CONSTRUCCIÓN SOCIAL DE LOS ESPACIOS DE PELIGROSIDAD E INSEGURIDAD EN EL SIGLO XXI. ESTUDIOS DE CASOS EN LA CIUDAD E RESISTENCIA. REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA

La problemática de la inseguridad delictiva, ha pasado a convertirse en una de las principales cuestiones no resueltas y en una prioridad para los gobiernos de América Latina, en los albores del siglo XXI. Con el propósito de exponer los mecanismos de identificación y configuración de los espacios estigmatizados en relación a la inseguridad y al riesgo delictivo, en barrios de la ciudad de Resistencia, capital de la provincia del Chaco, Argentina; la presente investigación propone indagar los procesos de conformación de espacios percibidos como inseguros, y estigmatizados socialmente por diferentes agentes sociales. La metodología empleada, de tipo inductiva y caracterizada por el predominio de técnicas cualitativas, supuso la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a funcionarios vinculados con la seguridad en la ciudad, encuestas de percepción espacial diferencial a ciudadanos y consulta documental en archivos de los principales medios periodísticos locales. Los aportes más relevantes de la investigación refieren a la identificación de espacios estigmatizados en relación a la inseguridad delictiva urbana e invitan a reflexionar sobre los modos de deconstrucción de tales estigmas.

CIUDADES INTERMEDIAS: DINAMICA Y PERSPECTIVAS: EL CASO DE BAHÍA BLANCA - ARGENTINA

En las últimas décadas se han producido importantes cambios en los patrones de asentamiento de la población, en los que se destaca la población urbana que vive en los centros urbanos intermedios, que son prestadores de servicios y bienes especializados y que se considera presentan adecuadas condiciones para las iniciativas de desarrollo local. Diversos estudios dan cuenta de la función de las ciudades intermedias en contextos territoriales definidos y de la importancia de su radio de influencia, así como de las redes y flujos que generan hacia su hinterland. Sobre la base de una red territorial consolidada, se considera que pueden constituirse en centros regionales de equilibrio y de regulación desde perspectivas demográficas y económicas.El propósito de este trabajo es analizar la dinámica demográfica y económica de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, centro urbano intermedio localizado en el sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, tomando en consideración las transformaciones ocurridas en el entorno rural, que incluyen nuevas actividades turísticas y recreativas.Se utilizaron datos censales e información proveniente de instituciones locales y regionales.

ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL Y PRODUCCIÓN INMOBILIARIA. LA INTERVENCIÓN DE LOS ACTORES PRIVADOS EN EL CORREDOR SUDOESTE DE LA REGIÓN METROPOLITANA DE BUENOS AIRES (ARGENTINA)

Las transformaciones recientes de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires (RMBA) forman parte de un proceso sincrónico acaecido en grandes áreas urbanas latinoamericanas, donde los desarrolladores inmobiliarios y el mercado comandaron el desarrollo y territorial. En la RMBA, desde 2000 en adelante, se fue consolidando una “cuña de riqueza” a lo largo de las vías de alta velocidad que conforman el corredor sudoeste. En este fragmento del territorio quedan involucrados diferentes municipios, caracterizados por poseer un 30% de su población en condiciones de pobreza y un número creciente de urbanizaciones privadas para sectores de mayor nivel económico. Se ha configurado un escenario adecuado para que emprendedores inmobiliarios concreten intervenciones a gran escala: barrios cerrados (y mini-ciudades) con sub-centros de equipamientos, fragmentados de las ciudades existentes. Se trata de una dinámica urbana que trasciende los límites municipales, con fuertes inversiones de capital privado, creando nuevos territorios con la impronta de archipiélagos de urbanización. Los resultados de nuestras investigaciones demuestran la falta de instrumentos (normativa urbanística, políticas de desarrollo, planificación estratégica, etc.) de los gobiernos locales para encarar estos procesos de expansión urbana acelerada. Por ende, nuestra propuesta contempla: a) analizar el impacto del urbanismo privado en la desterritorialización de zonas urbanas y semi-urbanas; b) describir y explicar las estrategias de los desarrolladores en el ordenamiento y gestión territorial, como “socios” de los gobiernos municipales.

