Influence of organic-mineral fertilization of an oxisol on soil chemical properties and Bracharia brizantha production

The use of organic-mineral fertilizer produced by the manufacturing industry of lysine and threonine amino acids can improve the fertility of tropical soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different doses of the organic-mineral fertilizer named Ajifer L-14 on chemical properties and on the response with increased production of a forage on a Red Latosol in the northwestern region of S��o Paulo State, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of: T1- control (without application of Ajifer L-14); T2- control (natural vegetation); T3- mineral fertilization according to crop requirements and soil analysis (application of 1.35 kg plot-1 of urea, 2.20 single superphosphate, and 0.51 KCl, corresponding to 60 of N, 40 P2O5 and 30 kg ha-1 of K2O); T4- fertilization with Ajifer L-14 according to the recommendation resulting from the soil chemical analysis (40 L plot-1, corresponding to 60 kg ha-1 N); T5- fertilization with Ajifer L-14, at a rate of 150 % of the recommended values (60 L plot-1, corresponding to 90 kg ha-1 N); T6- fertilization with Ajifer L-14 at a rate of 50 % of the recommended values (20 L plot-1, corresponding to 30 kg ha-1 N); T7- fertilization with Ajifer L-14 at a rate of 125 % of the recommended values (50 L plot-1, corresponding to 75 kg ha-1 N); T8- fertilization with Ajifer L-14 at a rate of 75 % of the recommended values (30 L plot-1, corresponding to 45 kg ha-1 N). The following soil chemical properties were evaluated (layers 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m): P, organic matter, pH, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, cation exchange capacity, potential acidity, and base saturation. The application of this organic-mineral fertilizer does not influence the soil chemical properties. Regression analysis indicated a polynomial relationship between the application rates of organic-mineral fertilizer and the production of dry matter and crude protein of Bracharia Brizantha.

L'insertion sociale plurielle des femmes cadres sup��rieurs en Suisse : contribution �� l'��tude du bien-��tre subjectif au quotidien : approche qualitative int��grative

