Situación y tendencias recientes del mercado del cobre

Incluye Bibliografía

Coyuntura Laboral en América Latina y el Caribe: productividad laboral y distribución

Si bien las economías de América Latina y el Caribe crecieron menos en 2011 que en 2010, se lograron algunos avances en el ámbito laboral y los trabajadores se beneficiaron de un desempeño económico satisfactorio, en un contexto externo cada vez más complejo.La tasa de desempleo descendió de un 7,3% en 2010 a un 6,7% en 2011, debido a un aumento de medio punto porcentual de la tasa de ocupación urbana. Ambas tasas están en niveles inéditos desde hace mucho tiempo. También aumentó la proporción de los puestos de trabajo formales que cuentan con protección social y bajó el subempleo. Los salarios, tanto medios como mínimos, aumentaron en términos reales, aunque moderadamente.El desempeño económico y los resultados laborales fueron muy diferentes entre las subregiones. En América del Sur la tasa de desempleo cayó 0,6 puntos porcentuales, mientras en los países del norte de América Latina cedió 0,4 puntos porcentuales y en los países del Caribe subió 0,2 puntos porcentuales.Por otra parte, los datos muestran que en los mercados laborales persisten importantes brechas y graves problemas de inserción laboral, sobre todo para las mujeres y los jóvenes, que continúan padeciendo niveles desfavorables en cuanto a la tasa de desempleo y a otros indicadores laborales.En la segunda parte de este informe se revisa si los frutos del crecimiento económico y de los aumentos de productividad han sido distribuidos en forma equitativa entre trabajadores y empresas.Entre 2002 y 2008, el período del ciclo económico expansivo más reciente, de los 21 países de la región cuyos datos están disponibles, disminuyó la participación de las remuneraciones en el PIB en 13 de ellos, mientras que solo aumentó en 8. Esto indicaría una redistribución desfavorable a los trabajadores, que resulta preocupante en una región que se caracteriza por tener la distribución de ingreso más desigual del mundo.Esta evolución se explica porque a nivel mundial los salarios han crecido menos que la productividad. Más allá de la dimensión ética del tema, esto pone en peligro la sostenibilidad social y económica del crecimiento. Por ejemplo, una de las raíces de la reciente crisis financiera fue que, ante las pérdidas de ingresos de los asalariados estadounidenses, los hogares financiaron su consumo y su vivienda con un mayor endeudamiento, lo cual demostró no ser sostenible en el largo plazo. La persistencia de este fenómeno debilita tanto la contribución del mercado laboral a la asignación eficiente de los recursos como su función distributiva, con consecuencias negativas para la gobernabilidad democrática.En el debate a nivel global, entre las causas atribuibles a dicho empeoramiento distributivo se destacan la desregulación de los mercados y su impacto en la globalización financiera, un cambio tecnológico que favorece el capital frente al trabajo, así como el debilitamiento de las instituciones laborales. Se requiere, en consecuencia, un esfuerzo de políticas públicas que contribuyan a que los aumentos salariales no queden rezagados frente a los aumentos de productividad. En algunos países de la región, especialmente en América del Sur, se observan progresos interesantes durante la segunda mitad de la década pasada, reflejados en un positivo cambio de tendencia en la participación de las remuneraciones en el producto. Por ejemplo, en el Brasil se aprecia una recuperación de la participación de las remuneraciones en el PIB y se estima que la política de salarios mínimos orientada a la dinámica del mercado interno es una de las razones de este aumento.La región necesita crecer más y mejor. Se requiere incrementar continuamente su productividad como base de mejoras sostenidas del bienestar de la población y para reducir la brecha externa que separa a las economías de América Latina y el Caribe de las más avanzadas. También es imperativo reducir la desigualdad, lo que podría lograrse mediante una reducción de la brecha de productividad entre las empresas más modernas y la gran cantidad de empresas de baja productividad.Como se expone en este informe, durante el período entre 2002 y 2010 la región logró algunos avances, con un incremento anual de la productividad laboral del 1,5%. Estos progresos, sin embargo, están por debajo de los logros de otras regiones, como África subsahariana (2,1%); y, sobre todo, Asia oriental (8,3%, excluidos el Japón y la República de Corea);. Además, en muchos países de la región estas ganancias no se han distribuido de manera equitativa. De ahí la relevancia de asumir este doble reto: avanzar en los incrementos de la productividad y fortalecer los mecanismos para una distribución de las ganancias correspondientes que estimule la inversión y fortalezca los ingresos de los trabajadores y sus hogares.En 2012, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT); estiman que habrá un crecimiento económico regional levemente más bajo que en 2011, en el contexto de una economía mundial caracterizada por el enfriamiento de varios de sus principales motores económicos y una elevada incertidumbre relacionada, sobre todo, con las perspectivas de la zona del euro. Se prevé que la región continúe resistiendo bien en este contexto más adverso, gracias a las políticas que aprovecharon los períodos de un entorno más favorable. Esto se expresaría también en los mercados laborales, por lo que proyectamos un leve descenso de la tasa de desempleo, en un rango de hasta dos décimas de un punto porcentual, hasta alcanzar un 6,5%.

