Circulation in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and its seasonal variation

An assimilation data set based on the GFDL MOM3 model and the NODC XBT data set is used to examine the circulation in the western tropical Pacific and its seasonal variations. The assimilated and observed velocities and transports of the mean circulation agree well. Transports of the North Equatorial Current (NEC), Mindanao Current (MC), North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) west of 140degreesE and Kuroshio origin estimated with the assimilation data display the seasonal cycles, roughly strong in boreal spring and weak in autumn, with a little phase difference. The NECC transport also has a semi-annual fluctuation resulting from the phase lag between seasonal cycles of two tropical gyres' recirculations. Strong in summer during the southeast monsoon period, the seasonal cycle of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is somewhat different from those of its upstreams, the MC and New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC), implying the monsoon's impact on it.

Ship-board measurements and estimations of air-sea fluxes in the western tropical Pacific during TOGA COARE

Direct air-sea flux measurements were made on RN Kexue #1 at 40 degrees S, 156 degrees E during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Response Experiment (COARE) Intensive Observation Period (IOP). An array of six accelerometers was used to measure the motion of the anchored ship, and a sonic anemometer and Lyman-alpha hygrometer were used to measure the turbulent wind vector and specific humidity. The contamination of the turbulent wind components by ship motion was largely removed by an improvement of a procedure due to Shao based on the acceleration signals. The scheme of the wind correction for ship motion is briefly outlined. Results are presented from data for the best wind direction relative to the ship to minimize flow distortion effects. Both the time series and the power spectra of the sonic-measured wind components show swell-induced ship motion contamination, which is largely removed by the accelerometer correction scheme, There was less contamination in the longitudinal wind component than in the vertical and transverse components. The spectral characteristics of the surface-layer turbulence properties are compared with those from previous land and ocean results, Momentum and latent heat fluxes were calculated by eddy correlation and compared to those estimated by the inertial dissipation method and the TOGA COARE bulk formula. The estimations of wind stress determined by eddy correlation are smaller than those from the TOGA COARE bulk formula, especially for higher wind speeds, while those from the bulk formula and inertial dissipation technique are generally in agreement. The estimations of latent heal flux from the three different methods are in reasonable agreement. The effect of the correction for ship motion on latent heat fluxes is not as large as on momentum fluxes.

IMPACTS OF THE TROPICAL PACIFIC COUPLED PROCESS ON THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

The basic features of climatology and interannual variations of tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans were analyzed using a coupled general circulation model (CGCM), which was constituted with an intermediate 2.5-layer ocean model and atmosphere model ECHAM4. The CGCM well captures the spatial and temporal structure of the Pacific El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the variability features in the tropical Indian Ocean. The influence of Pacific air-sea coupled process on the Indian Ocean variability was investigated carefully by conducting numerical experiments. Results show that the occurrence frequency of positive/negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event will decrease/increase with the presence/absence of the coupled process in the Pacific Ocean. Further analysis demonstrated that the air-sea coupled process in the Pacific Ocean affects the IOD variability mainly by influencing the zonal gradient of thermocline via modulating the background sea surface wind.

Variation in joint mode of the tropical Indian-Pacific Ocean thermodynamic anomaly

Previous research has defined the index of the Indian-Pacific thermodynamic anomaly joint mode (IPTAJM) and suggested that the winter IPTAJM has an important impact on summer rainfall over China. However, the possible causes for the interannual and decadal variability of the IPTAJM are still unclear. Therefore, this work investigates zonal displacements of both the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the eastern Indian Ocean warm pool (EIOWP). The relationships between the WPWP and the EIOWP and the IPTAJM are each examined, and then the impacts of the zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans on the IPTAJM are studied. The WPWP eastern edge anomaly displays significant interannual and decadal variability and experienced a regime shift in about 1976 and 1998, whereas the EIOWP western edge exhibits only distinct interannual variability. The decadal variability of the IPTAJM may be mainly caused by both the zonal migration of the WPWP and the 850 hPa zonal wind anomaly over the central equatorial Pacific. On the other hand, the zonal migrations of both the WPWP and the EIOWP and the zonal wind anomalies over the central equatorial Pacific and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean may be all responsible for the interannual variability of the IPTAJM.

