Turismo Rural na Ilha de Santo Antão como factor de Desenvolvimento das Aldeias de Fontaínhas, Corvo e Formiguinhas

Santo Antão é uma ilha onde a oferta turística passa pelo turismo de natureza, e pretendese criar um projecto ligado ao Turismo Rural nas aldeias de Fontaínhas, Corvo e Formiguinhas. As aldeias são rurais e enfrentam vários constrangimentos e é necessário implementar um leque de infra-estruturas como alojamento, estradas, postos de saúde, saneamento para o suporto do Turismo e optar por uma alternativa do desenvolvimento local. O objectivo é criar uma proposta de desenvolvimento do Turismo Rural que seja viável para estas aldeias. Numa segunda fase pretende-se também envolver as famílias rurais no desenvolvimento do turismo. As aldeias em questão reúnem condições naturais para o Turismo Rural, mas pretende apostar na valorização cultura, história e nos produtos locais. Having in mind that Santo Antão is an island where the offer is almost mandatory for nature tourism, it intends to develop a project connected to the Rural Tourism in the following villages of “Fontaínhas,” “Corvo” and “Formiguinhas”. These villages are rural and face various constraints, so it is necessary to implement a range of infrastructures to support Tourism and opt for an alternative that promotes local development. The aim is to create a model of development of Rural Tourism practicable to these villages. We also intend to involve local families in rural tourism development. The villages in question have natural conditions for Rural Tourism, but we want to focus on enhancing products like cultural and historical sites.

O processo de implementação da auditoria interna numa autarquia local

O contexto atual que premeia o mundo das organizações exige muitas mudanças nos processos administrativos, principalmente, ao planeamento e controlo das operações económico-financeiras, de modo que os padrões de eficiência e eficácia garantem a sobrevivência organizacional. A auditoria interna tem-se demonstrado a sua real importância, destacando-se como uma eficiente ferramenta de apoio à administração, para verificação da eficiência e eficácia das atividades e a identificação de todos os procedimentos internos e das políticas definidas pela organização. No domínio das organizações públicas, particularmente as Autarquias Locais, as entidades reconhecem a importante necessidade de implementar uma Auditoria Interna que permitem que estas atuam de forma eficiente e eficaz. É neste contexto, que o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral demonstrar em termos teóricos e práticos a importância da implementação da Auditoria Interna num Município e a sua contribuição para a melhoria da eficiência na gestão do município em estudo, assim como os objetivos específicos. A fundamentação teórica assenta-se na luz das contribuições teóricas de uma análise exploratória dos documentos, revisão bibliográfica, artigos, diretivas e monografias, bem como análise de recursos da internet, pesquisas de diferentes sites relacionados com o tema, visando a aquisição de um bom nível de conhecimento. O estudo de caso foi realizado na Câmara Municipal do Porto Novo, onde foi-me concedido um estágio profissional que permitiu uma melhor interação com o objeto de estudo por forma a apresentar uma melhor proposta. The current context that rewards the world organizations requires many changes in administrative procedures, especially the planning and control of economic-financial operations, so that the standards of efficiency and effectiveness to ensure organizational survival. Internal audit has demonstrated its real importance, especially as an effective tool to support the management, to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of activities and identification of all internal procedures and policies defined by the organization. In the field of public organizations, particularly the Local Government, companies recognize the necessity of implementing a Municipal Internal Auditing, so that they could operate efficiently and effectively. In this context, the present work aims to demonstrate in general, in theoretical and practical terms the importance of the implementation of Internal Audit in a municipality and its contribution in the improvement of efficiency in the management of the municipality under study, as well as the specific objectives. The theoretical support is based on the light of the theoretical contributions of an exploratory analysis of documents, literature review, articles, monographs and policies, as well as analysis of Internet resources, research different sites related to the subject, aimed of acquiring a good level of knowledge. The case study was conducted in the Municipality of Porto Novo, where I was awarded an internship that allowed me to have much interaction with the organization so I could present better suggestions.

Debt sustainability in historical perspective: The role of fiscal repression

This article examines the debt history of two contenders for European hegemony: 16th-centurySpain and 18th-century Britain. We analyze their fiscal behavior using measures of overborrowingand fiscal policy functions. Our results suggest that stringency was not key for Britain ssuccess in avoiding default. Instead, fiscal repression allowed the United Kingdom to borrowat below-market rates, thereby outspending its continental rivals.

Importance of international linkages for local know-how flows. Some econometric evidence from Belgium

External knowledge is an important input for the innovation process of firms. Increasingly, this knowledge is likely to originate fromoutside of their national borders. This explains the preoccupationof policymakers with stimulating local technology transfers coming from international firms. We find that firms that have access to the international technology market are more likely to transfer technology to the local economy. In doing so, we qualify the traditional assertion that multinational firms are more likelyto transfer technology to the local economy. Once controlled for the superior access to the international technology market that multinationals enjoy, we find that these firms are not more likelyto transfer technology to the local economy compared to exportingor local firms that have access to the international technology market. In summary, the main result of this paper is that it isnot so much the international character of the firms, but rathertheir access to the international technology market that is important for generating external knowledge transfers to the local economy.

Socioeconomic Effects of Gambling on Iowans Study Committee, 2004

Overview. The Studies Committee received an in-person progress report from the consultants retained by the Legislature to conduct a study of the socioeconomic effects of gambling on Iowans. Dr. Deepak Chhabra and Dr. Gene Lutz, both of the University of Northern Iowa, presented an update on the conduct of the study. Gambling Study Description. The consultants indicated that the study objectives are to determine the economic impact of gambling at existing Iowa casinos on the local community, the socioeconomic characteristics of gamblers, the social impact of gambling on the local community, and the impact of problem gambling. The consultants stated that the major research methods they would use would be historical data, telephone surveys of local residents, telephone interviews with key personnel, and use of an economic impact model. In conducting the study, the consultants indicated they would examine four study areas within Iowa. Study area I would be all of Iowa, area II would be that area in Iowa within a 50-mile radius of a casino, area III would be counties with a casino, and area IV would be based upon casino employee zip codes. The consultants briefed the Committee on the data collected so far and described current challenges in obtaining data on all casino visitors and from obtaining information from several convention and visitor bureaus and chambers of commerce.

Associativismo e Desenvolvimento Local – O papel das Associações Comunitárias da Ilha de São Nicolau (Cabo Verde)

A presente dissertação tem por objectivo provar de que forma as associações de desenvolvimento comunitário, em São Nicolau, têm contribuído no processo de desenvolvimento local, e de crescimento da ilha. O texto inicia com uma descrição sobre o associativismo e desenvolvimento local tendo como ponto de referência a tradição conceptual do que tem vindo a ser entendido por desenvolvimento. A nossa análise centra-se em torno dos conceitos de desenvolvimento local e associativismo. A estratégia utilizada foi a de estudo de caso, como forma de analisar o papel e o contributo das associações comunitárias de desenvolvimento (ACD) no processo de desenvolvimento local. O nosso discurso centra-se à volta do conceito de desenvolvimento, algumas das suas principais teorias como também a sua evolução. Abordaremos, nomeadamente, os conceitos de desenvolvimento humano, desenvolvimento local, ecodesenvolvimento, desenvolvimento sustentável, desenvolvimento participativo, sendo que tanto o desenvolvimento humano como o desenvolvimento local são essenciais para a problemática em causa. Caracterizamos o processo de desenvolvimento de Cabo Verde evidenciando os seus pontos fortes, as suas fraquezas, e ainda fazemos a descrição daqueles que se tem como parceiros internacionais de ajuda ao desenvolvimento do país. Fazemos menção aos aspetos geográficos e socioeconómicos da ilha de São Nicolau, enquanto área de estudo, com incidência particular ao estado de pobreza da ilha. Damos atenção particular ao associativismo, descrevendo a realidade do país sobre o fenómeno, suas limitações e potencialidades no processo de desenvolvimento local.

