CHROMIUM IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND COWPEA AFTER FOUR CONSECUTIVE ANNUAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSTED TANNERY SLUDGE

Tannery sludge contains high concentrations of inorganic elements, such as chromium (Cr), which may lead to environmental pollution and affect human health The behavior of Cr in organic matter fractions and in the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) was studied in a sandy soil after four consecutive annual applications of composted tannery sludge (CTS). Over a four-year period, CTS was applied on permanent plots (2 × 5 m) and incorporated in the soil (0-20 cm) at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 Mg ha-1 (dry weight basis). These treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. In the fourth year, cowpea was planted and grown for 50 days, at which time we analyzed the Cr concentrations in the soil, in the fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin fractions, and in the leaves, pods, and grains of cowpea. Composted tannery sludge led to an increase in Cr concentration in the soil. Among the humic substances, the highest Cr concentration was found in humin. The application rates of CTS significantly increased Cr concentration in leaves and grains.

Report on a special investigation of the New Hampton Municipal Light Plant for the period January 1, 2001 through May 31, 2012

Report on a special investigation of the New Hampton Municipal Light Plant for the period January 1, 2001 through May 31, 2012

Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations

At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(¿)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity.

Audit report on the Perry Municipal Waterworks, Perry, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2012

Audit report on the Perry Municipal Waterworks, Perry, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2012

Report on a special investigation of the Coggon Municipal Light Plant for the period July 1, 2004 through August 27, 2012

Report on a special investigation of the Coggon Municipal Light Plant for the period July 1, 2004 through August 27, 2012

Gestão de recursos para manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino na esfera municipal

O trabalho objetivou desvelar a gestão dos recursos para manutenção e desenvolvimento do ensino no município de Campo Grande, capital do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de 1997 a 2012. O propósito foi verificar em que medida o montante de recursos disponíveis seria suficiente para a garantia do direito à educação nas etapas da educação básica sob a responsabilidade e a competência do município. Trabalhou-se com a legislação e documentos de âmbito federal e municipal, com destaque para os balanços gerais do município e a literatura pertinente à temática. Constatou-se que as receitas municipais se mostraram ascendentes no período, o que pode ter contribuído para a universalização do ensino fundamental e para a expansão obrigatória da educação básica.

Reaudit report on the City of Remsen and the Remsen Municipal Utilities for the period July 1, 2010 through June 30, 2011

Reaudit report on the City of Remsen and the Remsen Municipal Utilities for the period July 1, 2010 through June 30, 2011

Audit report on the Perry Municipal Waterworks, Perry, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2013

Audit report on the Perry Municipal Waterworks, Perry, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2013