IMÁGENES Y VISUALIDADES DE LA CUESTIÓN AMBIENTAL EN ARGENTINA

Toda sociedad crea determinada idea acerca de lo que es la naturaleza y en cada momento histórico asigna diferentes grados de aceptabilidad y peligrosidad para cada impacto. A partir de la década de los años 1990, Argentina ha sido escenario de la emergencia de un conjunto de movilizaciones que, bajo el lema de protección del ambiente, rechazan y buscan evitar la instalación de determinados procesos productivos. Nuestra hipótesis es que las imágenes han desempeñado un papel clave en este proceso: se convirtieron en el medio para llamar la atención sobre el impacto de la sociedad en la naturaleza y a la vez, facilitar su comprensión y difusión a escala nacional. El interrogante que se impone entonces es qué lugar ha tomado lo visual en estos procesos que permiten interpretar la alteración de la naturaleza como una amenaza que debe evitarse a través de todos los medios posibles. Exploramos aquí la producción de imágenes y miradas sobre la cuestión ambiental realizada desde dos campos de saberes geográficos. En primer lugar, algunas obras clave de la geografía académica como medios de comunicación de los saberes geográficos académicos. En segundo lugar, la Revista Viva, una revista de lectura fácil y amena que se distribuye todos los domingos con uno de los diarios de mayor tirada en Argentina.

CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, TURISMO Y RIESGO DE INCENDIOS FORESTALES, DE PASTURAS Y DE INTERFASE, EN EL SUDOESTE BONAERENSE, SU ANÁLISIS CON GEOTECNOLOGÍAS

Localización: El área de estudio se ubica en el sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, República Argentina (cuyas coordenadas centrales son 37º 53´ 00´´ S y 62º 01´ 33´´ O), en este sector se ubican las Sierras Australes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, también conocidas como Sistema de Ventania, las que junto a otros atractivos turísticos existentes en la región (playas, aguas termales, ríos y arroyos), motivan una notable afluencia turística, principalmente en el período estival, aumentando el riesgo de incendio dadas las elevadas temperaturas registradas en los últimos años. Objetivos: 1- Determinar la existencia de variaciones anuales de temperatura en la zona de estudio, que faciliten la ocurrencia de incendio. 2- Localizar aquellos sitios que presenten mayor riesgo de incendio forestal y de pasturas. 3- Analizar las características físicas de estos sitios y evaluar la influencia antrópica ejercida sobre ellos, utilizando geotecnologías (análisis de imágenes satelitales y utilización de sistemas de información geográfica). 4- Elaborar una cartografía de riesgo de incendio forestal, de pasturas y de interfase a nivel local (escala 1:5.000) y regional (escala 1:50.000) Aportes geográficos: Se aplica una metodología de trabajo, la que mediante el uso del SIG permite relacionar rápidamente información específica proveniente del medio físico y antrópico, obtenida a partir del trabajo de campo, uso de fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales en un entorno digital, en una región sobre la que no existen antecedentes de este tipo de estudios. El resultado es la obtención de una cartografía temática referida al riesgo de incendio.

Variability Modeling Of Rainfall, Deforestation, And Incidence Of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis In Orán, Argentina, 1985-2007.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is a disease transmitted to humans by the female sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia. Several factors are involved in the disease transmission cycle. In this work only rainfall and deforestation were considered to assess the variability in the incidence of ATL. In order to reach this goal, monthly recorded data of the incidence of ATL in Orán, Salta, Argentina, were used, in the period 1985-2007. The square root of the relative incidence of ATL and the corresponding variance were formulated as time series, and these data were smoothed by moving averages of 12 and 24 months, respectively. The same procedure was applied to the rainfall data. Typical months, which are April, August, and December, were found and allowed us to describe the dynamical behavior of ATL outbreaks. These results were tested at 95% confidence level. We concluded that the variability of rainfall would not be enough to justify the epidemic outbreaks of ATL in the period 1997-2000, but it consistently explains the situation observed in the years 2002 and 2004. Deforestation activities occurred in this region could explain epidemic peaks observed in both years and also during the entire time of observation except in 2005-2007.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México

This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.

Propagacão das ondas de rossby nos invernos de máxima freqüência de ocorrência de geadas na pampa úmida