Fundamentos, Práticas e Perspectivas de Inovação Educativa e Curricular nos Contextos Nacional, Local e de Escola

Não obstante as profundas e aceleradas mudanças que ocorrem no contexto da globalização e da sociedade do conhecimento, em que vivemos, inúmeras são as influências do velho paradigma civilizacional e cultural nas nossas vidas. Em relação à educação, a realidade é complexa, posto que, a par dos avanços significativos, que se expressam, designadamente, na expansão do acesso à educação a diversos níveis, confrontamo-nos com problemas e desafios que devem ser encarados numa perspetiva inovadora, quer em sede de formulação das mega e macropolíticas, quer em termos de assunção de um maior e mais consequente protagonismo das meso e microestruturas educativas, em especial dos gestores, professores e alunos, enquanto sujeitos e garantes do sucesso das políticas, reformas, mudanças e inovações no setor da educação. Nesta comunicação, além de se proceder a uma breve revisão da literatura sobre os conceitos e fundamentos da inovação educacional, pretende-se evidenciar que, a despeito das tendências de centralização, recentralização e uniformização das políticas educativas, existem espaços e oportunidades de uma abordagem interpretativa, reflexiva e inovadora da educação e do currículo nos contextos locais e de escola, ilustrando esta tese com uma experiência em curso no concelho da Praia (Cabo Verde) com a elaboração autóctone de projetos educativos e curriculares.

Local volatility changes in the black-scholes model

In this paper we address a problem arising in risk management; namely the study of price variations of different contingent claims in the Black-Scholes model due to anticipating future events. The method we propose to use is an extension of the classical Vega index, i.e. the price derivative with respect to the constant volatility, in thesense that we perturb the volatility in different directions. Thisdirectional derivative, which we denote the local Vega index, will serve as the main object in the paper and one of the purposes is to relate it to the classical Vega index. We show that for all contingent claims studied in this paper the local Vega index can be expressed as a weighted average of the perturbation in volatility. In the particular case where the interest rate and the volatility are constant and the perturbation is deterministic, the local Vega index is an average of this perturbation multiplied by the classical Vega index. We also study the well-known goal problem of maximizing the probability of a perfect hedge and show that the speed of convergence is in fact dependent of the local Vega index.

Local distribution of blackfly (Diptera, Simuliidae) larvae in two adjacent streams: the role of water current velocity in the diversity of blackfly larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of water velocity speed on the local distribution and taxocenosis structure of blackfly larvae. The larvae were collected from two adjacent streams located in the municipality of Angra dos Reis (RJ): Caputera River and one of its tributaries. Riffle litter patches were sampled randomly using a 30 x 30 cm quadrat. Four blackfly species were found: Simulium incrustatum s. l. Lutz, 1910; Simulium (Inaequalium) sp. ; Simulium pertinax s. l. Kollar, 1832 and Simulium subpallidum s. l. Lutz, 1909. Among these species, Simulium pertinax s. l. was clearly associated with higher water current speeds, while Simulium subpallidum s. l. showed association with lower water velocities, and Simulium (Inaequalium) sp. had a relatively constant distribution along the water current gradient.

O turismo e a percepção dos seus impactes pela comunidade local : o caso da Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde

The traditional analysis of tourism, having in mind only its economic impacts has been shown to be reductive and insufficient to explain the numerous and versatile modifications these can and will stimulate in a society at many levels, e.g. socially, culturally, politically and in the environment. The complexity of touristic activities and the insufficient measuring instruments that can provide exact data about these, gives terrain to the emergence of myths and value judgments around the effects in countries where tourism is a reality. This study aims at understanding how the impacts of tourism are grasped by the local community in Sal island – Cape Verde – convinced as we are that a quality and sustainable touristic offer can only be done by trialing the population, and involving them in the planning, managing and monitoring processes. The analysis of the perception of the impacts of touristic activities by the population tells us a lot about the levels of satisfaction of such communities towards the way in which the touristic development has been carried out in their surroundings. This study has been made through the inquiry of 231 locals, by means of a questionnaire, that showed that the population in this island has a very clear conscience of the impacts of tourism in their day-to-day lives. Conclusions drawn are that the negative economic and social impacts are greater than the positive; the cultural and environmental impacts are not so significant, and that the people feel that their voice has not been heard in what planning touristic activities is concerned. Nevertheless, they have high expectations regarding tourism as a way of ameliorating their life conditions. The inexistence of a linear behavior of impacts of touristic activities in the receptive countries and a perfect and adjustable model for tourism development make these countries delineate new politics aiming at the sustainability and the creation of conditions that help them monitor and mitigate its negative impacts.

