora-investigadora como pelos próprios alunos os quais serviram de base para a análise temática. Esta análise foi feita levando em consideração as condições de produção propostas por Geraldi, a perspectiva interacionista da linguagem Bakhtiniana e a teoria sociointeracionista de Vigotsky. Seguimos também os caminhos da Análise do Discurso de Orlandi. A sequência de textos foi de gêneros diferenciados, porém aplicada a todas as turmas. ABSTRACT: This study aimed to analyze the process of teaching and learning of text production in relation to communicative competence student writing, identifying the characteristics and verifying the theoretical proposals on textual production have been implemented in the classroom, to enable the learning of written in a way motivating, and thus prepare them to perform tasks on different components of communicative competence of a word, phrase or text. We conducted a quantitative and qualitative study and exploratory. To collect data, a questionnaire was administered, and then the activities of writing (narration, description and essay) with themes identified by both the teacher-researcher as the students themselves, which served as the basis for thematic analysis.The analysis was made taking into consideration the production conditions proposed by Geraldi. We adopt the interactionist perspective of language Bakhtiniana and the theory of Vygotsky sociointeractionist. The following texts were of different genres, but applied to all classes.

Crítica à crítica de Platão à retórica

A questão da retórica, ou seja, da comunicação entre os indivíduos, tem preocupado diversos pensadores desde Platão aos autores contemporâneos, como Karl Popper, entre outros. Continua, por conseguinte, a estar no cerne da própria convivência entre os indivíduos na vida em sociedade.

Entre a cidade e a floresta: dissidência e anuência em The Scarlet Letter

Este artigo propõe uma leitura do romance The Scarlet Letter, de Nathaniel Hawthorne, enquanto viagem pelo espaço físico e ideológico norte-americano, através de uma análise dos diferentes momentos do percurso da letra A bordada por Hester Prynne. Movendo-se entre a cidade e a floresta, a personagem assume a sua individualidade e o desejo de afastamento da América puritana, mas, simultaneamente, ao longo da narrativa, percebe-se que a sua rebeldia é diluída num espírito comunitário e ideológico e que a letra A acaba por assumir aquele que provavelmente será o seu maior significado – a América. Esta leitura será feita juntamente com a análise dos artigos: “How the Puritans won the American Revolution” e “The Rites of Assent: Rhetoric, Ritual and the Ideology of American Consensus”, de Sacvan Bercovitch.

A biopolítica e o paradoxo da objectividade jornalística : um estudo de caso sobre os conflitos Israel-Palestina

O propósito desta investigação é identificar e analisar, a partir de um estudo de caso, o paradoxo com que se confrontam os media de referência ocidentais na cobertura dos conflitos Israel-Palestina: um trabalho jornalístico dividido entre a retórica da objectividade e a necessidade de conviver, de se apoiar e, via de regra, reproduzir o paradigma da biopolítica - à luz do qual se justifica a necessidade de controlo e subjugação dos corpos, por questões de segurança e de prevenção do terrorismo. A partir do entendimento clássico de que a objectividade - mesmo sendo uma utopia - é factor desejável e figura como componente basilar no ritual estratégico da produção jornalística, busca-se aqui remontar as origens dessa conceituação, mostrando que ela emerge numa altura da história imediatamente posterior àquela em que Michel Foucault localiza o nascimento do sistema biopolítico. Uma análise foucaultiana de discurso permitiu identificar pontos de cristalização desse paradigma em um grupo de notícias extraídas de dois jornais de referência portugueses. As teorias de Hannah Arendt e de Giogio Agamben sobre a condição humana na Modernidade surgem, então, como chaves alinhadas ao pensamento de Foucault e subsidiam as reflexões conclusivas acerca dos quadros discursivos identificados neste trabalho.

Imágenes locales y retórica sagrada: una visión edificante de Quito en el siglo XVII (Dossier: Historia del Arte)

El artículo analiza la realización entre las imágenes y la oratoria sagrada durante el siglo XVII en Quito. Examina, de un lado, cómo los sermones hacían uso de un canon oficial cristiano para definir y legitimar los cultos religiosos locales, y, de otro lado, las disposicions urbanas de las imágenes milagrosas de la Virgen María, estratégicamente ubicadas en santuarios, constituyendo el paisaje local de una cartografía sagrada. Estos elementos contribuyeron a forjar una visión edificante de la urbe, presentada como una Nueva Jerusalén escogida por Dios. Este gesto aparece ligado con la consolidación de la identidad criolla y el fortalecimiento de un incipiente patriotismo local.

Los festivales de la Revolución Francesa: símbolos y sentimientos en las fiestas revolucionarias, 1789-1799 (Estudios)

El texto que aquí se presenta es una aproximación inicial al tema de los festivales de la Revolución francesa durante la década revolucionaria, entre 1789 y 1799. Se concentra en algunas similitudes y diferencias entre los festivales y las fiestas tradicionales populares del antiguo régimen, y examina el uso de la simbología retórica revolucionaria en las celebraciones de la Revolución. El trabajo argumenta, a su vez, que los festivales revolucionarios, definidos como rituales, no lograron cumplir cabalmente su propósito, esto es, servir de estrategia político-pedagógica efectiva.

Hagiografía e invención en Plácido (1871), novela de Francisco Campos (Dossier: La novela ecuatoriana del siglo XIX)

Con la escritura de Plácido, novela (1871), Francisco Campos empleó la hagiografía y la retórica como una forma de articular el pensamiento para promover la acción social frente a las dificultades de su realidad. Recurrió a esta forma de escritura para difundir su mensaje y contribuir como intelectual a crear sujetos ideales para el Estado nacional.