Neste trabalho estudou-se a influência dos padrões de onda extratropicais, que favorecem o desenvolvimento de eventos extremos frios no sudeste Sul-Americano, e em particular na região conhecida como Pampa Úmida. O aquecimento anômalo observado na região do oceano Pacífico tropical ocidental a nordeste da Austrália, durante os invernos de máxima freqüência de ocorrência de Geadas Generalizadas (GG) no centro-leste da Argentina, (região conhecida como Pampa Úmida - PU), atua como disparador de ondas de Rossby, as quais se propagam até o continente, favorecendo assim a ocorrência daqueles eventos. O padrão de propagação obtido nas simulações numéricas com um modelo baroclínico global, mostra o predomínio de um número de onda 3. Adicionalmente, foram analisadas as correlações do vento meridional em altos e baixos níveis observados para os eventos de GG, selecionados dentro dos invernos de máxima freqüência de ocorrência desses eventos. O vento meridional global em 250hPa apresenta regiões com correlação estatisticamente significativa com o vento meridional médio na PU. A configuração obtida no caso do vento meridional global em 250hPa, correlacionado com o vento meridional na PU, pode estar associada ao padrão de propagação das ondas simuladas numericamente a partir da forçante tropical. Igualmente importantes e significativos são os valores de correlação do vento sul nos baixos níveis, em particular para toda região da PU. O padrão de ondas simulado está bem representado pelas significativas correlações entre o vento meridional hemisférico em altos níveis e a temperatura no dia de evento de GG.

Redescription of Hiatella meridionalis d'Orbigny, 1846 (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hiatellidae) from Argentina

The redescription of Hiatella meridionalis (d’Orbigny, 1846) is provided as first attempt to improve the systematics of the genus in the regions of Atlantic and western Pacific. This reanalysis is based on specimens collected in the vicinity of the type localities and is based on detailed morphology of samples that some researches consider a single, wide ranging species. From the morphological characters, the more interesting are: a high quantity of papillae at incurrent siphon; the retractor muscles of siphon divided in two bundles; the small size of the palps; the muscular ring in the stomach; and the zigzag fashion of the short intestinal loops. These characters distinguish the species from the other hiatellids so far examined. Type material of the species was examined, by first time illustrated, and the lectotype is designated.

Trabalho e imigração: uma comparação Brasil-Argentina

O artigo busca discutir um novo padrão migratório da Bolívia para o Brasil e para a Argentina, especialmente vinculado à precarização do trabalho e à inserção desses imigrantes em formas de trabalho precário. Esse padrão & aparentemente novo em relação à integração dos contingentes migrantes ao longo do século XX & vem produzindo consequências que ainda estão por ser mapeadas. Uma delas é a presença de um contingente de bolivianos confinado ao setor de costura, trabalhando e vivendo em oficinas clandestinas, com pouca visibilidade pública, como face de uma precarização mundializada, resultante do assim chamado “custo chinês”. Resultante de um balanço bibliográfico e de uma incursão exploratória na pesquisa de campo tanto em São Paulo como em Buenos Aires, o artigo pretende apontar para aspectos específicos do fenômeno, combinando olhares e perspectivas que cruzam as dimensões migratórias, geracionais e de gênero.

Genetic-morphometric variation in Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and La Plata, Argentina

Variation among natural populations of Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say is associated with different vectorial capacities. The species Cx. quinquefasciatus is present in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical zones in the Brazilian territory, with intermediate forms between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens occurring in regions of latitudes around 33°-35°S. Herein, we studied geographically distinct populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus by genetic characterization and analysis of intra-specific wing morphometrics. After morphological analysis, molecular characterization of Cx. quinquefasciatus and intermediate forms was performed by polymerase chain reaction of the polymorphic nuclear region of the second intron of the acetylcholinesterase locus. Additionally, the morphology of adult female wings collected from six locations was analyzed. Wing centroid sizes were significantly different between some geographical pairs. Mean values of R2/R2+3 differed significantly after pairwise comparisons. The overall wing shape represented by morphometric characters could be divided into two main groupings. Our data suggest that Brazilian samples are morphologically and genetically distinct from the Argentinean samples and also indicated a morphological distinction between northern and southern populations of Brazilian Cx. quinquefasciatus. We suggest that wing morphology may be used for preliminary assessment of population structure of Cx. quinquefasciatusin Brazil

Allopatric speciation in ticks: genetic and reproductive divergence between geographic strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Background: The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The morphological and genetic differences among R. microplus strains have been documented in the literature, suggesting that biogeographical and ecological separation may have resulted in boophilid ticks from America/Africa and those from Australia being different species. To test the hypothesis of the presence of different boophilid species, herein we performed a series of experiments to characterize the reproductive performance of crosses between R. microplus from Australia, Africa and America and the genetic diversity of strains from Australia, Asia, Africa and America. Results: The results showed that the crosses between Australian and Argentinean or Mozambican strains of boophilid ticks are infertile while crosses between Argentinean and Mozambican strains are fertile. These results showed that tick strains from Africa (Mozambique) and America (Argentina) are the same species, while ticks from Australia may actually represent a separate species. The genetic analysis of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA and microsatellite loci were not conclusive when taken separately, but provided evidence that Australian tick strains were genetically different from Asian, African and American strains. Conclusion: The results reported herein support the hypothesis that at least two different species share the name R. microplus. These species could be redefined as R. microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (for American and African strains) and probably the old R. australis Fuller, 1899 (for Australian strains), which needs to be redescribed. However, experiments with a larger number of tick strains from different geographic locations are needed to corroborate these results.