Mixed-layer water oscillations in tropical Pacific for ENSO cycle

The main modes of interannal variabilities of thermocline and sea surface wind stress in the tropical Pacific and their interactions are investigated, which show the following results. (1) The thermocline anomalies in the tropical Pacific have a zonal dipole pattern with 160 W as its axis and a meridional seesaw pattern with 6-8 degrees N as its transverse axis. The meridional oscillation has a phase lag of about 90 to the zonal oscillation, both oscillations get together to form the El Nino/La Nina cycle, which behaves as a mixed layer water oscillates anticlockwise within the tropical Pacific basin between equator and 12 degrees N. (2) There are two main patterns of wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific, of which the first component caused by trade wind anomaly is characterized by the zonal wind stress anomalies and its corresponding divergences field in the equatorial Pacific, and the abnormal cross- equatorial flow wind stress and its corresponding divergence field, which has a sign opposite to that of the equatorial region, in the off-equator of the tropical North Pacific, and the second component represents the wind stress anomalies and corresponding divergences caused by the ITCZ anomaly. (3) The trade winds anomaly plays a decisive role in the strength and phase transition of the ENSO cycle, which results in the sea level tilting, provides an initial potential energy to the mixed layer water oscillation, and causes the opposite thermocline displacement between the west side and east side of the equator and also between the equator and 12 degrees N of the North Pacific basin, therefore determines the amplitude and route for ENSO cycle. The ITCZ anomaly has some effects on the phase transition. (4) The thermal anomaly of the tropical western Pacific causes the wind stress anomaly and extends eastward along the equator accompanied with the mixed layer water oscillation in the equatorial Pacific, which causes the trade winds anomaly and produces the anomalous wind stress and the corresponding divergence in favor to conduce the oscillation, which in turn intensifies the oscillation. The coupled system of ocean-atmosphere interactions and the inertia gravity of the mixed layer water oscillation provide together a phase-switching mechanism and interannual memory for the ENSO cycle. In conclusion, the ENSO cycle essentially is an inertial oscillation of the mixed layer water induced by both the trade winds anomaly and the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropical Pacific basin between the equator and 12 degrees N. When the force produced by the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction is larger than or equal to the resistance caused by the mixed layer water oscillation, the oscillation will be stronger or maintain as it is, while when the force is less than the resistance, the oscillation will be weaker, even break.

Altitudinal differences in the leaf fitness of juvenile and mature alpine spruce trees (Picea crassifolia)

In many plant species, leaf morphology varies with altitude, an effect that has been attributed to temperature. It remains uncertain whether such a trend applies equally to juvenile and mature trees across altitudinal gradients in semi-arid mountain regions. We examined altitude-related differences in a variety of needle characteristics of juvenile (2-m tall) and mature (5-m tall) alpine spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) trees growing at altitudes between 2501 and 3450 m in the Qilian Mountains of northwest China. We found that stable carbon isotope composition (delta C-13), area- and mass-based leaf nitrogen concentration (N-a, N-m), number of stomata per gram of nitrogen (St/N), number of stomata per unit leaf mass (St/LM), projected leaf area per 100 needles (LA) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) varied nonlinearly with altitude for both juvenile and mature trees, with a relationship reversal point at about 3 100 m. Stomatal density (SD) of juvenile trees remained unchanged with altitude, whereas SD and stomatal number per unit length (SNL) of mature spruce initially increased with altitude, but subsequently decreased. Although several measured indices were generally found to be higher in mature trees than in juvenile trees, N-m, leaf carbon concentration (C.), leaf water concentration. (LWC), St/N, LA and St/LM showed inconsistent differences between trees of different ages along the altitudinal gradient. In both juvenile and mature trees, VC correlated significantly with LMA, N-m, N-a, SNL, St/LM and St/N. Stomatal density, LWC and LA were only significantly correlated with delta C-13 in mature trees. These findings suggest that there are distinct ecophysiological differences between the needles of juvenile and mature trees that determine their response to changes in altitude in semi-arid mountainous regions. Variations in the fitness of forests of different ages may have important implications for modeling forest responses to changes in environmental conditions, such as predicted future temperature increases in high attitude areas associated with climate change.

Planejamento da exploração em uma unidade de produção de floresta tropical no Estado do Amazonas.

2010

Evolução da produtividade agrícola em floresta tropical úmida, entre 1986 e 1999: o caso de Machadinho d´Oeste-RO.

Este trabalho analisa a evolução da produtividade agrícola em relação à tipologia dos solos de cerca de 455 produtores rurais, que vêm sendo acompanhados anualmente por imagens de satélites a cada três anos, através da aplicação de questionários com informações agroambientais e socioeconômicas em campo, desde 1986, na floresta tropical úmida em Machadinho d´Oeste, Rondônia. Em 1999, dando continuidade ao trabalho de monitoramento da pequena agricultura nesta região, um novo levantamento foi realizado, sobre os sistemas de produção agrícolas praticados, aliado ao levantamento e tratamento dos solos agrícolas das propriedades pesquisadas quanto às características químicas, físicas e morfológicas dos mesmos.

Uso de lodo de esgoto como fertilizante orgânico: disponibilização de nitrogênio em solo tropical.