O turismo e a percepção dos seus impactes pela comunidade local: o caso da Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde

A análise tradicional do turismo visando apenas a sua dimensão económica tem-se mostrado redutora e insuficiente para explicar as inúmeras e versáteis alterações que pode provocar a nível social, cultural, político e ambiental. A complexidade da actividade turística e a carência de instrumentos ajustados para avaliar e tornar mensuráveis os seus impactes constituem terreno fértil à emergência de mitos e de juízos de valor em torno dos efeitos por ele causado nos países receptores. A linha orientadora da investigação parte do pressuposto que a actividade turística só faz sentido e se torna viável se proporcionar uma experiência qualitativa aos principais agentes envolvidos: os turistas e os residentes. A tentativa de compreender a forma como os impactes do turismo são percepcionados pela comunidade receptora da ilha do Sal em Cabo Verde está intimamente associado à convicção que um turismo de qualidade e sustentável só é possível auscultando a população e envolvendo-a no planeamento, gestão e monitorização da actividade. A análise da percepção dos impactes da actividade turística por parte da comunidade desemboca indirectamente no conhecimento dos níveis de satisfação da comunidade em relação à forma como se tem realizado o desenvolvimento turístico na ilha. No âmbito do trabalho de investigação foram realizados duzentos e trinta e um questionários cujos resultados da investigação levam a acreditar que a comunidade local salense possui uma clara consciência dos impactes do turismo no seu quotidiano. Verifica-se que a percepção dos impactes económicos e sociais negativos reúnem maior consenso que os impactes positivos. Os impactes culturais e ambientais são ainda pouco perceptíveis por parte dos inquiridos. Por outro lado, os inquiridos na sua generalidade não se sentem envolvidos no planeamento da actividade turística, embora haja elevadas expectativas em relação à actividade como forma de melhoria das condições de vida da população. A inexistência de um comportamento linear dos impactes da actividade turística no destino e de um modelo de desenvolvimento turístico perfeito e ajustável a todas as realidades obriga a que sejam delineados por parte dos países receptores políticas de planeamento visando a sustentabilidade e condições para a monitorização e mitigação dos seus impactes.

