Modélisation d'éléments finis pour les interactions fluide-structure

Cette thèse concerne la modélisation des interactions fluide-structure et les méthodes numériques qui s’y rattachent. De ce fait, la thèse est divisée en deux parties. La première partie concerne l’étude des interactions fluide-structure par la méthode des domaines fictifs. Dans cette contribution, le fluide est incompressible et laminaire et la structure est considérée rigide, qu’elle soit immobile ou en mouvement. Les outils que nous avons développés comportent la mise en oeuvre d’un algorithme fiable de résolution qui intégrera les deux domaines (fluide et solide) dans une formulation mixte. L’algorithme est basé sur des techniques de raffinement local adaptatif des maillages utilisés permettant de mieux séparer les éléments du milieu fluide de ceux du solide que ce soit en 2D ou en 3D. La seconde partie est l’étude des interactions mécaniques entre une structure flexible et un fluide incompressible. Dans cette contribution, nous proposons et analysons des méthodes numériques partitionnées pour la simulation de phénomènes d’interaction fluide-structure (IFS). Nous avons adopté à cet effet, la méthode dite «arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian» (ALE). La résolution fluide est effectuée itérativement à l’aide d’un schéma de type projection et la structure est modélisée par des modèles hyper élastiques en grandes déformations. Nous avons développé de nouvelles méthodes de mouvement de maillages pour aboutir à de grandes déformations de la structure. Enfin, une stratégie de complexification du problème d’IFS a été définie. La modélisation de la turbulence et des écoulements à surfaces libres ont été introduites et couplées à la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes. Différentes simulations numériques sont présentées pour illustrer l’efficacité et la robustesse de l’algorithme. Les résultats numériques présentés attestent de la validité et l’efficacité des méthodes numériques développées.

Modulateurs intégrés sur silicium pour la transmission de signaux à modulation d'amplitude multi-niveau

Au cours des dernières années, la photonique intégrée sur silicium a progressé rapidement. Les modulateurs issus de cette technologie présentent des caractéristiques potentiellement intéressantes pour les systèmes de communication à courte portée. En effet, il est prévu que ces modulateurs pourront être opérés à des vitesses de transmission élevées, tout en limitant le coût de fabrication et la consommation de puissance. Parallèlement, la modulation d’amplitude multi-niveau (PAM) est prometteuse pour ce type de systèmes. Ainsi, ce travail porte sur le développement de modulateurs de silicium pour la transmission de signaux PAM. Dans le premier chapitre, les concepts théoriques nécessaires à la conception de modulateurs de silicium sont présentés. Les modulateurs Mach-Zehnder et les modulateurs à base de réseau de Bragg sont principalement abordés. De plus, les effets électro-optiques dans le silicium, la modulation PAM, les différents types d’électrodes intégrées et la compensation des distorsions par traitement du signal sont détaillés.Dans le deuxième chapitre, un modulateur Mach-Zehnder aux électrodes segmentées est présenté. La segmentation des électrodes permet la génération de signaux optiques PAM à partir de séquences binaires. Cette approche permet d’éliminer l’utilisation de convertisseur numérique-analogique en intégrant cette fonction dans le domaine optique, ce qui vise à réduire le coût du système de communication. Ce chapitre contient la description détaillée du modulateur, les résultats de caractérisation optique et de la caractérisation électrique, ainsi que les tests systèmes. De plus, les tests systèmes incluent l’utilisation de pré-compensation ou de post-compensation du signal sous la forme d’égalisation de la réponse en fréquence pour les formats de modulation PAM-4 et PAM-8 à différents taux binaires. Une vitesse de transmission de 30 Gb/s est démontrée dans les deux cas et ce malgré une limitation importante de la réponse en fréquence suite à l’ajout d’un assemblage des circuits radiofréquences (largeur de bande 3 dB de 8 GHz). Il s’agit de la première démonstration de modulation PAM-8 à l’aide d’un modulateur Mach-Zehnder aux électrodes segmentées. Finalement, les conclusions tirées de ce travail ont mené à la conception d’un deuxième modulateur Mach-Zehnder aux électrodes segmentées présentement en phase de test, dont les performances montrent un très grand potentiel. Dans le troisième chapitre, un modulateur à réseau de Bragg à deux sauts de phase est présenté. L’utilisation de réseaux de Bragg est une approche encore peu développée pour la modulation. En effet, la réponse spectrale de ces structures peut être contrôlée précisément, une caractéristique intéressante pour la conception de modulateurs. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons l’ajout de deux sauts de phase à un réseau de Bragg uniforme pour obtenir un pic de transmission dans la bande de réflexion de celui-ci. Ainsi, il est possible d’altérer l’amplitude du pic de transmission à l’aide d’une jonction pn. Comme pour le deuxième chapitre, ce chapitre inclut la description détaillée du modulateur, les résultats des caractérisations optique et électrique, ainsi que les tests systèmes. De plus, la caractérisation de jonctions pn à l’aide du modulateur à réseau de Bragg est expliquée. Des vitesses de transmission PAM-4 de 60 Gb/s et OOK de 55 Gb/s sont démontrées après la compensation des distorsions des signaux. À notre connaissance, il s’agit du modulateur à réseau de Bragg le plus rapide à ce jour. De plus, pour la première fois, les performances d’un tel modulateur s’approchent de celles des modulateurs de silicium les plus rapides utilisant des microrésonateurs en anneau ou des interféromètres Mach-Zehnder.

