Effects of truck traffic on top-down fatigue cracking performance of flexible pavements using a new mechanics-based analysis framework

The mechanics-based analysis framework predicts top-down fatigue cracking initiation time in asphalt concrete pavements by utilising fracture mechanics and mixture morphology-based property. To reduce the level of complexity involved, traffic data were characterised and incorporated into the framework using the equivalent single axle load (ESAL) approach. There is a concern that this kind of simplistic traffic characterisation might result in erroneous performance predictions and pavement structural designs. This paper integrates axle load spectra and other traffic characterisation parameters into the mechanics-based analysis framework and studies the impact these traffic characterisation parameters have on predicted fatigue cracking performance. The traffic characterisation inputs studied are traffic growth rate, axle load spectra, lateral wheel wander and volume adjustment factors. For this purpose, a traffic integration approach which incorporates Monte Carlo simulation and representative traffic characterisation inputs was developed. The significance of these traffic characterisation parameters was established by evaluating a number of field pavement sections. It is evident from the results that all the traffic characterisation parameters except truck wheel wander have been observed to have significant influence on predicted top-down fatigue cracking performance.

Gender and size diversity in top management team: evidence from Portugal

In recent years the Top Management Team (TMT) in the companies has been extensively studied and discussed by many researchers (Campbell & Mínguez-Vera, 2008; Erhardt et al, 2003; Haleblian & Finkelstein, 1993; Amason & Spienza, 1997). Thus, this theme has undergone a major evolution as well as it has been diversified progressively. Combined with the Upper Echelons Theory, it was established a new dimension of diversity of the Top Management Team that addresses, for example, the diversity of gender and the size of the team. There are several countries that have established laws and regulatory requirements in order to increase the presence of women in the business environment such as Norway, Spain, France, Holland and Italy. However, the female gender is far from equal in terms of representativeness (Torchia et al., 2011), but there are noteworthy developments yearly. It is also noticeable that the size of Top Management Teams has also increased, which can provide advantages for the company (Heleblian & Finkelstein, 1993). In the course of this dissertation it was studied the female gender ratio and the size of the Top Management Team with the profitability (ROA – Return On Assets) of 41 Portuguese companies listed on the Euronext Lisbon between 2011 - 2015. Initially, the Spearman test was applied in order to verify the correlations between the variables in study. It was created a linear regression that relates the number of women (independent variable) and ROA (dependent variable). The Mann-Whitney test was used to verify the ROA behaviour between companies with no women in TMT and companies with women in TMT. After analysis, the results demonstrated that there was a positive relationship between the number of women with ROA. Also companies that have women in TMT have better performance compared to companies with no women in the Top Management Team. As far as the size of the team is concerned, it positively influences the economic profitability, in a meaningful way.

A (Detail - Top)

Free standing steel sculpture with combined media inserts. 95½" x 72" x 6" Museum of Photographic Art, San Diego Re-Made Version

WAIS Tutorial: Publishing in Top Quality Journals

The purpose of this seminar session is to share with you some of my experience with publishing in top quality journals. The session will be structured as follows: - Publish or Perish - The CS Debate (conferences vs journals) - Top journals - Multidiciplinary work - The Process

Effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on rice blast in open-top chambers in Brazil.

2008

Quantum integrability as a new method for exact results on N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories and black holes

In this thesis I show a triple new connection we found between quantum integrability, N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories and black holes perturbation theory. I use the approach of the ODE/IM correspondence between Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) and Integrable Models (IM), first to connect basic integrability functions - the Baxter’s Q, T and Y functions - to the gauge theory periods. This fundamental identification allows several new results for both theories, for example: an exact non linear integral equation (Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz, TBA) for the gauge periods; an interpretation of the integrability functional relations as new exact R-symmetry relations for the periods; new formulas for the local integrals of motion in terms of gauge periods. This I develop in all details at least for the SU(2) gauge theory with Nf=0,1,2 matter flavours. Still through to the ODE/IM correspondence, I connect the mathematically precise definition of quasinormal modes of black holes (having an important role in gravitational waves’ obervations) with quantization conditions on the Q, Y functions. In this way I also give a mathematical explanation of the recently found connection between quasinormal modes and N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories. Moreover, it follows a new simple and effective method to numerically compute the quasinormal modes - the TBA - which I compare with other standard methods. The spacetimes for which I show these in all details are in the simplest Nf=0 case the D3 brane in the Nf=1,2 case a generalization of extremal Reissner-Nordström (charged) black holes. Then I begin treating also the Nf=3,4 theories and argue on how our integrability-gauge-gravity correspondence can generalize to other types of black holes in either asymptotically flat (Nf=3) or Anti-de-Sitter (Nf=4) spacetime. Finally I begin to show the extension to a 4-fold correspondence with also Conformal Field Theory (CFT), through the renowned AdS/CFT correspondence.