Política ambiental del gobierno de Lula: el caso de la Amazonía (Tema Central)

El tema del calentamiento global y sus consecuencias pone en el orden del día la discusión sobre la protección y el control de la región amazónica al mismo tiempo que cuestiona la posibilidad del desarrollo sostenible bajo el capitalismo. En Brasil, Lula defiende la Amazonía en palabras, pero en los hechos impulsa una política económica que tiene como prioridad la entrega de los recursos naturales al capital nacional e internacional. ¿A quién interesa la conservación de la Amazonía brasileña?

Voices from the aid 'chain': The personal dynamics of care

This paper uses a simplified model of the aid 'chain' to explore some causes and consequences of breakdown in communication. Although the rhetoric of Northern-based donors is awash with words such as 'partnership' and 'inclusion' when dealing with their Southern-based partners, the situation in practice is different. Unequal power relationships sometimes result in donor imposition of Perspectives and values. It is our contention, based on a collective experience of fifty-four years in a Nigerian-based non-governmental development organization (NGDO), the Diocesan Development Services (DDS), that much of the driving force behind the successes and problems faced by the institution was founded on relationships that evolved between individuals. In order to understand why things happened the way they did it is necessary to begin with the human element that cannot be condensed into objects or categories. While injudicious donor interference bad damaging repercussions, our experience suggests that care and consideration flow throughout the aid chain and actions are not malevolent. Breakdowns can be attributed to a number of factors, with the over-riding one being pressures operating at the personal level that emanate from within the institution itself and the larger community. The paper analyses three experiences using institutional ethnography theory and methodologies as a basis. Examples taken address the influence key donor personnel had in the function of DDS, and how these changed with time. The mission, policies and even procedures of the donor did not change markedly over thirty-two years, but each changing desk officer had their own philosophy and approach and a different interpretation of their own institutional policies. Hence while the 'macro' has an influence it is mediated via individual interpretation. In our view, the importance of people-people relationships is particularly understated in development literature where emphasis gravitates towards the aggregate and global.

Caring at a distance: Gift Theory, aid chains and social movements

This paper takes as its starting point recent work on caring for distant others which is one expression of renewed interest in moral geographies. It examines relationships in aid chains connecting donors/carers in the First World or North and recipients/cared for in the Third World or South. Assuming predominance of relationships between strangers and of universalism as a basis for moral motivation I draw upon Gift Theory in order to characterize two basic forms of gift relationship. The first is purely altruistic, the other fully reciprocal and obligatory within the framework of institutions, values and social forces within specific relationships of politics and power. This conception problematizes donor-recipient relationships in the context of two modernist models of aid chains-the Resource Transfer and the Beyond Aid Paradigms. In the first, donor domination means low levels of reciprocity despite rhetoric about partnership and participation. The second identifies potential for greater reciprocity on the basis of combination between social movements and non-governmental organizations at both national and trans-national levels, although at the risk of marginalizing competencies of states. Finally, I evaluate post-structural critiques which also problematize aid chain relationships. They do so both in terms of bases-such as universals and difference-upon which it might be constructed and the means-such as forms of positionality and mutuality-by which it might be achieved.

Access, equity and the role of rights in health care

Modern health care rhetoric promotes choice and individual patient rights as dominant values. Yet we also accept that in any regime constrained by finite resources, difficult choices between patients are inevitable. How can we balance rights to liberty, on the one hand, with equity in the allocation of scarce resources on the other? For example, the duty of health authorities to allocate resources is a duty owed to the community as a whole, rather than to specific individuals. Macro-duties of this nature are founded on the notion of equity and fairness amongst individuals rather than personal liberty. They presume that if hard choices have to be made, they will be resolved according to fair and consistent principles which treat equal cases equally, and unequal cases unequally. In this paper, we argue for greater clarity and candour in the health care rights debate. With this in mind, we discuss (1) private and public rights, (2) negative and positive rights, (3) procedural and substantive rights, (4) sustainable health care rights and (5) the New Zealand booking system for prioritising access to elective services. This system aims to consider: individual need and ability to benefit alongside the resources made available to elective health services in an attempt to give the principles of equity practical effect. We describe a continuum on which the merits of those, sometimes competing, values-liberty and equity-can be evaluated and assessed.

Re-engineering construction: going against the grain

An overtly critical perspective on 're-engineering construction' is presented. It is contended that re-engineering is impossible to define in terms of its substantive content and is best understood as a rhetorical label. In recent years, the language of re-engineering has heavily shaped the construction research agenda. The declared goals are to lower costs and improve value for the customer. The discourse is persuasive because it reflects the ideology of the 'enterprise culture' and the associated rhetoric of customer responsiveness. Re-engineering is especially attractive to the construction industry because it reflects and reinforces the existing dominant way of thinking. The overriding tendency is to reduce organizational complexities to a mechanistic quest for efficiency. Labour is treated as a commodity. Within this context, the objectives of re-engineering become 'common sense'. Knowledge becomes subordinate to the dominant ideology of neo-liberalism. The accepted research agenda for re-engineering construction exacerbates the industry's problems and directly contributes to the casualization of the workforce. The continued adherence to machine metaphors by the construction industry's top management has directly contributed to the 'bad attitudes' and 'adversarial culture' that they repeatedly decry. Supposedly neutral topics such as pre-assembly, partnering, supply chain management and lean thinking serve only to justify the shift towards bogus labour-only subcontracting and the associated reduction of employment rights. The continued casualization of the workforce raises real questions about the industry's future capacity to deliver high-quality construction. In order to appear 'relevant' to the needs of industry, it seems that the research community is doomed to perpetuate this regressive cycle.