Modélisation des machines par circuits couplés pour l’observation des courants de barres au rotor

Ce travail présente une modélisation rapide d’ordre élévé capable de modéliser une configuration rotorique en cage complète ou en grille, de reproduire les courants de barre et tenir compte des harmoniques d’espace. Le modèle utilise une approche combinée d’éléments finis avec les circuits-couplés. En effet, le calcul des inductances est réalisé avec les éléments finis, ce qui confère une précision avancée au modèle. Cette méthode offre un gain important en temps de calcul sur les éléments finis pour des simulations transitoires. Deux outils de simulation sont développés, un dans le domaine du temps pour des résolutions dynamiques et un autre dans le domaine des phaseurs dont une application sur des tests de réponse en fréquence à l’arrêt (SSFR) est également présentée. La méthode de construction du modèle est décrite en détail de même que la procédure de modélisation de la cage du rotor. Le modèle est validé par l’étude de machines synchrones: une machine de laboratoire de 5.4 KVA et un grand alternateur de 109 MVA dont les mesures expérimentales sont comparées aux résultats de simulation du modèle pour des essais tels que des tests à vide, des courts-circuits triphasés, biphasés et un test en charge.

Integrated micro fuel cells with on-board hydride reactors and autonomous control schemes

Miniaturization of power generators to the MEMS scale, based on the hydrogen-air fuel cell, is the object of this research. The micro fuel cell approach has been adopted for advantages of both high power and energy densities. On-board hydrogen production/storage and an efficient control scheme that facilitates integration with a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) are key elements for micro energy conversion. Millimeter-scale reactors (ca. 10 µL) have been developed, for hydrogen production through hydrolysis of CaH2 and LiAlH4, to yield volumetric energy densities of the order of 200 Whr/L. Passive microfluidic control schemes have been implemented in order to facilitate delivery, self-regulation, and at the same time eliminate bulky auxiliaries that run on parasitic power. One technique uses surface tension to pump water in a microchannel for hydrolysis and is self-regulated, based on load, by back pressure from accumulated hydrogen acting on a gas-liquid microvalve. This control scheme improves uniformity of power delivery during long periods of lower power demand, with fast switching to mass transport regime on the order of seconds, thus providing peak power density of up to 391.85 W/L. Another method takes advantage of water recovery by backward transport through the MEA, of water vapor that is generated at the cathode half-cell reaction. This regulation-free scheme increases available reactor volume to yield energy density of 313 Whr/L, and provides peak power density of 104 W/L. Prototype devices have been tested for a range of duty periods from 2-24 hours, with multiple switching of power demand in order to establish operation across multiple regimes. Issues identified as critical to the realization of the integrated power MEMS include effects of water transport and byproduct hydrate swelling on hydrogen production in the micro reactor, and ambient relative humidity on fuel cell performance.

