A synthetic inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.

Treatment of cells with a variety of growth factors triggers a phosphorylation cascade that leads to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, also called extracellular signal-regulated kinases, or ERKs). We have identified a synthetic inhibitor of the MAPK pathway. PD 098059 [2-(2'-amino-3'-methoxyphenyl)-oxanaphthalen-4-one] selectively inhibited the MAPK-activating enzyme, MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), without significant inhibitory activity of MAPK itself. Inhibition of MEK by PD 098059 prevented activation of MAPK and subsequent phosphorylation of MAPK substrates both in vitro and in intact cells. Moreover, PD 098059 inhibited stimulation of cell growth and reversed the phenotype of ras-transformed BALB 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and rat kidney cells. These results indicate that the MAPK pathway is essential for growth and maintenance of the ras-transformed phenotype. Further, PD 098059 is an invaluable tool that will help elucidate the role of the MAPK cascade in a variety of biological settings.

Depletion-activated calcium current is inhibited by protein kinase in RBL-2H3 cells.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and single-cell Ca2+ measurements were used to study the control of Ca2+ entry through the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ influx pathway (ICRAC) in rat basophilic leukemia cells. When intracellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-sensitive stores were depleted by dialyzing cells with high concentrations of InsP3, ICRAC inactivated only slightly in the absence of ATP. Inclusion of ATP accelerated inactivation 2-fold. The inactivation was increased further by the ATP analogue adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate, which is readily used by protein kinases, but not by 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, another ATP analogue that is not used by kinases. Neither cyclic nucleotides nor inhibition of calmodulin or tyrosine kinase prevented the inactivation. Staurosporine and bisindolylmaleimide, protein kinase C inhibitors, reduced inactivation of ICRAC, whereas phorbol ester accelerated inactivation of the current. These results demonstrate that a protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation, probably through protein kinase C, inactivates ICRAC. Activation of the adenosine receptor (A3 type) in RBL cells did not evoke much Ca2+ influx or systematic activation of ICRAC. After protein kinase C was blocked, however, large ICRAC was observed in all cells and this was accompanied by large Ca2+ influx. The ability of a receptor to evoke Ca2+ entry is determined, at least in part, by protein kinase C. Antigen stimulation, which triggers secretion through a process that requires Ca2+ influx, activated ICRAC. The regulation of ICRAC by protein kinase will therefore have important consequences on cell functioning.

Diverse transposable elements are mobilized in hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila virilis.

We describe a system of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila virilis in which at least four unrelated transposable elements are all mobilized following a dysgenic cross. The data are largely consistent with the superposition of at least three different systems of hybrid dysgenesis, each repressing a different transposable element, which break down following the hybrid cross, possibly because they share a common pathway in the host. The data are also consistent with a mechanism in which mobilization of a single element triggers that of others, perhaps through chromosome breakage. The mobilization of multiple, unrelated elements in hybrid dysgenesis is reminiscent of McClintock's evidence [McClintock, B. (1955) Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 8, 58-74] for simultaneous mobilization of different transposable elements in maize.

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is essential for T-cell receptor signaling.

Antigen-specific activation of T lymphocytes, via stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex, is marked by a rapid and sustained increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). It has been suggested that the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) produced after TCR stimulation binds to the IP3 receptor (IP3R), an intracellular Ca(2+)-release channel, and triggers the increase in [Ca2+]i that activates transcription of the gene for T-cell growth factor interleukin 2 (IL-2). However, the role of the IP3R in T-cell signaling and possibly in plasma membrane Ca2+ influx in T cells remains unproven. Stable transfection of T cells (Jurkat) with antisense type 1 IP3R cDNA prevented type 1 IP3R expression, providing a tool for dissecting the role of IP3 signaling during T-cell activation. T cells lacking type 1 IP3R failed to increase [Ca2+]i or produce IL-2 after TCR stimulation. Moreover, depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores without TCR activation stimulated Ca2+ influx in cells lacking the type 1 IP3R. These results establish that the type 1 IP3R is required for intracellular Ca2+ release that triggers antigen-specific T-cell proliferation but not for plasma membrane Ca2+ influx.