Active civic participation of immigrants in Portugal

Portugal’s historical past strongly influences the composition of the country’s immigrant population. The main third-country foreign nationals in Portugal originate traditionally from Portuguese-speaking African countries (namely Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau, and S. Tomé e Príncipe) and Brazil. In 2001, a newly created immigrant status entitled “permanence” authorization uncovered a quantitative and a qualitative change in the structure of immigrant population in Portugal. First, there was a quantitative jump from 223.602 foreigners in 2001 to 364.203 regularized foreigners in 2003. Secondly, there was a substantial qualitative shift in the composition of immigrants. The majority of the new immigrants began coming from Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Moldavia, Romania, and the Russian Federation. Thus, European countries outside the E.U. zone now rank second (after African countries) in their contribution of individuals to the stocks of immigrant population in Portugal. The differences between the new and traditional immigration flows are visible in the geographical distribution of immigrants and in their insertion into the labour market. While the traditional flows would congregate around the metropolitan area of Lisbon and in the Algarve, the new migratory flows tend to be more geographically dispersed and present in less urbanized areas of Portugal. In terms of insertion in the labour market, although the construction sector is still the most important industry for immigrant labour, Eastern European workers may also be found in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The institutional conditions that encourage immigrants’ civic participation are divided at three different levels: the state, the local, and the civil society levels. At the state level, the High Commissioner for Migrations and Ethnic Minorities is the main organizational structure along with a set of interrelated initiatives operating under specific regulatory frameworks, which act as mediators between state officials and the Portuguese civil society, and more specifically, immigrant communities. At the local level, some municipalities created consultative councils and municipal departments aiming at encouraging the participation and representation of interests from immigrant groups and association in local policies. In the civil society sphere, the main actors in Portugal spurring immigrants civic participation are immigrant associations, mainstream associations directed toward immigration topics, and unions. The legal conditions framing immigrants’ access to social housing, education, health, and social security in Portugal are also considered to be positive. Conditions restricting immigrants’ civic participation are mainly normative and include the Portuguese nationality law, the regulations shaping the political participation of immigrants, namely in what concerns their right to vote, and employment regulations restricting immigrants’ access to public administration positions. Part II of the report focuses on the active civic participation of third country immigrants. First, reasons for the lack of research on this issue in Portugal are explained. On the one hand, the recent immigration history and the more urgent needs regarding school and economic integration kept this issue out of the research spotlight. On the other hand, it was just in the beginning of the 1990s that immigrants took the very first steps toward collective mobilisation. Secondly, the literature review of Portuguese bibliography covers research on third country immigrants’ associative movement, research on local authorities’ policies and discussion about ethnic politics and political mobilisation of immigrants in Portugal. As political mobilisation of these groups has been made mainly through ethnic and/or migrant organisations, a brief history of immigrants' associative movement is given. Immigrant associations develop multiple roles, covering the social, the cultural, the economic and the political domains. Political claiming for the regularisation of illegal immigrants has been a permanent and important field of intervention since the mid-1990s. Research results reveal the com5 plex relations between ethnic mobilisation and the set of legal and institutional frameworks developed by local and national governmental authorities targeted to the incorporation of minority groups. Case studies on the Oeiras district and on the Amadora district are then presented. Conclusions underline that the most active immigrant groups are those from Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, since these groups have constituted a higher number of ethnic associations, give priority to political claiming and present a more politicised discourse. Reflecting on the future of research on civic participation of third country immigrants in Portugal, the authors state that it would be interesting and relevant to compare the Portuguese situation with those of other European countries, with an older immigration history, and analyse how the Portuguese immigrants’ associative movement will be affected by a changing legal framework and the emergence of new opportunities within the set of structures regarding the political participation of minority groups.

O turismo e a percepção dos seus impactes pela comunidade local : o caso da Ilha do Sal, Cabo Verde

The traditional analysis of tourism, having in mind only its economic impacts has been shown to be reductive and insufficient to explain the numerous and versatile modifications these can and will stimulate in a society at many levels, e.g. socially, culturally, politically and in the environment. The complexity of touristic activities and the insufficient measuring instruments that can provide exact data about these, gives terrain to the emergence of myths and value judgments around the effects in countries where tourism is a reality. This study aims at understanding how the impacts of tourism are grasped by the local community in Sal island – Cape Verde – convinced as we are that a quality and sustainable touristic offer can only be done by trialing the population, and involving them in the planning, managing and monitoring processes. The analysis of the perception of the impacts of touristic activities by the population tells us a lot about the levels of satisfaction of such communities towards the way in which the touristic development has been carried out in their surroundings. This study has been made through the inquiry of 231 locals, by means of a questionnaire, that showed that the population in this island has a very clear conscience of the impacts of tourism in their day-to-day lives. Conclusions drawn are that the negative economic and social impacts are greater than the positive; the cultural and environmental impacts are not so significant, and that the people feel that their voice has not been heard in what planning touristic activities is concerned. Nevertheless, they have high expectations regarding tourism as a way of ameliorating their life conditions. The inexistence of a linear behavior of impacts of touristic activities in the receptive countries and a perfect and adjustable model for tourism development make these countries delineate new politics aiming at the sustainability and the creation of conditions that help them monitor and mitigate its negative impacts.