1000 resultados para estiolamento e propagação


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Recently, an amazing development has been observed in telecommunication systems. Two good examples of this development are observed in mobile communication and aerospace systems. This impressive development is related to the increasing need for receiving and transmitting communication signals. Particularly, this development has required the study of new antennas and filters. This work presents a fullwave analysis of reflectarrays. The considered structures are composed by arrays of rectangular conducting patches printed on multilayer dieletric substrates, that are mounted on a ground plane. The analysis is developed in the spectral domain, using an equivalent transmission line method in combination with Galerkin method. Results for the reflection coefficient of these structures are presented and compared to those available in the literature. A good agreement was observed. Particularly, the developed analysis uses the transmission lines theory in combination with the incident potentials and the field continuity equations, at the structures interfaces, for obtaining the scattered field components expressions as function of the patch surface currents and of the incident field. Galerkin method is used to determine the unknown coefficients in the boundary value problem. Curves for the reflection coefficient of several reflectarray geometries are presented as function of frequency and of the structural parameters

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Present work proposed to map and features the wear mechanisms of structural polymers of engineering derived of the sliding contact with a metallic cylindrical spindle submitted to eccentricity due to fluctuations in it is mass and geometric centers. For this it was projected and makes an experimental apparatus from balancing machine where the cylindrical counterbody was supported in two bearings and the polymeric coupon was situated in a holder with freedom of displacement along counterbody. Thus, the experimental tests were standardized using two position of the two bearings (Fixed or Free) and seven different positions along the counterbody, that permit print different conditions to the stiffness from system. Others parameters as applied normal load, sliding velocity and distance were fixed. In this investigation it was used as coupon two structural polymers of wide quotidian use, PTFE (polytetrafluroethylene) and PEEK (poly-ether-ether-ketone) and the AISI 4140 alloy steel as counterbody. Polymeric materials were characterized by thermal analysis (thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical), hardness and rays-X diffractometry. While the metallic material was submitted at hardness, mechanical resistance tests and metallographic analysis. During the tribological tests were recorded the heating response with thermometers, yonder overall velocity vibration (VGV) and the acceleration using accelerometers. After tests the wear surface of the coupons were analyzed using a Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) to morphological analysis and spectroscopy EDS to microanalysis. Moreover the roughness of the counterbody was characterized before and after the tribological tests. It was observed that the tribological response of the polymers were different in function of their distinct molecular structure. It were identified the predominant wear mechanisms in each polymer. The VGV of the PTFE was smaller than PEEK, in the condition of minimum stiffness, in function of the higher loss coefficient of that polymer. Wear rate of the PTFE was more of a magnitude order higher than PEEK. With the results was possible developed a correlation between the wear rate and parameter (E/ρ)1/2 (Young modulus, E, density, ρ), proportional at longitudinal elastic wave velocity in the material.

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The search for alternative materials with lower density, reduction in heat transfer and propagation of noise associated with the ease of handling and application in concrete structures, represents an enormous challenge in the formulation and knowledge of the performance of self-compacting lightweight concrete, which has technology little known nationally, and appears on the international scene as an innovative material and alternative to conventional concrete. Based on these, this study set out to study self-compacting lightweight concrete made with two distinct grades of expanded clay associated with the addition of plasticizing/superplasticizers additives and mineral additions of metakaolin and bagasse ash of sugar cane. There is also an object of study, evaluation of pozzolanic activity of mineral admixtures and their influence on the durability characteristics of concrete. The rheological, physical, mechanical and microstructural analysis in this study served as basis in the classification of concretes autoadensáveis, targeting the national technical requirements for their classification in the category autoadensável and lightweight structural. The inclusion of mineral admixtures (metakaolin and bagasse ash of sugar cane), partial replacement of cement, pozzolanic activity and demonstrated maintenance of mechanical properties through the filler effect, a reduction of up to 76% of the nitrogen gas permeability in blend with 20% bagasse ash. All concretes had rheology (cohesion and consistency) suitable for self-adensability as well as strength and density inherent structural lightweight concrete without presenting phenomena of segregation and exudation