Surface signaling in pathogenesis.

Surface signaling plays a major role in fungal infection. Topographical features of the plant surface and chemicals on the surface can trigger germination of fungal spores and differentiation of the germ tubes into appressoria. Ethylene, the fruit-ripening hormone, triggers germination of conidia, branching of hyphae, and multiple appressoria formation in Colletotrichum, thus allowing fungi to time their infection to coincide with ripening of the host. Genes uniquely expressed during appressoria formation induced by topography and surface chemicals have been isolated. Disruption of some of them has been shown to decrease virulence on the hosts. Penetration of the cuticle by the fungus is assisted by fungal cutinase secreted at the penetration structure of the fungus. Disruption of cutinase gene in Fusarium solani pisi drastically decreased its virulence. Small amounts of cutinase carried by spores of virulent pathogens, upon contact with plant surface, release small amounts of cutin monomers that trigger cutinase gene expression. The promoter elements involved in this process in F. solani pisi were identified, and transcription factors that bind these elements were cloned. One of them, cutinase transcription factor 1, expressed in Escherichia coli, is phosphorylated. Several protein kinases from F. solani pisi were cloned. The kinase involved in phosphorylation of specific transcription factors and the precise role of phosphorylation in regulating cutinase gene transcription remain to be elucidated.

In vivo estradiol-dependent dephosphorylation of the repressor MDBP-2-H1 correlates with the loss of in vitro preferential binding to methylated DNA.

We have previously shown that estradiol treatment of roosters resulted in a rapid loss of binding activity of the repressor MDBP-2-H1 (a member of the histone H1 family) to methylated DNA that was not due to a decrease in MDBP-2-H1 concentration. Here we demonstrate that MDBP-2-H1 from rooster liver nuclear extracts is a phosphoprotein. Phosphoamino acid analysis reveals that the phosphorylation occurs exclusively on serine residues. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic phosphopeptide analysis show that MDBP-2-H1 is phosphorylated at several sites. Treatment of roosters with estradiol triggers a dephosphorylation of at least two sites in the protein. Phosphatase treatment of purified rooster MDBP-2-H1 combined with gel mobility shift assay indicates that phosphorylation of MDBP-2-H1 is essential for the binding to methylated DNA and that the dephosphorylation can occur on the protein bound to methylated DNA causing its release from DNA. Thus, these results suggest that in vivo modification of the phosphorylation status of MDBP-2-H1 caused by estradiol treatment may be a key step for the down regulation of its binding to methylated DNA.

Lisil oxidase e propriedades pró-tumorigênicas de pericitos

O microambiente tumoral é composto por células, como fibroblastos, células do sistema imune, células endoteliais e pericitos, envoltas por uma matriz extracelular, além de possuir fatores solúveis que participam da comunicação celular. Nas últimas décadas, têm-se entendido cada vez melhor seu papel na iniciação e progressão dos tumores. É de fundamental importância, portanto, entender a biologia dos seus componentes e como podem agir em favor do desenvolvimento tumoral. Diversos trabalhos demonstram que há uma associação entre a presença dos pericitos nos vasos tumorais com a agressividade e prognóstico de alguns tipos de câncer. Uma vez ativadas, além do papel estrutural, essas células modulam as atividades das células endoteliais durante a formação de novos vasos, além de adquirirem propriedades como proliferação e migração. Neste contexto, os pericitos passam a secretar fatores importantes na comunicação célula-a-célula e liberam enzimas moduladoras na matriz extracelular. A lisil oxidase (LOX) é uma das principais enzimas que atuam sobre a matriz extracelular. Já está bem descrito que, quando superexpressa em células tumorais, a LOX pode alterar a migração e invasão dessas células, promovendo a geração de metástases. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito da atuação dessa enzima sobre os demais componentes celulares do estroma tumoral, como os pericitos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se enzima LOX é relevante para a ativação de propriedades dos pericitos que possam contribuir para suas funções pró-tumorigênicas, como migração, proliferação e formação de vasos. Os resultados foram gerados avaliando essas atividades dos pericitos após pré-tratamento de 24 horas com β-aminopropionitrile (βAPN), um inibidor irreversível da LOX. Foram utilizadas duas linhagens de pericitos derivados de tecido normal (adiposo e muscular) e duas linhagens de pericitos provenientes de tecido tumores do sistema nervoso central (neuroblastoma e ependimoma). Este composto foi capaz de diminuir a capacidade de migração das células de todas as linhagens testadas e, de maneira geral, tornou o processo de formação de estruturas tubulares in vitro menos eficiente. Entretanto, não foram observadas alterações na proliferação celular. Os dados indicam, portanto, que a enzima LOX pode ser importante para a ativação dos pericitos e, possivelmente, influenciem no seu comportamento no microambiente tumoral