Joint Optimization for Social Content Delivery in Wireless Networks

Over the last decade, success of social networks has significantly reshaped how people consume information. Recommendation of contents based on user profiles is well-received. However, as users become dominantly mobile, little is done to consider the impacts of the wireless environment, especially the capacity constraints and changing channel. In this dissertation, we investigate a centralized wireless content delivery system, aiming to optimize overall user experience given the capacity constraints of the wireless networks, by deciding what contents to deliver, when and how. We propose a scheduling framework that incorporates content-based reward and deliverability. Our approach utilizes the broadcast nature of wireless communication and social nature of content, by multicasting and precaching. Results indicate this novel joint optimization approach outperforms existing layered systems that separate recommendation and delivery, especially when the wireless network is operating at maximum capacity. Utilizing limited number of transmission modes, we significantly reduce the complexity of the optimization. We also introduce the design of a hybrid system to handle transmissions for both system recommended contents ('push') and active user requests ('pull'). Further, we extend the joint optimization framework to the wireless infrastructure with multiple base stations. The problem becomes much harder in that there are many more system configurations, including but not limited to power allocation and how resources are shared among the base stations ('out-of-band' in which base stations transmit with dedicated spectrum resources, thus no interference; and 'in-band' in which they share the spectrum and need to mitigate interference). We propose a scalable two-phase scheduling framework: 1) each base station obtains delivery decisions and resource allocation individually; 2) the system consolidates the decisions and allocations, reducing redundant transmissions. Additionally, if the social network applications could provide the predictions of how the social contents disseminate, the wireless networks could schedule the transmissions accordingly and significantly improve the dissemination performance by reducing the delivery delay. We propose a novel method utilizing: 1) hybrid systems to handle active disseminating requests; and 2) predictions of dissemination dynamics from the social network applications. This method could mitigate the performance degradation for content dissemination due to wireless delivery delay. Results indicate that our proposed system design is both efficient and easy to implement.

Effects of electron-beam irradiation on chemical and antioxidation parameters of wild Macrolepiota procera dried samples

Mushrooms are very perishable foods due to their high susceptibility to moisture loss, changes in color and texture, or microbiological spoilage. Drying is considered as the most appropriate method to prevent these alterations, but it has some limitations, such as shrinkage, enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reactions, and oxidation of lipids and vitamins. Irradiation might effectively attenuate the undesirable changes caused by drying process, ensuring also higher shelf-life of mushrooms and their decontamination [I]. In the present work, the combined effects of electron-beam irradiation (at 0, 0.5, 1 and 6 kGy doses) and storage time (at 0, 6 and 12 months) were evaluated and compared. Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer wild samples were obtained in Tnis-os-Montes, in the Northeast of Portugal, and dried at 30 •c in an oven. Subsequently, the samples were divided in four groups: control (non-irradiated, 0 kGy); sample 1 (0.5 kGy); sample 2 (1 kGy) and sample 3 (6 kGy). The irradiation was performed at the lNCTInstitute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (lNCT), in Warsaw, Poland. Moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash were determined following standard procedures. Free sugars and tocopherols were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a refraction index detector (HPLC-RI) and a fluorescence detector, respectively; fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Antioxidant activity was evaluated in the methanolic extracts by in vitro assays measuring DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of ~-carotene bleaching and inhibition oflipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Total phenolics were also determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. All the parameters showed a decrease tendency with storage time. Trehalose and y-tocopherol were preserved with 1 kGy dose. Electron-beam irradiation did not impart additional changes to most of the chemical and antioxidant parameters of M. procera dried samples. This is a very promising result, since electron-beam irradiation might attenuate most unwanted changes caused by drying, maintaining its long-term effectiveness.

Ação de polissacarídeos sulfatados de Fucus Vesiculosus na Hemostasia e no sistema complemento

Fucans are a family of sulfated homo and teropolysaccharides respectively, composed mainly of a- (1®2) and a- (1®3) linked by L-fucose residues. Properties such as the ability to act as an anti-contraceptive, to reduce cholesterol levels, and to act as an anti-tumor agent are much related. We have focused our attention on the anticoagulant properties, platelet aggregation, hemorrhagic activity and complement system in vitro of commercial fucoidan (F) and their purified fractions (F1, F2 and F3) from Fucus vesiculosus obtained from fractionation of the fucoidan with different concentrations of acetone 1, 2 and 3v. These compounds were chemically characterized and the fucoidan (F) was modified by desulfation. The anticoagulant activity of the compounds was assessment by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombine time assay (PT) using citrated normal human plasma. The results of APPT test showed that F, F1 and F2 have high anticoagulants activities 240.0 s (5 µg). The F3 showed 73.7 s in the same concentrations. The results obtained with PT test to F, F1, F2 and F3 were 81.5 s, 120.0 s, 57.1 and 32.5 s respectively with 50 µg. The dessulfated polymer showed a decrease in the anticoagulant activity in these two tests. Platelet aggregation assay was measured turbidimetrically with platelet aggregometer by method of Born. The aggregation platelet with F and fractions F1, F2 and F3 exhibited a two-phase answer in the concentration of 5 mg/mL with maximum aggregation of 76.36 ± 10.3% ; 69.54 ± 9.40%; 75.94 ± 9.01%; 51.13 ± 9.59% respectively. However, was observed a hipoaggregate profile F (15.17 ± 5.2%), F1 (7.40 ± 3.04 %), F2 (19.1 ± 5.41%) and F3 (5.09 ± 3.02%) at 0.1 mg/mL. The hemorrhagic activity assay was carried in Wistar rats and showed that these compounds have low hemorrhagic effect when compared to heparin. The complement system ( alternative pathway was made using non-sensibilized rabbit red blood cells The results of complement system essay showed that F , F2 and F3 have action inhibitory in relation to the group control 0.544, 0.697, 0.622 and 0.958 respectively The results showed that these compounds have action on this system. Interaction of the polisaccharides with proteins C3 and C4 showed that the fraction F1 stimulated the activity assay hemolytic using red blood cells

A Multifaceted Study of Scedosporium boydii Cell Wall Changes during Germination and Identification of GPI-Anchored Proteins

International audience

Non-fermented and fermented jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Mart.) pomaces as valuable sources of functional ingredients

abuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora. Mart) is a highly perishable fruit native to Brazil, which is consumed both fresh and industrially processed in the form of juices, jams, wines and distilled liqueurs. This processing generates a large amount of waste by-products, which represent approximately 50% of the fruit weight. The by-products are of interest for obtaining valuable bioactive compounds that could be used as nutraceuticals or functional ingredients. In this study, fermented and non-fermented jabuticaba pomaces were studied regarding their hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, as well as their antioxidant properties, including: soluble sugars, organic acids and tocopherols (using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to refraction index, diode array and fluorescence detector, respectively); phenolics and anthocyanins, (using liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection, and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization); and fatty acids (using gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection). The analytical data demonstrated that jabuticaba pomaces are a rich source of bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds (namely hydrolyzable tannins and anthocyanins) with antioxidant potential. Therefore, jabuticaba pomace may have good potential as a functional ingredient in the fabrication of human foods and animal feed.

Integration of virus-like particle macromolecular bioreceptors in electrochemical biosensors

Rapid, sensitive and selective detection of chemical hazards and biological pathogens has shown growing importance in the fields of homeland security, public safety and personal health. In the past two decades, efforts have been focusing on performing point-of-care chemical and biological detections using miniaturized biosensors. These sensors convert target molecule binding events into measurable electrical signals for quantifying target molecule concentration. However, the low receptor density and the use of complex surface chemistry in receptors immobilization on transducers are common bottlenecks in the current biosensor development, adding to the cost, complexity and time. This dissertation presents the development of selective macromolecular Tobacco mosaic virus-like particle (TMV VLP) biosensing receptor, and the microsystem integration of VLPs in microfabricated electrochemical biosensors for rapid and performance-enhanced chemical and biological sensing. Two constructs of VLPs carrying different receptor peptides targeting at 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive or anti-FLAG antibody are successfully bioengineered. The VLP-based TNT electrochemical sensor utilizes unique diffusion modulation method enabled by biological binding between target TNT and receptor VLP. The method avoids the influence from any interfering species and environmental background signals, making it extremely suitable for directly quantifying the TNT level in a sample. It is also a rapid method that does not need any sensor surface functionalization process. For antibody sensing, the VLPs carrying both antibody binding peptides and cysteine residues are assembled onto the gold electrodes of an impedance microsensor. With two-phase immunoassays, the VLP-based impedance sensor is able to quantify antibody concentrations down to 9.1 ng/mL. A capillary microfluidics and impedance sensor integrated microsystem is developed to further accelerate the process of VLP assembly on sensors and improve the sensitivity. Open channel capillary micropumps and stop-valves facilitate localized and evaporation-assisted VLP assembly on sensor electrodes within 6 minutes. The VLP-functionalized impedance sensor is capable of label-free sensing of antibodies with the detection limit of 8.8 ng/mL within 5 minutes after sensor functionalization, demonstrating great potential of VLP-based sensors for rapid and on-demand chemical and biological sensing.

O impacto das telenovelas brasileiras nos luandenses

Vivemos uma era em que os distintos pontos geográficos do globo se tornaram mais próximos em virtude do estreitamento proporcionado pelo profundo avanço tecnológico dos meios de transporte, mas também pela evolução vertiginosa das novas tecnologias de comunicação que têm permitido fazer com que eventos ocorridos numa determinada região do planeta sejam vistos num outro ponto geográfico, com diferença de apenas algumas horas ou mesmo em tempo real. Graças a esse avanço tecnológico e ao consequente desenvolvimento do processo comercial de transmissão e receção de sinal de televisão por satélite e/ou por cabo, a par do veloz fluxo de informação, são também disponibilizados aos recetores conteúdos de entretenimento que refletem práticas culturais com características marcadamente identitárias, de outras sociedades. Considerando que determinadas condicionantes históricas e económicas do mundo não possibilitam um fluxo bidirecional dos referidos produtos televisivos e o facto de as empresas prestadoras destes serviços se dedicarem exclusivamente à venda de produtos, cujos conteúdos retratam práticas culturais de determinados países (em melhores condições de desenvolvimento económico e tecnológico) existe a possibilidade de se estar diante de um processo de difusão cultural e de aculturação de que são alvo os cidadãos dos países recetores dos referidos conteúdos. Este trabalho pretende efetuar uma análise do impacto das telenovelas brasileiras no comportamento dos luandenses, baseando-se numa pesquisa desenvolvida nos sete municípios da Província de Luanda. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam a presença de componentes culturais brasileiras em práticas sociais dos luandenses há várias gerações e mostram o papel transformador que as telenovelas brasileiras continuam a desempenhar nesta sociedade. A ausência nos canais de televisão locais de mensagens e imagens das representações endógenas favorece a apropriação de práticas culturais exógenas emitidas pelas produções brasileiras e a sua ressignificação no quotidiano local.