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There are a number of damaging mechanisms that various materials can suffer in service. However, when working with polymer composite materials, this is something that requires analysis, especially when exposed to adverse environmental conditions. Thus, the objective of the present thesis is the study of the direct influence of environmental aging and the form of hybridization of the reinforcement woven on the structural stability, surfacedegradation and fracture process of polymer composites laminates. For this, the development of two polymer composite laminates was necessary, where one of them was reinforced with a bi-directional woven with hybrid strandsofkevlar-49/glass-Efibers, and the other also with a bi-directionalwoven, however with weft and warpformed of alternating strandsof Kevlar-49 fibers and glass-E fiber The reinforcementwoven are industrially manufactured. Both laminates use a polyester resin as a matrixand are made up of four layers each. All laminates were industrially prepared by the hand lay-up method of manufacturing. To do this, test specimens were manufactured of the respective laminates and submitted to environmental aging accelerated through the aging chamber. They were exposed to alternating cycles of UV radiation and moisture (heated steam) for a standard defined period. At the end of the exposure period the specimens were subjected to mechanical tests of uniaxial tensile and bending in three points and to the characterizationsof the fracture and surface deterioration. In addition, they were submitted to a structural degradation assessment by the measurement of mass variation technique (MMVT) and the measurement of thickness variation technique (MTVT), this last technique being developed in this thesis. At the end of the analysis it was observed that the form of hybridization of the reinforcement woven and the aging process directly influence with losses or gain in mechanical properties, with losses in the structural degradation and in the formation and propagation of damage mechanism of the developedcomposite laminates

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de lichieira ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) da cultivar Bengal, empregando ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e sistema de nebulização intermitente. As estacas apicais foram coletadas nos meses de outubro (Primavera), janeiro (Verão) e abril (Outono), acondicionadas adequadamente e transferidas para uma estufa com nebulização intermitente, onde receberam as aplicações de : 0; 1.000; 2.000; 3.000 e 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB, com imersão da base das estacas, durante 10 segundos, e de 200 mg L-1 de AIB, com imersão das bases por 24 horas, em aeração. em seguida, foram colocadas para enraizar em substrato de vermiculita, com casca de arroz carbonizada, na proporção de 1:1. Após 100 dias, foram obtidos os dados referentes à porcentagem de estacas vivas com folhas, porcentagem de estacas enraizadas por parcela, comprimento médio de raiz por estaca enraizada (cm), número médio de raízes formadas por estaca enraizada, massa média da matéria fresca das raízes (g), massa média da matéria seca das raízes(g). Pelos resultados, concluiu-se que não há necessidade da aplicação do AIB para o enraizamento de estacas de lichieira, cultivar Bengal, e que a melhor época de coleta das mesmas é o verão.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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A Pothomorphe umbellata (Piperaceae), é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil, utilizada na indústria de cosméticos e protetores de pele contra raios UVA e UVB. Com o intuito de gerar informações aplicadas à propagação da espécie, o presente trabalho relacionou a coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata a seu comportamento germinativo. A coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata foram características adequadas para avaliar a homogeneidade fisiológica, o vigor, o potencial e o comportamento germinativo. Assim, conclui-se que, embora de germinação lenta, as sementes de coloração preta e mais densa devem ser as escolhidas quando de coleta ou de processo seletivo.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes manejos de água adotados na semeadura do arroz (Oryza sativa L.), em sistema pré-germinado, no estabelecimento das plantas e nos componentes vegetativos. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 1995/96 em caixas de cimento amianto com capacidade de 500 L, contendo solo Aluvial Eutrófico de várzea, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, no Município de Botucatu, SP. A cultivar empregada foi a IAC 102, e os tratamentos foram sete manejos de água. A semeadura de sementes pré-germinadas em solo saturado ou em lâmina de água limpa ou turva e sua retirada três dias após, apresentaram resultados semelhantes quanto à população e ao estabelecimento das plantas. A retirada da lâmina de água três dias após a semeadura resultou em maior população e fixação de plantas do que a permanência da lâmina por período maior de sete dias. A manutenção da lâmina da água limpa ou turva afetou a população de plantas e prejudicou o seu desenvolvimento inicial, causando seu estiolamento com significativa redução da produção de matéria seca. A turvação da água antes da semeadura reduziu o desenvolvimento e a população de plantas quando a lâmina de água não foi eliminada por evaporação ou retirada três dias após a semeadura.