Search for same-sign top quark pairs with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

In this thesis, a search for same-sign top quark pairs produced according to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) is presented. The analysis is carried out within the ATLAS Collaboration using collision data at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV, collected by the ATLAS detector during the Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $140$ fb$^{-1}$. Three SMEFT operators are considered in the analysis, namely $\mathcal{O}_{RR}$, $\mathcal{O}_{LR}^{(1)}$, and $\mathcal{O}_{LR}^{(8)}$. The signal associated to same-sign top pairs is searched in the dilepton channel, with the top quarks decaying via $t \longrightarrow W^+ b \longrightarrow \ell^+ \nu b$, leading to a final state signature composed of a pair of high-transverse momentum same-sign leptons and $b$-jets. Deep Neural Networks are employed in the analysis to enhance sensitivity to the different SMEFT operators and to perform signal-background discrimination. This is the first result of the ATLAS Collaboration concerning the search for same-sign top quark pairs production in proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV, in the framework of the SMEFT.

Tectonics of the wedge-top Epiligurian basins and implications for the syn-to-post orogenic evolution of the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt (Italy)

This thesis has the aim to give an overview about the tectonic history of the Epiligurian units, which crop out in the axial portion of the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, from a structural and thermal point of view, through a multiscalar and multitecnique approach. I focused on a key example of Epiligurian wedge-top basin, (Marzabotto Basin) proceeding from macro-to-microscale approach. The study started from a remote sensing analysis of the lineaments and morphostructures which affected the study area to obtain the regional faulting pattern and an overview about the main tectonic structures, used as basis for the structural investigation at the mesoscale. On the basis of this, it was possible to reconstruct the succession of tectonic events that affected the Marzabotto Basin, consisting in: i) two sets of thrusts indicating a NE-SW and NW-SE shortening of the sedimentary succession; ii) NE-SW-left lateral transtensional faults related to a strike-slip tectonic phase; iii) three main sets of extensional structures which cut and displace the previous thrusts. Normal faults are related to the post-orogenic evolution and have been dated with U-Th method, getting an age of Middle-Late Pleistocene. From a thermal point of view, apatite fission-tracks and (U-Th)/He analyses of detrital minerals and thermal modelling on the middle-upper Eocene siliciclastic deposits allowed me to better constrain the local exhumation history and correlate it with the large-scale tectonic evolution of the Northern Apennines. In particular, the Marzabotto Basin experienced a complex burial-exhumation history, consisting in two cooling cooling phases related to the growth of the Northern Apennines belt (Oligo-Miocene in age) and a later cooling which tracks the accretion in the orogenic wedge concomitant with rollback-driven extension (late Miocene-Pliocene in age). In conclusion it is possible to affirm that the study shed new light on poorly constrained elements of fold-and-thrust belt.

Sensitivity analysis of QRA to the occurrence frequencies of top-events: a case study

L’obiettivo del lavoro di tesi è stato quello di valutare la sensitività dell’analisi quantitativa del rischio (QRA, Quantitative Risk Analysis) alla frequenza di accadimento degli scenari di rilascio delle sostanze pericolose ovvero dei top-events. L’analisi di rischio è stata condotta applicando, ad uno stabilimento a rischio di incidente rilevante della Catalogna, i passaggi procedurali previsti dall’istruzione 14/2008 SIE vigente in quella regione. L’applicazione di questa procedura ha permesso di ottenere le curve isorischio, che collegano i punti attorno allo stabilimento aventi lo stesso valore del rischio locale. Le frequenze base dei top-events sono state prese innanzitutto dalla linea guida BEVI, e successivamente ai fini dell’analisi di sensitività, sono stati considerati sia i valori forniti da altre 3 autorevoli linee guida sia i valori ottenuti considerando incrementi delle frequenze base del 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 200%, 300%, 500%, 700%, 1000%, 2000%, 3000%, 4000%, 5000%. L’analisi delle conseguenze è stata condotta tramite i software EFFECTS ed ALOHA, mentre ai fini della ricomposizione del rischio è stato utilizzato il codice RISKCURVES. La sensitività alle frequenze dei top-events è stata valutata in termini di variazione del diametro massimo delle curve isorischio, con particolare attenzione a quella corrispondente a 10-6 ev/anno, che rappresenta il limite di accettabilità del rischio per la pianificazione territoriale nell’intorno dello stabilimento. E’ stato così dimostrato che l’estensione delle curve isorischio dipende in maniera molto forte dalla frequenza dei top-events e che l’utilizzo di dati di frequenza provenienti da linee guida diverse porta a curve isorischio di dimensioni molto differenti. E’ dunque confermato che la scelta delle frequenze degli scenari incidentali rappresenta, nella conduzione dell’analisi di rischio, un passaggio delicato e cruciale.

Multivariate analysis to discriminate top quark pair production channels at LHC

Il quark top è una delle particelle fondamentali del Modello Standard, ed è osservato a LHC nelle collisioni a più elevata energia. In particolare, la coppia top-antitop (tt̄) è prodotta tramite interazione forte da eventi gluone-gluone (gg) oppure collisioni di quark e antiquark (qq̄). I diversi meccanismi di produzione portano ad avere coppie con proprietà diverse: un esempio è lo stato di spin di tt̄, che vicino alla soglia di produzione è maggiormente correlato nel caso di un evento gg. Uno studio che voglia misurare l’entità di tali correlazioni risulta quindi essere significativamente facilitato da un metodo di discriminazione delle coppie risultanti sulla base del loro canale di produzione. Il lavoro qui presentato ha quindi lo scopo di ottenere uno strumento per effettuare tale differenziazione, attraverso l’uso di tecniche di analisi multivariata. Tali metodi sono spesso applicati per separare un segnale da un fondo che ostacola l’analisi, in questo caso rispettivamente gli eventi gg e qq̄. Si dice che si ha a che fare con un problema di classificazione. Si è quindi studiata la prestazione di diversi algoritmi di analisi, prendendo in esame le distribuzioni di numerose variabili associate al processo di produzione di coppie tt̄. Si è poi selezionato il migliore in base all’efficienza di riconoscimento degli eventi di segnale e alla reiezione degli eventi di fondo. Per questo elaborato l’algoritmo più performante è il Boosted Decision Trees, che permette di ottenere da un campione con purezza iniziale 0.81 una purezza finale di 0.92, al costo di un’efficienza ridotta a 0.74.

Tecniche di apprendimento automatico per la ricerca di eventi top-top con l’esperimento ATLAS a LHC

Il Modello Standard è attualmente la teoria che meglio spiega il comportamento della fisica subnucleare, includendo la definizione delle particelle e di tre delle quattro forze fondamentali presenti in natura; risulta però una teoria incompleta sulle cui integrazioni i fisici stanno lavorando in diverse direzioni: uno degli approcci più promettenti nella ricerca di nuova fisica risulta essere quello delle teorie di campo efficaci. Il vertice di interazione del processo di produzione di coppie di quark top dello stesso segno a partire da protoni è fortemente soppresso nel Modello Standard e deve quindi essere interpretato con le teorie di campo efficaci. Il presente elaborato si concentra su questo nuovo approccio per la ricerca di quark top same-sign e si focalizza sull’utilizzo di una rete neurale per discriminare il segnale dal fondo. L’obiettivo è capire se le prestazioni di quest’ultima cambino quando le vengono fornite in ingresso variabili di diversi livelli di ricostruzione. Utilizzando una rete neurale ottimizzata per la discriminazione del segnale dal fondo, le si sono presentati tre set di variabili per l’allenamento: uno di alto livello, il secondo strettamente di basso livello, il terzo copia del secondo con aggiunta delle due variabili principali di b-tagging. Si è dimostrato che la performance della rete in termini di classificazione segnale-fondo rimane pressoché inalterata: la curva ROC presenta aree sottostanti le curve pressoché identiche. Si è notato inoltre che nel caso del set di variabili di basso livello, la rete neurale classifica come input più importanti gli angoli azimutali dei leptoni nonostante questi abbiano distribuzioni identiche tra segnale e fondo: ciò avviene in quanto la rete neurale è in grado di sfruttare le correlazioni tra le variabili come caratteristica discriminante. Questo studio preliminare pone le basi per l’ottimizzazione di un approccio multivariato nella ricerca di eventi con due top dello stesso segno prodotti a LHC.

Phenomenology of top-philic axion-like particles

Axion like particles (ALPs), i.e., pseudo-scalar bosons interacting via derivative couplings, are a generic feature of many new physics scenarios, including those addressing the strong-CP problem and/or the existence of dark matter. Their phenomenology is very rich, with a wide range of scales and interactions being directly probed at very different experiments, from accelerators to observatories. In this thesis, we explore the possibility that ALPs might indirectly affect precision collider observables. In particular, we consider an ALPs that preferably couple to the top quark (top-philic) and we study new-physics 1- loop corrections to processes involving top quarks in the final state. Our study stems from the simple, yet non-trivial observation that 1-loop corrections are infrared finite even in the case of negligible ALP masses and therefore can be considered on their own. We compute the 1-loop corrections of new physics analytically in key cases involving top quark pair production and then implement and validate a fully general next-to-leading-order model in MadGraph5_aMC@NLO that allows to compute virtual effects for any process of interest. A detailed study of the expected sensitivity to virtual ALPs in ttbar production at the LHC is performed.

Mechanisms Predisposing Penile Fracture And Long-term Outcomes On Erectile And Voiding Functions.

Purpose. To determine the mechanisms predisposing penile fracture as well as the rate of long-term penile deformity and erectile and voiding functions. Methods. All fractures were repaired on an emergency basis via subcoronal incision and absorbable suture with simultaneous repair of eventual urethral lesion. Patients' status before fracture and voiding and erectile functions at long term were assessed by periodic follow-up and phone call. Detailed history included cause, symptoms, and single-question self-report of erectile and voiding functions. Results. Among the 44 suspicious cases, 42 (95.4%) were confirmed, mean age was 34.5 years (range: 18-60), mean follow-up 59.3 months (range 9-155). Half presented the classical triad of audible crack, detumescence, and pain. Heterosexual intercourse was the most common cause (28 patients, 66.7%), followed by penile manipulation (6 patients, 14.3%), and homosexual intercourse (4 patients, 9.5%). Woman on top was the most common heterosexual position (n = 14, 50%), followed by doggy style (n = 8, 28.6%). Four patients (9.5%) maintained the cause unclear. Six (14.3%) patients had urethral injury and two (4.8%) had erectile dysfunction, treated by penile prosthesis and PDE-5i. No patient showed urethral fistula, voiding deterioration, penile nodule/curve or pain. Conclusions. Woman on top was the potentially riskiest sexual position (50%). Immediate surgical treatment warrants long-term very low morbidity.

Beam-energy Dependence Of Charge Separation Along The Magnetic Field In Au+au Collisions At Rhic.

Local parity-odd domains are theorized to form inside a quark-gluon plasma which has been produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The local parity-odd domains manifest themselves as charge separation along the magnetic field axis via the chiral magnetic effect. The experimental observation of charge separation has previously been reported for heavy-ion collisions at the top RHIC energies. In this Letter, we present the results of the beam-energy dependence of the charge correlations in Au+Au collisions at midrapidity for center-of-mass energies of 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, and 62.4 GeV from the STAR experiment. After background subtraction, the signal gradually reduces with decreased beam energy and tends to vanish by 7.7 GeV. This implies the dominance of hadronic interactions over partonic ones at lower collision energies.

Graphene Oxide: A Carrier For Pharmaceuticals And A Scaffold For Cell Interactions.

During the last ten years, graphene oxide has been explored in many applications due to its remarkable electroconductivity, thermal properties and mobility of charge carriers, among other properties. As discussed in this review, the literature suggests that a total characterization of graphene oxide must be conducted because oxidation debris (synthesis impurities) present in the graphene oxides could act as a graphene oxide surfactant, stabilizing aqueous dispersions. It is also important to note that the structure models of graphene oxide need to be revisited because of significant implications for its chemical composition and its direct covalent functionalization. Another aspect that is discussed is the need to consider graphene oxide surface chemistry. The hemolysis assay is recommended as a reliable test for the preliminary assessment of graphene oxide toxicity, biocompatibility and cell membrane interaction. More recently, graphene oxide has been extensively explored for drug delivery applications. An important increase in research efforts in this emerging field is clearly represented by the hundreds of related publications per year, including some reviews. Many studies have been performed to explore the graphene oxide properties that enable it to deliver more than one activity simultaneously and to combine multidrug systems with photothermal therapy, indicating that graphene oxide is an attractive tool to overcome hurdles in cancer therapies. Some strategic aspects of the application of these materials in cancer treatment are also discussed. In vitro studies have indicated that graphene oxide can also promote stem cell adhesion, growth and differentiation, and this review discusses the recent and pertinent findings regarding graphene oxide as a valuable nanomaterial for stem cell research in medicine. The protein corona is a key concept in nanomedicine and nanotoxicology because it provides a biomolecular identity for nanomaterials in a biological environment. Understanding protein corona-nanomaterial interactions and their influence on cellular responses is a challenging task at the nanobiointerface. New aspects and developments in this area are discussed.