RESUME�� L'insertion sociale plurielle des femmes cadres sup��rieurs en Suisse. Contribution �� l'��tude du bien-��tre subjectif au quotidien. Approche int��grative qualitative. ��Depuis une quarantaine d'ann��es, nombreux sont les travaux qui ��tudient les relations entre les diff��rents milieux de vie au quotidien et, plus particuli��rement, l'impact de leurs articulations singuli��res sur la sant��. Nous y identifions deux axes principaux : l'un aborde ce ph��nom��ne selon une perspective de �� conflit travail-famille �� en termes de �� stress ��, l'autre se focalise davantage sur la promotion du �� bien-��tre �� au travers d'une approche d'�� ��quilibre travail-vie ��. Or, l'ensemble de ces recherches consid��re comme ��pathog��nes�� les d��sajustements, les contradictions et les tensions v��cus au quotidien. Selon cette tendance, le �� bien-��tre �� appara��t comme un ��tat d'��quilibre ultime ind��pendant du contexte de vie du sujet. Toutefois, peu de recherches portent sur la dimension situ��e du bien-��tre dans son rapport �� l'activit�� concr��te au sein des milieux deNotre ��tude s'int��resse �� cette question aupr��s des femmes cadres sup��rieurs, selon une perspective critique et d��veloppementale en psychologie de la sant�� (Lyons & Chamberlain, 2006 ; Santiago-Delefosse, 2002,2011 ; Malrieu, 1989 ; Vygotski, 1985). En effet, cette population constitue un terrain privil��gi�� pour comprendre le sens donn�� �� l'activit�� �� partir des contraintes, responsabilit��s et demandes per��ues dans des contextes parfois contradictoires, et pour analyser le r��le de ces derniers dans un bien-��tre subjectif.En coh��rence avec notre positionnement th��orique, nous avons men�� des entretiens qualitatifs focalis��s sur l'activit�� quotidienne aupr��s de 20 femmes, et ceci en deux temps (T1-T2) (40 entretiens). Les r��sultats issus des analyses du contenu des discours permettent de d��finir le v��cu de l'articulation des milieux de vie chez nos participantes, selon trois axes �� la fois interd��pendants et autonomes. Chaque axe se d��finit par une s��rie de supports sp��cifiques jouant un r��le structurant dans leur bien-��tre subjectif. Ainsi, le premier axe se caract��rise par des supports de ma��trise subjective, ainsi que par l'appropriation de contraintes sociales et corporelles, selon un rythme de l'activit�� soutenu. Le deuxi��me s'accompagne de supports qui favorisent la prise de distance au travers du rel��chement du rythme et du l��cher prise de la ma��trise, par la cr��ation d'espaces personnels et sociaux �� pour soi ��. Enfin, le troisi��me porte sur le positionnement de soi par rapport �� autrui en termes de �� personnalisation ��.Construits en rapport �� la corpor��it�� et �� autrui au sein de contextes sp��cifiques, ces diff��rents supports prennent leur sens au sein d'un syst��me de pratiques global, unique pour chaque femme. Selon cette conception critique, le bien-��tre subjectif chez les femmes cadres se d��finit comme le fruit d'un processus mouvant issu des tensions v��cues entre les trois axes de l'articulation des milieux de vie. Il est par cons��quent social, corporel et psychologique.Nos r��sultats ouvrent des perspectives de recherche et d'intervention, notamment en sant�� et travail. Ces ouvertures sont orient��es vers une approche int��grative en psychologie de la sant��, c'est-��-dire, de la prise en compte dans des questions de sant�� et de bien-��tre du processus de construction du sujet en relation �� son insertion sociale plurielle.ABSTRACT�� Plural social participation among women senior managers in Switzerland. Contribution to the study of subjective well-being in everyday life. An integrative and qualitativeapproach.��For the last forty years, a large body of literature has studied the relationships between different social realms in everyday life and, more particularly, the impact of their singular intertwinements with health. We identify two main trends : The first one focuses on this phenomenon through the �� work-family conflict �� perspective in terms of �� stress �� whilst the second one is more concerned by the promotion of �� well-being �� through a �� work-life balance �� approach. However, both of these trends consider disadjustments, contradictions and tensions in everyday life as �� pathogenic ��. According to this conception, �� well- being �� appears as an ultimate state of balance which is ind��pendant from the subject's life context. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the situated dimension of well-being in its link to concrete activity in social realms.Our research is concerned with this issue among women senior managers from a critical and developmental perspective in Health Psychology (Lyons & Chamberlain, 2006 ; Santiago-Delefosse, 2002, 2011 ; Malrieu, 1989 ; Vygotski, 1985). In fact, this population represents a favourable field so as to study : how the meaning of daily activity is constructed accross different and often conflictive social realms ; to understand the many ways in which this population deals with perceived constraints, responsibilities and requests, and to analyse the role of situated plural activity in subjective well-being.Consitent with our theoretical framework, we have designed a qualitative method. We have conducted two-time (T1-T2) interviews with 20 women by focusing on their daily activity (40 interviews). The Thematic Content Analysis reveals that four different social realms are articulated among our participants through three main axes, which are at the same time interdependent and autonomous. Each one of these axis is defined by a certain number of specific supports that play an important role in these women's subjective well- being. The first axis is concerned by several supports that signify a �� feeling of control �� along with the appropriation of social and body constraints by means of a rapid pace of activity. The second one regards the use of supports that contribute to �� put things into perspective �� by means of the slowing down of the pace of activity and through letting go of the feeling of control. This mechanism includes the creation of personal and social spaces of �� one's own ��. The third axis is defined by the positioning of the self in regard to others through a process of �� personnalization ��.Developed in specific contexts through the intertwinnements between the body and social others, supports belonging to these axes acquire significance and meaning on the basis of their relationship to a global system of activities of which they are part. However, this articulation is uniquely defined for each participant. According to this critical approach, subjective well-being among women senior managers emerges as a meaningful and changing process, situated in a plural social context. This is, it appears as the result of conflictual interactions defining the three different axis that we have identified. Subjective well-being is hence a social, embodied and psychological phenomena that is closely linked to the articulation of different social realms. Our findings open new research and practice perspectives, especially concerning health and work issues. These perspectives convey an integrative approach in Health Psychology by considering health and well-being by taking into account the process of construction of the subject in regard to his or her plural social participation.

MP2RAGE Multiple Sclerosis Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3 T.

OBJECTIVES: Lesion detection and characterization in multiple sclerosis (MS) are an essential part of its clinical diagnosis and an important research field. In this pilot study, we applied the recently introduced two inversion-contrast magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo sequence (MP2RAGE) to patients with early-stage MS.��MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MP2RAGE is a 3-dimensional (3D) magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo derivative providing homogeneous T1 weighting and simultaneous T1 mapping. The MP2RAGE performance was compared with that of 2 clinical routine sequences (2D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery [FLAIR] and 3D magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo [MP-RAGE]) and 2 state-of-the art clinical research sequences (the 3D FLAIR-SPACE [sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts by using different flip-angle evolutions], a fluid-attenuated variable flip-angle fast spin echo technique, and the 3D double-inversion recovery SPACE). A cohort of 10 early-stage female MS patients (age, 31.6 �� 4.7 years; disease duration, 3.8 �� 1.9 years; median expanded disability status scale score, 1.75) and 10 age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled after approval of the local institutional review board was obtained. Multiple sclerosis lesions were identified and assigned to brain locations and tissue types by two experienced physicians in all 5 contrasts. Subsequently, lesions were manually delineated for comparison and statistical analysis of lesion count, volume and quantitative measures.��RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the 3D T1-weighted high-resolution MP2RAGE contrast provides a sensitive means for MS lesion assessment. The additional quantitative T1 relaxation time maps obtained with the MP2RAGE provide further potential diagnostic and prognostic information that could help (a) to better discriminate lesion subtypes and (b) to stage and predict the activity and the evolution of MS. Results also indicate that the T2-weighted double-inversion recovery and FLAIR-SPACE contrasts are attractive complements to the MP2RAGE for lesion detection.

Soil, water and nutrient losses by interrill erosion from green cane cultivation

Interrill erosion occurs by the particle breakdown caused by raindrop impact, by particle transport in surface runoff, by dragging and suspension of particles disaggregated from the soil surface, thus removing organic matter and nutrients that are essential for agricultural production. Crop residues on the soil surface modify the characteristics of the runoff generated by rainfall and the consequent particle breakdown and sediment transport resulting from erosion. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum amount of mulch that must be maintained on the soil surface of a sugarcane plantation to reduce the soil, water and nutrient losses by decreasing interrill erosion. The study was conducted in Prad��polis, S��o Paulo State, in 0.5 x 1.0 m plots of an Oxisol, testing five treatments in four replications. The application rates were based on the crop residue production of the area of 1.4 kg m-2 (T1- no cane trash; T2-25 % of the cane trash; T3- 50 % trash; T4-75 % trash; T5-100 % sugarcane residues on the surface), and simulated rainfall was applied at an intensity of 65 mm h-1 for 60 min. Runoff samples were collected in plastic containers and soon after taken to the laboratory to quantify the losses of soil, water and nutrients. To minimize soil loss by interrill erosion, 75 % of the cane mulch must be maintained on the soil, to control water loss 50 % must be maintained and 25 % trash controls organic matter and nutrient losses. This information can contribute to optimize the use of this resource for soil conservation on the one hand and the production of clean energy in sugar and alcohol industries on the other.

External beam radiotherapy �� chemotherapy in the treatment of anal canal cancer: a single-institute long-term experience on 100 patients.

One-hundred patients treated with curative radiotherapy (RT) �� chemotherapy (CT) for an anal canal carcinoma (T1-4N0-3M0) were retrospectively analyzed. Five- and 10-year local control (LC) rates were 73% and 67%, respectively. Acute and late G3-G4 toxicity rates were 32% and 12%, respectively. Two patients underwent a colostomy for a G4 anal toxicity. This study confirms the outcomes of RT �� CT in the treatment of anal canal cancer. Concomitant CT and LC statistically influenced Overall Survival and Colostomy-Free Survival. CT also statistically reduced the risk of nodal relapse. High rates of acute skin toxicity impose tailored volumes and techniques of irradiation.

Outcome and prognostic factors in olfactory neuroblastoma: a rare cancer network study.

Purpose: To assess the outcome in patients with olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB). Methods and Materials: Seventy-seven patients treated for nonmetastatic ONB between 1971 and 2004 were included. According to Kadish classification, there were 11 patients with Stage A, 29 with Stage B, and 37 with Stage C. T-classification included 9 patients with T1, 26 with T2, 16 with T3, 15 with T4a, and 11 with T4b tumors. Sixty-eight patients presented with N0 (88%) disease. Results: Most of the patients (n = 56, 73 %) benefited from surgery (S), and total excision was possible in 44 patients (R0 in 32, R1 in 13, R2 in 11). All but five patients benefited from RT, and chemotherapy was given in 21(27%). Median follow-up period was 72 months (range, 6-315). The 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DES), locoregional control, and local control were 64%, 57%, 62%, and 70%, respectively. In univariate analyses, favorable factors were Kadish A or B disease, T1 T3 tumors, no nodal involvement, curative surgery, R0/R1 resection, and RT-dose 54 Gy or higher. Multivariate analysis revealed that the best independent factors predicting the outcome were T1 T3, N0, R0/R1 resection, and total RT dose (54 Gy or higher). Conclusion: In this multicenter retrospective study, patients with ONB treated with R0 or R1 surgical resection followed by at least 54-Gy postoperative RT had the best outcome. Novel strategies including concomitant chemotherapy and/or higher dose RT should be prospectively investigated in this rare disease for which local failure remains a problem.

Impacto do manejo da ��gua na toxidez por ferro no arroz irrigado por alagamento

A toxidez por ferro �� o dist��rbio nutricional de maior ocorr��ncia em arroz (Oryza sativa L.) cultivado em sistemas alagados, derivada da quantidade excessiva de ��ons ferrosos (Fe2+) gerados pela redu����o de ��xidos de ferro em solos alagados. Em experimento conduzido em casa de vegeta����o, foram avaliados os efeitos de manejos da ��gua de irriga����o na din��mica de redu����o de um Planossolo e na manifesta����o da toxidez por ferro em arroz. Os tratamentos dispostos em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repeti����es constaram de cinco manejos da ��gua: T1- in��cio do alagamento no est��dio V2-V3 do arroz; T2- in��cio do alagamento no est��dio V6-V7; T3- T1 e drenagem no est��dio V10-V11; T4- T2 e drenagem no est��dio V10-V11; e T5- T1 e drenagens nos est��dios V7-V8 e V10-V11. O atraso do in��cio do alagamento para o est��dio V6-V7 do arroz manteve os valores do Eh da solu����o do solo mais elevados, promovendo menor disponibilidade de Fe2+ na solu����o do solo e deslocando a m��xima libera����o de Fe2+ na solu����o do solo para est��dios fenol��gicos mais avan��ados do arroz. A realiza����o de drenagens ao longo do ciclo vegetativo do arroz promoveu a reoxida����o do solo, que ocasionou o aumento dos valores de Eh e redu����o da concentra����o de Fe2+ na solu����o do solo. O uso de drenagens durante o per��odo vegetativo do arroz foi eficiente no controle da toxidez por excesso de ferro, em arroz cultivado em solo alagado.

Extra����o e exporta����o de nutrientes pelo feijoeiro adubado com nitrog��nio, em diferentes tempos de implanta����o do sistema plantio direto

O cultivo do feijoeiro em sistema plantio direto (SPD) tem aumentado de forma marcante no pa��s. Neste contexto, para aduba����es mais racionais, �� fundamental conhecer as exig��ncias nutricionais da cultura quando cultivada em SPD rec��m-implantado ou consolidado, j�� que o tempo de implanta����o do sistema pode alterar a disponibilidade de nutrientes e a resposta das culturas �� aduba����o nitrogenada. Objetivou-se avaliar a extra����o e exporta����o de nutrientes pelo feijoeiro em raz��o da aduba����o nitrogenada, em solo sob SPD rec��m-implantado ou consolidado. O experimento foi conduzido por dois anos agr��colas, em um Nitossolo Vermelho distr��fico, no munic��pio de Botucatu, SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repeti����es. As parcelas foram formadas por ��reas sob SPD com diferentes tempos de ado����o, e as subparcelas constitu��das por quatro formas de aplica����o do nitrog��nio (N) na cultura do feij��o (T0: controle, sem aplica����o de N; T1: 60 kg ha-1 na pr��-semeadura; T2: 60 kg ha-1 aplicado em cobertura no est��dio V4; e T3: 60 kg ha-1 na pr��-semeadura + 60 kg ha-1 em cobertura). Foram avaliados: mat��ria seca da parte a��rea, concentra����o e ac��mulo de nutrientes na parte a��rea, produtividade de gr��os e concentra����es e exporta����o de nutrientes nos gr��os. O tempo que a ��rea permaneceu sob SPD n��o influenciou a produtividade, a nutri����o e nem mesmo a resposta da cultura do feij��o �� aduba����o nitrogenada. A aplica����o de N, especialmente em pr��-semeadura, proporcionou maiores ac��mulos de mat��ria seca e nutrientes pela cultura do feij��o. As concentra����es de nutrientes nos gr��os foram pouco influenciadas pela aduba����o nitrogenada. As maiores produtividades de gr��os e exporta����es de nutrientes foram proporcionadas pela aplica����o de N em duas ��pocas (pr��-semeadura e em cobertura) ou apenas em cobertura.

Perfusion and diffusion MRI of glioblastoma progression in a four-year prospective temozolomide clinical trial

RESUME BUT Cette ��tude a ��t�� men��e sur le suivi de patients trait��s pour un glioblastome nouvellement diagnostiqu��. Son objectif a ��t�� de d��terminer l'impact des s��quences de perfusion et de diffusion en imagerie par r��sonance magn��tique (IRM). Un int��r��t particulier a ��t�� port�� au potentiel de ces nouvelles techniques d'imagerie dans l'anticipation de la progression de la maladie. En effet, l'intervalle de temps libre de progression est une mesure alternative de pronostic fr��quemment utilis��e. MATERIEL ET METHODE L'��tude a port�� sur 41 patients participant �� un essai clinique de phase II de traitement par temozolomide. Leur suivi radiologique a comport�� un examen IRM dans les 21 �� 28 jours apr��s radiochimioth��rapie et tous les 2 mois par la suite. L'��valuation des images s'est faite sur la base de l'��valuation de l'effet de masse ainsi que de la mesure de la taille de la l��sion sur les images suivantes : T1 avec produit de contraste, T2, diffusion, perfusion. Afin de d��terminer la date de progression de la maladie, les crit��res classiques de variation de taille adjoints aux crit��res cliniques habituels ont ��t�� utilis��s. RESULAT 311 examens IRM ont ��t�� revus. Au moment de la progression (32 patients), une r��gression multivari��e selon Cox a permis de d��terminer deux param��tres de survie : diam��tre maximal en T1 (p>0.02) et variation de taille en T2 (p<0.05). L'impact de la perfusion et de la diffusion n'a pas ��t�� d��montr�� de mani��re statistiquement significative. CONCLUSION Les techniques de perfusion et de diffusion ne peuvent pas ��tre utilis��es pour anticiper la progression tumorale. Alors que la prise de d��cision au niveau th��rapeutique est critique au moment de la progression de la maladie, l'IRM classique en T1 et en T2 reste la m��thode d'imagerie de choix. De mani��re plus sp��cifique, une prise de contraste en T1 sup��rieure �� 3 cm dans son plus grand diam��tre associ��e �� un hypersignal T2 en augmentation forment un marqueur de mauvais pronostic.

Perennial grasses for recovery of the aggregation capacity of a reconstructed soil in a coal mining area in southern Brazil

The construction of a soil after surface coal mining involves heavy machinery traffic during the topographic regeneration of the area, resulting in compaction of the relocated soil layers. This leads to problems with water infiltration and redistribution along the new profile, causing water erosion and consequently hampering the revegetation of the reconstructed soil. The planting of species useful in the process of soil decompaction is a promising strategy for the recovery of the soil structural quality. This study investigated the influence of different perennial grasses on the recovery of reconstructed soil aggregation in a coal mining area of the Companhia Riograndense de Minera����o, located in Candiota-RS, which were planted in September/October 2007. The treatments consisted of planting: T1- Cynodon dactylon cv vaquero; T2 - Urochloa brizantha; T3 - Panicum maximun; T4 - Urochloa humidicola; T5 - Hemarthria altissima; T6 - Cynodon dactylon cv tifton 85. Bare reconstructed soil, adjacent to the experimental area, was used as control treatment (T7) and natural soil adjacent to the mining area covered with native vegetation was used as reference area (T8). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in October/2009 (layers 0.00-0.05 and 0.10-0.15 m) to determine the percentage of macro- and microaggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, organic matter content, bulk density, and macro- and microporosity. The lower values of macroaggregates and MWD in the surface than in the subsurface layer of the reconstructed soil resulted from the high degree of compaction caused by the traffic of heavy machinery on the clay material. After 24 months, all experimental grass treatments showed improvements in soil aggregation compared to the bare reconstructed soil (control), mainly in the 0.00-0.05 m layer, particularly in the two Urochloa treatments (T2 and T4) and Hemarthria altissima (T5). However, the great differences between the treatments with grasses and natural soil (reference) indicate that the recovery of the pre-mining soil structure could take decades.

Efeito de semeadora com haste sulcadora para a����o profunda em solo manejado com plantio direto

A ado����o do plantio direto na regi��o subtropical ��mida do Brasil, fundamentada apenas em dois preceitos da agricultura conservacionista - mobiliza����o de solo restrita �� linha de semeadura e manuten����o de res��duos culturais na superf��cie do solo -, tem induzido �� estratifica����o de atributos qu��micos do solo na camada de 0-20 cm profundidade e degrada����o f��sica da camada subsuperficial (entre aproximadamente 5-20 cm de profundidade), que podem contribuir para frustra����es de safras agr��colas, quando da ocorr��ncia de estiagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual de uma semeadora/adubadora, equipada com elemento rompedor de solo tipo haste sulcadora, atuando em quatro profundidades para a semeadura de milho (Zea mays L.), na mitiga����o de problemas de ordem f��sica e qu��mica, em um Latossolo Vermelho distr��fico h��mico, manejado em plantio direto h�� mais de 10 anos. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 = hastes sulcadoras atuando at�� 5 cm de profundidade; T2 = hastes sulcadoras atuando at�� 10 cm de profundidade; T3 = hastes sulcadoras atuando at�� 15 cm de profundidade; e T4 = hastes sulcadoras atuando at�� 17 cm de profundidade. O efeito desses tratamentos sobre os atributos f��sicos do solo foi avaliado pela t��cnica do perfil cultural associada �� determina����o da densidade, porosidade total, macroporosidade e resist��ncia do solo �� penetra����o, aos oito e 12 meses, ap��s a semeadura da cultura de milho. Sobre os atributos qu��micos, esses efeitos foram avaliados pela determina����o de pH em H2O, P e K dispon��veis, Ca, Mg e Al troc��veis, acidez potencial e mat��ria org��nica, em amostras de solo coletadas em camadas de 2,5 cm de espessura, de 0-22,5 cm de profundidade. A utiliza����o da semeadora/adubadora, equipada com elemento rompedor de solo tipo haste sulcadora, evidenciou-se eficaz em mitigar os problemas f��sicos e qu��micos do solo, tanto aos oito como aos 12 meses ap��s a opera����o de semeadura.

Nutri����o e produtividade da nogueira-macad��mia em raz��o do parcelamento da aduba����o mineral

A disponibilidade de nutrientes durante o ano pode influenciar o desempenho da nogueira-macad��mia (Macadamia integrifolia). Contudo, n��o existem informa����es sobre a resposta dessa cultura ao parcelamento da aduba����o nas condi����es brasileiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influ��ncia do parcelamento da aduba����o mineral na nutri����o, produtividade e qualidade de frutos da nogueira-macad��mia. O experimento foi conduzido, durante tr��s anos agr��colas, num Latossolo Vermelho, em Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com cinco repeti����es. O experimento foi constitu��do por quatro formas de parcelamento da aduba����o NPK (T1 - uma ��nica aplica����o, em outubro; T2 - duas aplica����es, em outubro e dezembro; T3 - tr��s aplica����es, em outubro, dezembro e fevereiro; e T4 - quatro aplica����es, em outubro, dezembro, fevereiro e abril). O parcelamento da aduba����o NPK proporcionou maiores teores de N nas folhas que a aplica����o em dose ��nica, mas n��o interferiu nos teores dos demais nutrientes. A produtividade da nogueira-macad��mia foi incrementada de forma similar com o parcelamento da aduba����o NPK em duas, tr��s ou quatro vezes, entre outubro e abril, em compara����o �� aplica����o ��nica em outubro. A taxa de recupera����o de am��ndoas n��o foi interferida pelo parcelamento da aduba����o NPK.

Artificial zinc finger fusions targeting Sp1-binding sites and the trans-activator-responsive element potently repress transcription and replication of HIV-1.

Tat activates transcription by interacting with Sp1, NF-kappaB, positive transcription elongation factor b, and trans-activator-responsive element (TAR). Tat and Sp1 play major roles in transcription by protein-protein interactions at human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat. Sp1 activates transcription by interacting with cyclin T1 in the absence of Tat. To disrupt the transcription activation by Tat and Sp1, we fused Sp1-inhibiting polypeptides, zinc finger polypeptide, and the TAR-binding mutant Tat (TatdMt) together. A designed or natural zinc finger and Tat mutant fusion was used to target the fusion to the key regulatory sites (GC box and TAR) on the long terminal repeat and nascent short transcripts to disrupt the molecular interaction that normally result in robust transcription. The designed zinc finger and TatdMt fusions were targeted to the TAR, and they potently repressed both transcription and replication of HIV-1. The Sp1-inhibiting POZ domain, TatdMt, and zinc fingers are key functional domains important in repression of transcription and replication. The designed artificial zinc fingers were targeted to the high affinity Sp1-binding site, and by being fused with TatdMt and POZ domain, they strongly block both Sp1-cyclin T1-dependent transcription and Tat-dependent transcription, even in the presence of excess expressed Tat.

Soil water erosion under different cultivation systems and different fertilization rates and forms over 10 years

The action of rain and surface runoff together are the active agents of water erosion, and further influences are the soil type, terrain, soil cover, soil management, and conservation practices. Soil water erosion is low in the no-tillage management system, being influenced by the amount and form of lime and fertilizer application to the soil, among other factors. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the form of liming, the quantity and management of fertilizer application on the soil and water losses by erosion under natural rainfall. The study was carried out between 2003 and 2013 on a Humic Dystrupept soil, with the following treatments: T1 - cultivation with liming and corrective fertilizer incorporated into the soil in the first year, and with 100 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T2 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over five years, and with 75 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T3 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over three years, and with 50 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T4 - surface liming and corrective fertilization distributed over two years, and with 25 % annual maintenance fertilization of P and K; T5 - fallow soil, without liming or fertilization. In the rotation the crops black oat (Avena strigosa ), soybean (Glycine max ), common vetch (Vicia sativa ), maize (Zea mays ), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus ), and black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ). The split application of lime and mineral fertilizer to the soil surface in a no-tillage system over three and five years, results in better control of soil losses than when split in two years. The increase in the amount of fertilizer applied to the soil surface under no-tillage cultivation increases phytomass production and reduces soil loss by water erosion. Water losses in treatments under no-tillage cultivation were low in all crop cycles, with a similar behavior as soil losses.

INTERVALO H��DRICO ��TIMO EM SOLO CONSTRU��DO AP��S MINERA����O DE CARV��O EM DIFERENTES LIMITES CR��TICOS DE RESIST��NCIA �� PENETRA����O E UMIDADE

Na quantificação do intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO), são utilizados diferentes limites críticos de resistência à penetração (RP) e umidade na capacidade de campo (θCC). Para solos agrícolas, esses valores estão sendo documentados na literatura. Entretanto, para solos construídos após mineração de carvão, constata-se grande lacuna de informações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a faixa de variação do intervalo hídrico ótimo de um solo construído sob diferentes plantas de cobertura na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota, sul do Brasil, considerando diferentes limites críticos de umidade do solo na capacidade de campo e de resistência à penetração. Foram avaliadas no experimento, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, as seguintes plantas de cobertura: Hemártria (Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C. E. Hubbard), tratamento 1 (T1); Pensacola (Paspalum notatum Flüggé), tratamento 2 (T2); Grama Tifton (Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers.), tratamento 3 (T3); Controle (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst.) Stapf), tratamento 4 (T4); e sem plantas de cobertura, tratamento 5 (T5). Para determinar o IHO, foram utilizados diferentes valores críticos de θCC referentes às tensões de 0,006; 0,01; e 0,033 MPa e RP de 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; e 3,0 MPa, mantendo-se sempre constante a umidade do solo no ponto de murcha permanente (θPMP) como sendo igual ao valor retido na tensão de 1,5 MPa e a umidade do solo em que a porosidade de aeração (PA) é de 10 %. A faixa de variação do IHO foi maior no solo construído cultivado com Urochloa brizantha; e a menor com Pensacola, independentemente dos limites críticos de θCC e de RP. Os limites críticos de θCC e de RP utilizados na definição do IHO originaram diferentes valores de densidade critica (Dsc) para o solo construído sob diferentes plantas de cobertura. Os menores e maiores valores de Dsc foram obtidos quando utilizados como limites críticos na definição do IHO, o θCC = 0,033 MPa e a RP = 3 MPa. O solo construído cultivado com Urochloa brizantha e Hemártria apresentou valor de Ds muito próximo ao de Dsc.