2004

Propriedade intelectual: núcleo de inovação tecnológica Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical.

Propriedade Intelectual é uma expressão genérica que visa garantir a inventores ou responsáveis por qualquer produção do intelecto (seja nos domínios industrial, literário, artístico ou científico) o direito de aproproiação. De acordo com a definição da Organização Mundial de Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI) constituem Propriedade Intelectual as invenções, obras literárias, artísticas e científicas, simbolos, nomes, imagens, desenhos e modelos utilizados pelos comércios.

Banco ativo de germoplasma de citros da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical: passado, presente e futuro.

A introdução, preservação e caracterização de germoplasma de citros são atividades prioritárias, não somente pela possibilidade de contribuir para a diversificação no uso de cultivares, mas principalmente pela necessidade de se estudar o comportamento das espécies cítricas em diferentes ecossistemas. Os estudos com citros na EMBRAPA - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical (CNPMF), também denominada Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, sediada no município de Cruz das Almas, BA, procedem do início dos anos 50 quando foi criado o Instituto Agronômico do Leste - IAL pelo atual Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento - MAPA. A partir dos anos 80, tendo como base o Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de Citros dessa unidade da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa, iniciou-se um trabalho de melhoramento genético dirigido especialmente à obtenção de porta-enxertos híbridos adaptados às condições regionais. A avaliação global desse trabalho é positiva, tendo em vista estar sendo conduzido em condições tipicamente tropicais (paralelo 12o, latitude sul), sendo, talvez, a única experiência no mundo nesse tipo de ambiente, além do BAG Citros ser a principal fonte de material botânico desse grupo de fruteiras no Norte e Nordeste brasileiros, este último destacando-se como a segunda região maior produtora nacional de cítricos.

Relatório de gestão 2006 da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical.

O relatório de gestão da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical para 2006, além de atender um requisito normativo da Embrapa, é de grande valiae interesse para gestores e executivos, por permitir a oportunidade de refletir sobre o realizado e as perspectivas de futuro. Importantes ações desenvolvidas pela Unidade estão intimamente vinculadas a uma das exigências do agronegócio: a sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental. No caso das fruteiras, destaca-se o desenvolvimento de cultivares e sistemas alternativos de produção além dos Sistemas de Produção Integrada de Frutas - PIF, os quais certamente permitirão inúmeros beneficios para os agentes das cadeias produtivas, seja do ponto de vista comercial ou de melhoria de qualidade das frutas. No caso da mandioca ressalta-se o lançamento de novas cultivares com características desejáveis de produção, resistência à fitossanidade e a ambiente semi-áridos, inclusive biofortificadas bem como o aproveitamento integral da mandioca procurando explorar alternativas inovadoras.

Híbrido duplo BRS 2223: nova opção de milho de ciclo superprecoce para áreas de clima tropical.

2003

Bioquímica molecular como ferramenta para conservação e uso da biodiversidade agrícola tropical: desenvolvimento de marcador imunoquímico para identificação da bactérias endofíticas do milho.

Marcadores moleculares estão sendo amplamente utilizados na agricultura. Entre as várias aplicações práticas, destacam-se a identificação de raças, linhagens e estirpes, eliminação de réplicas em bancos de germoplasma, identificação de genes associados com a performance da planta, entre outros. Em todos esses casos, a definição da estratégia que deverá ser adotada precisa considerar os custos para a obtenção dos marcadores. Ênfase crescente tem sido dada para identificar marcadores menos onerosos. Marcadores bioquímicos constituem um tipo especial de marcador molecular que se caracteriza pela análise do produto da expressão gênica. Destacam-se dois tipos principais: isoenzimas e proteínas. Esses marcadores também são definidos como marcadores fenotípicos, pois podem resultar da interação genótipo/ambiente. Embora de aplicação limitada, o uso desses marcadores em algumas áreas ou em casos especiais fornece informações seguras e úteis para a identificação de indivíduos. Recentemente, as técnicas de SDS-PAGE, RAPD-PCR, ARDRA e seqüenciamento de genes ribossomais foram empregadas no Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular de Microrganismos da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, para identificar bactérias endofíticas isoladas do milho. Naquele estudo, foi verificada, em todos os isolados, a presença de um polipeptídio de aproximadamente 42 kDa e cuja expressão era bastante elevada. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em aprofundar os estudos sobre o polipeptídio de 42 kDa, visando o desenvolvimento de marcadores imunoquímicos para identificar e estudar a dinâmica de colonização bactérias endofíticas em plantas de milho.

Transformação genética de embriões zigóticos da linhagem de milho tropical L3 mediada por Agrobacterium Tumefaciens.

2009