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Dentre as várias plantas daninhas aquáticas imersas que proliferam nos reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas, destaca-se em importância Ceratophyllum demersum, devido à sua grande capacidade de reprodução e produção de biomassa. Contudo, apesar de problemática, estudos relacionados com o mecanismo de propagação e persistência dessa espécie em ambiente aquático são bastante escassos no Brasil. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de superação de dormência em sementes desta planta daninha aquática coletadas na Lagoa Vírgula, localizada no rio Tietê-SP. As sementes coletadas foram divididas em dois lotes, sendo um constituído por sementes acondicionadas em um recipiente contendo água destilada e o outro por sementes acondicionadas em sacos de papel em condições de câmara fria (16,8 ºC). Após 650 dias da coleta das sementes, foram realizados os testes de superação de dormência, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: escarificação manual; imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (98%) por 5, 15, 25 e 35 minutos; imersão em água quente (98 ºC); e testemunha A, constituída pelo lote de sementes acondicionadas em um recipiente contendo água destilada, e uma testemunha B, constituída pelo lote de sementes acondicionadas em saco de papel. Os resultados demonstraram que a espécie C. demersum produz sementes férteis e podem permanecer viáveis no sedimento por vários anos após a fecundação. A escarificação das sementes foi o método mais eficaz na superação da dormência, sendo significativamente superior aos demais tratamentos e apresentando 65,0% de germinação aos 79 DAT. Ficou evidente a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para determinação de uma metodologia mais adequada à avaliação de dormência em sementes de C. demersum.

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e do ácido bórico (B) no enraizamento de estacas de Ginkgo biloba. em estacas com duas folhas, medindo 15 cm de comprimento foram provocadas duas lesões na base de aproximadamente 2 cm, expondo o câmbio e procedeu-se à imersão por 10 segundos no tratamento correspondente, AIB (0, 1000, 2000 e 3000 mg L-1) na ausência ou presença de B (0 e 150 mg L-1). em seguida foram colocadas para enraizar em bandejas de polipropileno contendo areia lavada. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados num fatorial 4X2, com seis repetições. Foram avaliadas porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, estacas não enraizadas e mortas, diâmetro e comprimento das raízes, aos 70 dias do tratamento. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância sendo previamente testados para normalidade pelo Teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As médias foram comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey. Os tratamentos com 2000 mg L-1 de AIB foram superiores à ausência de AIB (80,55% vs. 55,56%, respectivamente), não diferindo dos demais tratamentos. A utilização de B não afetou a taxa de enraizamento, de estacas não enraizadas e mortas, não havendo interação entre a concentração de AIB e a utilização ou não de B. O diâmetro e o comprimento das raízes não foram afetados pela utilização de AIB e B.

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A pesquisa da composição do meio de cultura mais adequado à espécie vegetal e ao tipo de explante empregado é o fator de maior relevância da cultura de tecidos. O cultivo de ápice caulinar com recuperação da planta matriz é uma técnica de grande impacto para a propagação de plantas in vitro, regeneração de plantas livres de vírus, conservação de germoplasma e modificação genética. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar composições do meio de cultivo para organogênese direta in vitro a partir de ápices caulinares pertencentes à população FCA-UNESP-PB de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), com vistas à propagação clonal de genótipos elite. Foram testadas quatro formulações: MS básico (T1), MS modificado 1 (T2), MS modificado 2 (T3) e WPM (T4), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com 20 repetições em cada tratamento, sendo a repetição 1 ápice caulinar/frasco. O T3 apresentou-se superior e diferiu significativamente dos outros tratamentos apresentando 35% dos ápices caulinares diferenciados e desenvolvidos; seguiu-se o T2 com 10% e os tratamentos T1 e T4 não apresentaram diferenciação de tecidos. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os balanceamentos de sais minerais nos meios de cultura avaliados, especialmente a relação NO3 / NH4 e ausência de FeSO4.7H2O, indicaram grande influência no desenvolvimento de ápices caulinares de mamoneira.