A judicialização da política: o poder judiciário e a definição de políticas nacionais

O papel desempenhado pelo Poder Judiciário nos mais diversos Estados passa por sensível evolução ao longo do século XX, à medida que se desenvolveram os sistemas de controle de constitucionalidade. De um lado, os atores políticos assumem especial importância nesse processo. Os modelos de revisão judicial foram reforçados, no mais das vezes, em paralelo à positivação, em âmbito constitucional, de um amplo rol de direitos fundamentais e de princípios balizadores e limitadores do poder estatal. Com isso, os elementos cotejados no processo legislativo de tomada de decisões políticas são revestidos de status constitucional e transportados para o discurso argumentativo do Direito, o que leva a um processo de judicialização da Política que permite que a atividade legiferante seja passível de confronto perante instâncias judiciárias. Os instrumentos de controle de constitucionalidade assumem, assim, novos contornos, permitindo que o Judiciário interfira no conteúdo das escolhas políticas feitas pela maioria governante. De outro lado, o Poder Judiciário particularmente as Cortes Constitucionais passa a assumir a corresponsabilidade na efetivação das metas e compromissos estatais, com o que desenvolve uma política institucional mais proativa e comprometida com a concretização substancial de valores democráticos, interferindo, assim, de maneira mais incisiva e rígida no controle do processo político. A definição de políticas fundamentais e o processo legiferante passam a contar com constante participação do Judiciário. Na realidade brasileira, a Constituição de 1988 amplia as competência do Supremo Tribunal Federal em sede de controle de constitucionalidade, inserindo o órgão de maneira efetiva nesse contexto de intervenção judicial na Política. A última década, por sua vez, marcou uma perceptível mudança em sua atividade e em sua interferência no processo de tomada de decisões políticas pelos demais Poderes. Valendo-se dos diversos instrumentos de controle que lhe são disponibilizados, assumiu o compromisso de participar na efetivação dos preceitos constitucionais pátrios mediante a revisão do conteúdo normativo decorrente das escolhas políticas tomadas em outras instâncias. Desse modo, tornou-se verdadeiro copartícipe do processo de definição de políticas legislativas nacionais, seja rechaçando normas que repute inconstitucionais, seja proferindo decisões com claros efeitos normativos que buscam readequar e conformar as escolhas dos atores políticos. Nesse processo decisório, entra em jogo a intensidade com que a Corte busca impor sua visão e suas concepções no tocante à efetivação e concretização dos compromissos constitucionais. A sobreposição de ponderações judiciais e legislativas acarreta, a seu turno, importantes efeitos sistêmicos ao diálogo interinstitucional que se desenvolve entre os Poderes, em especial no que concerne à distribuição das funções estatais dentro das premissas democráticas e ao dimensionamento do papel que compete a cada um dos Poderes no processo de efetivação e proteção da Constituição.

Análise de metabólitos e proteínas totais em folhas de Eucalyptus grandis durante a infecção por Puccinia psidii

Os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na resistência de plantas contra patógenos são um tema bastante discutido no meio acadêmico, sendo o objetivo maior dos estudos a diminuição das perdas de produtividade provocadas por doenças em plantações do mundo todo. Muitos modelos de interação patógeno-hospedeiro foram propostos e desenvolvidos priorizando plantas e culturas de rápido desenvolvimento com ciclo de vida curto. Espécies de ciclo longo, porém, devem lidar durante anos - ao menos até a idade reprodutiva - contra o ataque de bactérias, fungos e vírus, sem contar, nesse meio tempo, com recombinações genéticas e mutações que tornariam possível o escape contra as moléstias causadas por microrganismos. Assim, como alternativa aos modelos usuais, o presente trabalho estudou um diferente par de antagonistas: Eucalyptus grandis e Puccinia psidii. Apesar da contribuição de programas de melhoramento genético, o patossistema E. grandis X P. psidii ainda é pouco descrito no nível molecular, havendo poucos estudos sobre os processos e as moléculas que agem de forma a conferir resistência às plantas. Assim, buscando o melhor entendimento da relação entre E. grandis X P. psidii, o presente trabalho estudou a mudança dos perfis de proteínas e metabólitos secundários ocorrida nos tecidos foliares de plantas resistentes e susceptíveis durante a infecção pelo patógeno, com o auxílio da técnica de cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as plantas resistentes percebem a presença do patógeno logo nas primeiras horas pós-infecção, produzindo proteínas ligadas à imunidade (HSP90, ILITYHIA, LRR Kinase, NB-ARC disease resistance protein). Essa percepção desencadeia a produção de proteínas de parede celular e de resposta oxidativa, além de modificar o metabolismo primário e secundário. As plantas susceptíveis, por outro lado, têm o metabolismo subvertido, produzindo proteínas responsáveis pelo afrouxamento da parede celular, beneficiando a absorção de nutrientes, crescimento e propagação de P. psidii. No trabalho também são propostos metabólitos biomarcadores de resistência, moléculas biomarcadoras de resposta imune e sinais da infecção por patógeno em E. grandis.

Event-based visual servoing

Traditional visual servoing systems have been widely studied in the last years. These systems control the position of the camera attached to the robot end-effector guiding it from any position to the desired one. These controllers can be improved by using the event-based control paradigm. The system proposed in this paper is based on the idea of activating the visual controller only when something significant has occurred in the system (e.g. when any visual feature can be loosen because it is going outside the frame). Different event triggers have been defined in the image space in order to activate or deactivate the visual controller. The tests implemented to validate the proposal have proved that this new scheme avoids visual features to go out of the image whereas the system complexity is reduced considerably. Events can be used in the future to change different parameters of the visual servoing systems.

Astrocytes and Müller Cell Alterations During Retinal Degeneration in a Transgenic Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Purpose: Retinitis pigmentosa includes a group of progressive retinal degenerative diseases that affect the structure and function of photoreceptors. Secondarily to the loss of photoreceptors, there is a reduction in retinal vascularization, which seems to influence the cellular degenerative process. Retinal macroglial cells, astrocytes, and Müller cells provide support for retinal neurons and are fundamental for maintaining normal retinal function. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of macroglial changes during retinal degeneration in P23H rats. Methods: Homozygous P23H line-3 rats aged from P18 to 18 months were used to study the evolution of the disease, and SD rats were used as controls. Immunolabeling with antibodies against GFAP, vimentin, and transducin were used to visualize macroglial cells and cone photoreceptors. Results: In P23H rats, increased GFAP labeling in Müller cells was observed as an early indicator of retinal gliosis. At 4 and 12 months of age, the apical processes of Müller cells in P23H rats clustered in firework-like structures, which were associated with ring-like shaped areas of cone degeneration in the outer nuclear layer. These structures were not observed at 16 months of age. The number of astrocytes was higher in P23H rats than in the SD matched controls at 4 and 12 months of age, supporting the idea of astrocyte proliferation. As the disease progressed, astrocytes exhibited a deteriorated morphology and marked hypertrophy. The increase in the complexity of the astrocytic processes correlated with greater connexin 43 expression and higher density of connexin 43 immunoreactive puncta within the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of P23H vs. SD rat retinas. Conclusions: In the P23H rat model of retinitis pigmentosa, the loss of photoreceptors triggers major changes in the number and morphology of glial cells affecting the inner retina.