Measurements of activity coefficients at infinite dilution of organic solutes and water on polar imidazolium-based ionic liquids

The activity coefficients at infinite dilution, gamma(infinity)(13), of 55 organic solutes and water in three ionic liquids with the common cation 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium and the polar anions Cl--,Cl- [CH3SO3](-) and [(CH3)(2)PO4](-), were determined by (gas + liquid) chromatography at four temperatures in the range (358.15 to 388.15) K for alcohols and water, and T = (398.15 to 428.15) K for the other organic solutes including alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cycloalkenes, alkynes, ketones, ethers, cyclic ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, butyraldehyde, acetonitrile, pyridine, 1-nitropropane and thiophene. From the experimental gamma(infinity)(13) values, the partial molar excess Gibbs free energy, (G) over bar (E infinity)(m), enthalpy (H) over bar (E infinity)(m), and entropy (S) over bar (E infinity)(m), at infinite dilution, were estimated in order to provide more information about the interactions between the solutes and the ILs. Moreover, densities were measured and (gas + liquid) partition coefficients (KL) calculated. Selectivities at infinite dilution for some separation problems such as octane/benzene, cyclohexane/benzene and cyclohexane/thiophene were calculated using the measured gamma(infinity)(13), and compared with literature values for N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), sulfolane, and other ionic liquids with a common cation or anion of the ILs here studied. From the obtained infinite dilution selectivities and capacities, it can be concluded that the ILs studied may replace conventional entrainers applied for the separation processes of aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons.

Selection of ionic liquids to be used as separation agents for terpenes and terpenoids

In this work, ionic liquids are evaluated for the first time as solvents for extraction and entrainers in separation processes involving terpenes and terpenoids. For that purpose, activity coefficients at infinite dilution, γ13 ∞, of terpenes and terpenoids, in the ionic liquids [C4mim]Cl, [C4mim][CH3SO3], [C4mim][(CH3)2PO4] and [C4mim][CF3SO3] were determined by gas−liquid chromatography at six temperatures in the range 398.15 to 448.15 K. On the basis of the experimental values, a correlation of γ13 ∞ with an increase of the solubility parameters is proposed. The infinite dilution thermodynamic functions were calculated showing the entropic effect is dominant over the enthalpic. Gas−liquid partition coefficients give indications about the recovery and purification of terpenes and terpenoids from ionic liquid solutions. Presenting a strong innovative character, COSMO-RS was evaluated for the description of the selectivities and capacities, showing to be a useful tool for the screening of ionic liquids in order to find suitable candidates for terpenes and terpenoids extraction, and separation. COSMO-RS predictions show that in order to achieve the maximum separation efficiency, polar anions should be used such as bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate or acetate, whereas high capacities require nonpolar cations such as phosphonium.

Multiple solutions and numerical analysis to the dynamic and stationary models coupling a delayed energy balance model involving latent heat and discontinuous albedo with a deep ocean

We study a climatologically important interaction of two of the main components of the geophysical system by adding an energy balance model for the averaged atmospheric temperature as dynamic boundary condition to a diagnostic ocean model having an additional spatial dimension. In this work, we give deeper insight than previous papers in the literature, mainly with respect to the 1990 pioneering model by Watts and Morantine. We are taking into consideration the latent heat for the two phase ocean as well as a possible delayed term. Non-uniqueness for the initial boundary value problem, uniqueness under a non-degeneracy condition and the existence of multiple stationary solutions are proved here. These multiplicity results suggest that an S-shaped bifurcation diagram should be expected to occur in this class of models generalizing previous energy balance models. The numerical method applied to the model is based on a finite volume scheme with nonlinear weighted essentially non-oscillatory reconstruction and Runge–Kutta total variation diminishing for time integration.