Fossil groups in the Millennium Simulation Evolution of the brightest galaxies

Aims. We create a catalogue of simulated fossil groups and study their properties, in particular the merging histories of their first-ranked galaxies. We compare the simulated fossil group properties with those of both simulated non-fossil and observed fossil groups. Methods. Using simulations and a mock galaxy catalogue, we searched for massive (>5 x 10(13) h(-1) M-circle dot) fossil groups in the Millennium Simulation Galaxy Catalogue. In addition, we attempted to identify observed fossil groups in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 using identical selection criteria. Results. Our predictions on the basis of the simulation data are: (a) fossil groups comprise about 5.5% of the total population of groups/clusters with masses larger than 5 x 10(13) h(-1) M-circle dot. This fraction is consistent with the fraction of fossil groups identified in the SDSS, after all observational biases have been taken into account; (b) about 88% of the dominant central objects in fossil groups are elliptical galaxies that have a median R-band absolute magnitude of similar to-23.5-5 log h, which is typical of the observed fossil groups known in the literature; (c) first-ranked galaxies of systems with M > 5 x 10(13) h(-1) M-circle dot, regardless of whether they are either fossil or non-fossil, are mainly formed by gas-poor mergers; (d) although fossil groups, in general, assembled most of their virial masses at higher redshifts in comparison with non-fossil groups, first-ranked galaxies in fossil groups merged later, i.e. at lower redshifts, compared with their non-fossil-group counterparts. Conclusions. We therefore expect to observe a number of luminous galaxies in the centres of fossil groups that show signs of a recent major merger.

Fossil groups in the Millennium simulation Their environment and its evolution

Context. Fossil systems are defined to be X- ray bright galaxy groups ( or clusters) with a two- magnitude difference between their two brightest galaxies within half the projected virial radius, and represent an interesting extreme of the population of galaxy agglomerations. However, the physical conditions and processes leading to their formation are still poorly constrained. Aims. We compare the outskirts of fossil systems with that of normal groups to understand whether environmental conditions play a significant role in their formation. We study the groups of galaxies in both, numerical simulations and observations. Methods. We use a variety of statistical tools including the spatial cross- correlation function and the local density parameter Delta(5) to probe differences in the density and structure of the environments of "" normal"" and "" fossil"" systems in the Millennium simulation. Results. We find that the number density of galaxies surrounding fossil systems evolves from greater than that observed around normal systems at z = 0.69, to lower than the normal systems by z = 0. Both fossil and normal systems exhibit an increment in their otherwise radially declining local density measure (Delta(5)) at distances of order 2.5 r(vir) from the system centre. We show that this increment is more noticeable for fossil systems than normal systems and demonstrate that this difference is linked to the earlier formation epoch of fossil groups. Despite the importance of the assembly time, we show that the environment is different for fossil and non- fossil systems with similar masses and formation times along their evolution. We also confirm that the physical characteristics identified in the Millennium simulation can also be detected in SDSS observations. Conclusions. Our results confirm the commonly held belief that fossil systems assembled earlier than normal systems but also show that the surroundings of fossil groups could be responsible for the formation of their large magnitude gap.

Confederações indígenas em luta por participação política, comercial e territorial: Argentina, 1852 - 1859

Entre 1852 e 1859, a atual Argentina se encontrava politicamente dividida entre Buenos Aires e a Confederação, que congregava as demais Províncias. Nesse período, diferentes grupos étnicos dos pampas, dos Andes e da Patagônia se organizaram em confederações indígenas com o objetivo de enfrentar os avanços territoriais, defender suas autonomias e a participação em lucrativas redes de comércio. Nesta luta por autonomia política, territorial e comercial, negociaram com os grupos criollos em luta pelo poder, avaliaram seus projetos e aderiram a aquele que os reconheceu enquanto interlocutores políticos e aliados militares. Participantes ativos da política argentina, conseguiram reconquistar territórios e oferecer intensas resistências aos criollos.