Inhibition of NF-kB activation and cytokines production in THP-1 monocytes by 2-styrylchromones

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is one of the most important transcription factors whose modulation triggers a cascade of signaling events, namely the expression of many cytokines, enzymes, chemokines, and adhesion molecules, some of which being potential key targets for intervention in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The 2-styrylchromones (2-SC) designation represents a well-recognized group of natural and synthetic chromones, vinylogues of flavones (2-phenylchromones). Several 2-SC were recently tested for their anti-inflammatory potential, regarding the arachidonic acid metabolic cascade, showing some motivating results. In addition, several flavones with structural similarities to 2-SC have shown NF-kB inhibitory properties. Hence, the aim of the present work was to continue the investigation on the interference of 2-SC in inflammatory pathways. Herein we report their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kB activation and consequent production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokine, using a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). From the twelve 2-SC tested, three of them were able to significantly inhibit the NF-kB activation and to reduce the production of the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokine. The compound 3',4',5-trihydroxy-2- styrylchromone stood up as the most active in both assays, being a promising candidate for an anti-inflammatory drug.

Control of neuronal signalling pathways by CYP46A1, an enzime involved in brain cholesterol homeostasis

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Biologia Celular e Molecular), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016

La légalité de l'intervention militaire française au Mali : contribution à l’étude du cadre juridique de la lutte armée contre le terrorisme international

Mémoire récipiendaire de la mention "Excellent", avec les félicitations du jury.

Lymphatic vessel function in atherosclerosis

L'athérosclérose est une maladie inflammatoire chronique caractérisée par l'accumulation de cholestérol dans la paroi artérielle et associée à une réponse immunitaire anormale dans laquelle les macrophages jouent un rôle important. Récemment, il a été démontré que les vaisseaux lymphatiques jouent un rôle primordial dans le transport inverse du cholestérol (Martel et al. JCI 2013). L’objectif global de mon stage de maîtrise a été de mieux caractériser la dysfonction lymphatique associée à l’athérosclérose, en étudiant de plus près l’origine physiologique et temporelle de ce mauvais fonctionnement. Notre approche a été d’étudier, depuis l’initiation de l’athérosclérose jusqu’à la progression d’une lésion athérosclérotique tardive, la physiologie des deux constituants principaux qui forment les vaisseaux lymphatiques : les capillaires et collecteurs lymphatiques. En utilisant comme modèle principal des souris Ldlr-/-; hApoB100+/+, nous avons pu démontrer que la dysfonction lymphatique est présente avant même l’apparition de l’athérosclérose, et que cette dysfonction est principalement associée avec un défaut au niveau des vaisseaux collecteurs, limitant ainsi le transport de la lymphe des tissus périphériques vers le sang. De plus, nous avons démontré pour la première fois l’expression du récepteur au LDL par les cellules endothéliales lymphatiques. Nos travaux subséquents démontrent que ce défaut de propulsion de la lymphe pourrait être attribuable à l’absence du récepteur au LDL, et que la dysfonction lymphatique observée précocement dans l’athérosclérose peut être limitée par des injections systémiques de VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) –C. Ces résultats suggèrent que la caractérisation fonctionnelle de la capacité de pompage des vaisseaux collecteurs serait une condition préalable à la compréhension de l'interaction entre la fonction du système lymphatique et la progression de l'athérosclérose. Ultimement, nos travaux nous ont amené à considérer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans la prévention et le traitement de l’athérosclérose.