Digital proficiency and digital inclusion: Comparison between students of computer science, public relations and engineering

New information and communication technologies may be useful for providing more in-depth knowledge to students in many ways, whether through online multimedia educational material, or through online debates with colleagues, teachers and other area professionals in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. This paper focuses on participation in online discussion in e-learning courses for promoting learning. Although an important theoretical aspect, an analysis of literature reveals there are few studies evaluating the personal and social aspects of online course users in a quantitative manner. This paper aims to introduce a method for diagnosing inclusion and digital proficiency and other personal aspects of the student through a case study comparing Information System, Public Relations and Engineering students at a public university in Brazil. Statistical analysis and analysis of variances (ANOVA) were used as the methodology for data analysis in order to understand existing relations between the components of the proposed method. The survey methodology was also used, in its online format, as a research instrument. The method is based on using online questionnaires that diagnose digital proficiency and time management, level of extroversion and social skills of the students. According to the sample studied, there is no strong correlation between digital proficiency and individual characteristics tied to the use of time, level of extroversion and social skills of students. The differences in course grades for some components are partly due to subject 'Introduction to Economics' being offered to freshmen in Public Relations, whereas subject 'Economics in Engineering' is offered in the final semesters of Engineering and Information Systems courses. Therefore, the difference could be more tied to the respondent's age than to the course. Information Systems students were observed to be older, with access to computers and Internet at the workplace, compared to the other students who access the Internet more often from home. This paper presents a pilot study aimed at conducting a diagnosis that permits proposing actions for information and communication technology to contribute towards student education. Three levels of digital inclusion are described as a scale to measure whether information technology increases personal performance and professional knowledge and skills. This study may be useful for other readers interested in themes related to education in engineering. © 2013 IEEE.

Global economic developments, 1999

Includes bibliography

Análise numérica de lajes treliçadas pré-moldadas com adição de resíduo de borracha

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aproveitamento de resíduos de empresas moveleiras da região de São José do Rio Preto para confecção e avaliação de painéis aglomerados

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Capital flows to Latin America: 2005 highlights

Includes bibliography

Capital flows to Latin America: recent developments

Includes bibliography

Gestão do conhecimento em bibliotecas universitárias: análise de experiências no Brasil e em Portugal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Acuerdo de Asociación entre Chile y la Unión Europea: evaluación del pilar comercial

Incluye bibliografía

La política de los pactos sociales y la protección social: ¿Importa el discurso?: Experiencias internacionales

Incluye bibliografía.

Capital Flows to Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Developments

For six years, the global economy has been driven by the U.S. Federal Reserve’s policies of easy money. Liquidity has flowed from developed to developing economies, financing infrastructure and corporate investment and allowing consumers to indulge in credit-fuelled retail spending. Thus the effective ending of the Fed’s third round of asset purchases (QE3) at the end of October represents both a watershed and the beginning of a new stage in the world economy. The end of asset-purchases comes at a challenging time for emerging markets, with China’s economy slowing, the Euro zone struggling to avoid a recession and the Japanese economy already in recession. The unwinding of the U.S. monetary stimulus, while the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan step up their monetary stimulus, has underpinned an appreciation by the U.S. dollar, in which most commodities are priced. An appreciated dollar makes dollar-denominated commodities more expensive to buyers, thereby creating pressure for sellers to lower their prices. Latin American markets ended the third quarter of 2014 under pressure from a stronger U.S. dollar. In this changing external context, there are many signs that a slowdown in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) financial markets, particularly debt markets, which have been breaking issuance records for the past six years, may slowdown from now on. Commodity prices – including those of oil, base metals and some goods – are in a prolonged slump. The Bloomberg commodity price index, a benchmark of commodity investments, has fallen to a five-year low as China’s economy slows down, and with it the demand for commodities. Investment into the LAC region has decelerated, in large part because of a deceleration of mining investments. Latin American currencies have suffered depreciations, as current account deficits have widening for a number of countries. And LAC companies, having issued record amounts of foreign currency bonds may now struggle to service their debt. In October, credit-rating agency Moody’s downgraded the bonds of Brazil’s Petrobras to tow notches above speculative grade because of the impact of falling oil prices and the weaker real on its debt. Growth prospects look brighter in 2015 relative to 2014, but a strengthening U.S. dollar, uneven global growth and weakness in commodity prices are skewing the risk toward the downside for the 2015 forecasts across the region. The Institute of International Finance expects the strengthening of the dollar to have a divergent impact across the region, however, depending on trade and financial linkages. The Institute of International Finance, Capital Flows to Emerging Markets, October 2, 2014. A stronger dollar lifts U.S. purchasing power, supporting exports, growth and capital inflows in countries with close trade links to the U.S. economy. However, rising dollar financing costs will increase pressure on countries with weak external positions. Given the effects of falling oil prices and a stronger dollar, some companies in the region, having issued record amounts of foreign currency bonds, may now struggle to service their debts. Prospects of Fed rate hikes resulting in tighter global liquidity amid the rapid rise in the corporate external bond stock has indeed raised concerns over some companies. However, there is still a shortage of bonds at a global level and the region still enjoys good economic policy management for the most part, so LAC debt markets may continue to enjoy momentum despite occasional bursts of high volatility – even if not at the record levels of recent years.

The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Labour productivity and distribution issues

Although the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean grew more slowly in 2011 than in 2010, there were some improvements on the employment front. Workers benefited from the region’s satisfactory economic performance in an increasingly complex international setting. The unemployment rate fell from 7.3% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2011 thanks to a halfpercentage- point gain in the urban employment rate. Both rates are at levels that have not been seen for a long time. The proportion of formal jobs with social benefits rose as well, and underemployment declined. The average wage and the minimum wage both increased in real terms, albeit only moderately. Economic performance and the employment situation varied widely among the subregions. The unemployment rate dropped by 0.6 percentage points in South America but 0.4 percentage points in the countries of the northern part of Latin America. In the countries of the Caribbean, the employment rate was up by 0.2 percentage points. The data show that substantial labour market gaps and serious labour-market insertion issues remain. This is especially the case for women and young people, for whom unemployment rates and other labour indicators are still unfavourable. The second part of this report looks at whether the fruits of economic growth and rising productivity have been distributed equitably between workers and companies. Between 2002 and 2008 (the most recent expansionary economic cycle), wages as a percentage of GDP fell in 13 of the 21 countries of the region for which data are available and rose in just 8. This points to redistribution that is unfavourable to workers, which is worrying in a region which already has the most unequal distribution of income in the world. Underlying this trend is the fact that, worldwide, wages have grown less than productivity. Beyond the ethical dimension of this issue, it jeopardizes the social and economic sustainability of growth. For example, one of the root causes of the recent financial crisis was that households in the United States responded to declining wage income by borrowing more to pay for consumption and housing. This turned out to be unsustainable in the long run. Over time, it undermines the labour market’s contribution to the efficient allocation of resources and its distributive function, too, with negative consequences for democratic governance. Among the triggers of this distributive worsening most often cited in the global debate are market deregulation and its impact on financial globalization, technological change that favours capital over labour, and the weakening of labour institutions. What is needed here is a public policy effort to help keep wage increases from lagging behind increases in productivity. Some countries of the region, especially in South America, saw promising developments during the second half of the 2000s in the form of a positive trend reversal in wages as a percentage of GDP. One example is Brazil, where a minimum wage policy tailored to the dynamics of the domestic market is considered to be one of the factors behind an upturn in the wage share of GDP. The region needs to grow more and better. Productivity must grow at a steady pace, to serve as the basis for sustained improvements in the well-being of the populace and to narrow the gap between the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean and the more advanced economies. And inequality must be decreased; this could be achieved by closing the productivity gap between upgraded companies and the many firms whose productivity is low. As set out in this report, the region made some progress between 2002 and 2010, with labour productivity rising at the rate of 1.5% a year. But this progress falls short of that seen in other regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa (2.1%) and, above all, East Asia (8.3%, not counting Japan and the Republic of Korea). Moreover, in many of the countries of the region these gains have not been distributed equitably. Therein lies a dual challenge that must be addressed: continue to increase productivity while enhancing the mechanisms for distributing gains in a way that will encourage investment and boost worker and household income. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimate that the pace of economic growth in the region will be slightly slower in 2012 than in 2011, in a global economic scenario marked by the cooling of several of the main economic engines and a high degree of uncertainty concerning, above all, prospects for the euro zone. The region is expected to continue to hold up well to this worsening scenario, thanks to policies that leveraged more favourable conditions in the past. This will be felt in the labour markets, as well, so expectations are that unemployment will edge down by as much as two tenths of a decimal point.

Estudo da viabilidade celular comparando os meios de conservação para enxerto ósseo de calota craniana: análise microscópica e imunoistoquímica em ratos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência de três meios de armazenamento no processo de reparo do enxerto ósseo autógeno: análise histomorfométrica e imunoistoquímica em coelhos

Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOA