Alemania y América Latina en la época del imperialismo. 1871-1914

ResumenEl objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo se produjo la penetración alemana en Latinoamérica, en qué medida esta tuvo éxito y si fue resultado de una determinada estrategia ofensiva.AbstractThe purpose of this article is to analyze German penetration in Latin America how it took place, to what extent it was successful, and if it resulted from a specific offensive strategy.

Un balance de la historia ambiental latinoamericana.

Resumen El objetivo de este análisis es presentar un balance de la historia ambiental escrita recientemente en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC).1 Conviene aclarar que en este artículo, se concibe por historia ambiental aquella disciplina que se ocupa de las interacciones entre las sociedades humanas y el mundo natural y las consecuencias de esas relaciones para ambas partes a lo largo del tiempo. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se ha examinado la trayectoria de la disciplina y se han identificado sus contornos y características esenciales, para finalmente, comentar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Abstract El objetivo de este análisis es presentar un balance de la historia ambiental escrita recientemente en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC).1 Conviene aclarar que en este artículo, se concibe por historia ambiental aquella disciplina que se ocupa de las interacciones entre las sociedades humanas y el mundo natural y las consecuencias de esas relaciones para ambas partes a lo largo del tiempo. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se ha examinado la trayectoria de la disciplina y se han identificado sus contornos y características esenciales, para finalmente, comentar sus fortalezas y debilidades.

Skills in the XXI Century Guidance: An Approach to the Costa Rican Reality

During a long time, the term competence has been used in different fields. Among those fields, and one of the most important, we can mention the educational system, from preschool to university levels. The term has to be understood as one person integral behavior, making him/her able to enter the labor force in the most competitive way. Within the university realm, experts have tried to include the model of competences as a transversal axle into the teaching-learning process. In European universities, such model has been implemented in most of them. In Latin America universities, on the other hand, it has been used in a good number of countries. The importance of early detection of competences among target populations in education has been widely discussed. However, it has been highlighted the necessity of considering romantic or subjective competences, which seem to lack of value in this complex and competitive actual world. The term competence has been classified as genetic competence, or common and specific competence. The latter is related to the knowledge scope. Within the counseling field, specifically, the general and specific competences are deemed highly appropriate for good a work performance. This article focuses on the main antecedents of competences and analyzes this approach from counseling field perspective. In regards to this specific aspect, a survey with professionals in counseling was carried out. Such a survey ends up dealing with some of the competences considered unavoidable for an accurate performance of professionals in counseling. It is important to mention that the competences of the survey mainly point out to genetic competences rather than to specific competences.

Antecedente nacional e internacional sobre la percepción y los derechos de las niñas, los niños, los y las adolescentes

Until the middle of the XVIII Century, children were considered as miniature adults, but with Jean Jacob Rousseau the study of the development of the human being was started and the foundation was set up for the new science of Paidology (the study of children), wich focuses on the different intellectual and physical conflicts which children face, and also for other sciencies such as Paidofilaxis, Pueroculture and Pediatrics. The Society of Nations, created, in 1919, the Consultancy for the Trafficking of Women and the Protection of Children, and in Geneva, the International Union for Aid was founded in 1920. In Argentina, the First American Congress for Children was organized in 1916, and others followed. The first Declaration of Childrens Right was proclaimed in 1924 and then followed the first Ten Commandments of Childrens Rights. In Costa Rica in 1929, a project was presented for the Constitutional Congress to establish an institution for the protection of children, wich was duly enacted into law in 1930 with the name of National Institution for the Protection of Children (Patronato Nacional de la Infancia, PANI) whose duty was to oversee the welfare of minors and their physical, intellectual, moral and emotional development. In 1930, the first Declaration of the Rights for Costarrican Children was proclaimed. The creation of the PANI, the declaration of Childrens Rights, and the enactment of a Code for Infants (1932), constitute the three events that signal Costa Rica as one of the pioneers countries in Latin American and the World, in the protectionof children and mothers. At the end of the article, some of the crucial events that have happened during the decades that PANI has been working in the country are analized.

IMPACTO SOCIAL DE LAS POLÍTICAS LATINOAMERICANAS

Esta presentación constituye una síntesis de los proyectos de investigación “América Latina como Geografía: Procesos Productivos e Impacto Social” y “Geografía del Comercio Exterior Argentino” dirigidos por los autores en las Universidades Nacionales de Mar del Plata y Luján, respectivamente.Los objetivos consisten en determinar las consecuencias sociales de las políticas llevadas a cabo en América Latina, con especial énfasis en el caso argentino, en los últimos veinte años.Para esto se han tomado en cuenta tanto datos estadísticos proporcionados por entidades ad hoc, así como bibliografía especializada tanto en aspectos relacionados con la Geografía Económica y Política, como con la Geografía Social. El principal aporte consiste en demostrar que las políticas macroeconómicas aplicadas en cada uno de los países latinoamericanos, han dejado tanto una impronta espacial como en las condiciones de vida de las sociedades que los conforman.

¿LA GEOGRAFÍA DE LA EXCLUSIÓN SOCIAL COINCIDE CON LA GEOGRAFÍA DE LA POLÍTICA PÚBLICA EN CHILE? CONVERGENCIA DE LOS ESPACIOS DE INTERVENCIÓN PARA LA REGENERACIÓN DE BARRIOS Y DE ESCUELAS CON BAJOS RESULTADOS ACADÉMICOS EN EL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE SANTIAGO (AMS) DE CHILE

La pobreza urbana se presenta como un problema característico de las metrópolis en Latinoamérica, donde las dinámicas sociales de segmentación del espacio están asociadas a usos y representaciones territoriales que van más allá de lo descrito por las perspectivas de análisis tradicionales sobre pobreza, ingresos o consumo. El presente artículo busca mediante la descripción de los mecanismos de focalización dos políticas públicas con referencia territorial especifica -Programas de mejoramiento de resultados educacionales y Programa de regeneración de barrios-, dar cuenta de la construcción de una geografía de la exclusión social para el caso del Área Metropolitana de Santiago, donde se problematiza la escala espacial de análisis, de diagnóstico y de intervención. Se pone de manifiesto a nivel teórico el concepto de estrategias sociales de segmentación del espacio urbano, como un elemento fundamental para comprender las dinámicas de integración y exclusión de diversos colectivos en la ciudad, las cuales deben ser parte sustancial de las intervenciones a nivel educacional y de barrio-vivienda. Por último, se busca avanzar en la discusión respecto de la variable territorial asociada a procesos complejos de exclusión socio-espacial, al mismo tiempo que se releva la necesidad de un análisis multi-nivel para las políticas públicas con referencia territorial.

Iberian and Latin American Music Scholarship on the Ascent: Reflections from the United States

In the early twentieth century, musicology was established as an academic discipline in the United States. Nonetheless, with the exception of Iberian medieval and Renaissance repertories, U.S. scholars largely overlooked the music of the Spanish- and Portuguese- speaking world. Why should this have been the case, especially in light of Spain’s strong historical presence in the United States? This autobiographical essay examines this question by tracing the career of an individual musicologist, the Hispanist musicologist Carol A. Hess. Evaluated here are disciplinary shifts in U.S. musicology —methodological, philosophical, and ideological— over the past thirty years. These transformations have combined to make this repertory a viable field of study today. Musicologists in the United States can now make their careers by specializing in Iberian and Latin American music, as well as the music of the Hispanic diaspora. They research topics ranging from the avant-garde composer Llorenç Barber to the rapper Nach Scratch or the popular bandleader Xavier Cugat and his U.S. audiences of the 1940s, while others also pursue the time-tested areas of medieval and Renaissance music. Iberian and Latin American music is regularly offered in postsecondary institutions while instructors now have a variety of textbooks and other pedagogical resources from which to choose. All add up to a disciplinary freedom that would have been unthinkable only a few decades ago.