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Anthropic disturbances in watersheds, such as inappropriate building development, disorderly land occupation and unplanned land use, may strengthen the sediment yield and the inflow into the estuary, leading to siltation, changes in the reach channel conformation, and ecosystem/water quality problems. Faced with such context, this study aims to assess the applicability of SWAT model to estimate, even in a preliminary way, the sediment yield distribution along the Potengi River watershed, as well as its contribution to the estuary. Furthermore, an assessment of its erosion susceptibility was used for comparison. The susceptibility map was developed by overlaying rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, the slope of the terrain and land cover. In order to overlap these maps, a multi-criteria analysis through AHP method was applied. The SWAT was run using a five year period (1997-2001), considering three different scenarios based on different sorts of human interference: a) agriculture; b) pasture; and c) no interference (background). Results were analyzed in terms of surface runoff, sediment yield and their propagation along each river section, so that it was possible to find that the regions in the extreme west of the watershed and in the downstream portions returned higher values of sediment yield, reaching respectively 2.8 e 5.1 ton/ha.year, whereas central areas, which were less susceptible, returned the lowest values, never more than 0.7 ton/ha.ano. It was also noticed that in the west sub-watersheds, where one can observe the headwaters, sediment yield was naturally forced by high declivity and weak soils. In another hand, results suggest that the eastern part would not contribute to the sediment inflow into the estuary in a significant way, and the larger part of the sediment yield in that place is due to anthropic activities. For the central region, the analysis of sediment propagation indicates deposition predominance in opposition to transport. Thus, it s not expected that isolated rain storms occurring in the upstream river portions would significantly provide the estuary with sediment. Because the model calibration process hasn t been done yet, it becomes essential to emphasize that values presented here as results should not be applied for pratical aims. Even so, this work warns about the risks of a growth in the alteration of natural land cover, mainly in areas closer to the headwaters and in the downstream Potengi River

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In the context of late modernity, the socio-cultural transformations established new social practices which corroborate discursive changes in dialectic movements, contributing to the order of the educational discourses to be more and more affected by typical market discourses and values which are covered by ideologies, hegemonic struggles and power relations. In this sense, this research study, which is based on the theoretical tenets of the Critical Discourse Analysis in its interdisciplinary branch (FAIRCLOUGH, 2006; ORMUNDO, 2010; PEDROSA, 2010; RAMALHO E RESENDE, 2011), aims at discussing how the sociocultural changes in the context of private education interact with the market proposal of neoliberal and economical policies. The research was methodologically based on the qualitative approach (CHIZZOTTI, 1991; BOGDAN e BIKLEN, 1994; MINAYO, 1994), especially on the principles of contemporary Applied Linguistics (SIGNORINI, 1998; MOITA-LOPES, 2006; MENEZES, SILVA, GOMES, 2009). Data were gathered from advertisements used in campaigns by private educational institutions and agencies in Natal/RN; the advertisements were collected in primary and secondary levels and in language courses from October to December, 2010. The data analysis indicate that education, in the context of globalization and late modernity, has become a market agency and that the new face of the educational discourse of private institutions is interwoven with a social representation of education as a site of struggle and hegemonic dispute. Therefore, the research leads us to infer that, as the educational public policies based on hegemonic economy and on ideological assumptions of international agents (Global Bank, FMI, etc.) have become widespread, education has become an arena of dispute and a powerful economic product to the market of cultural and commercial industry, thus emphasizing a society in which everything is economically based

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior