Postmortem radiology of fatal hemorrhage: measurements of cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels and volumes of aorta and spleen on MDCT and volumes of heart chambers on MRI

OBJECTIVE: Autopsy determination of fatal hemorrhage as the cause of death is often a difficult diagnosis in forensic medicine. No quantitative system for accurately measuring the blood volume in a corpse has been developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article describes the measurement and evaluation of the cross-sectional areas of major blood vessels, of the diameter of the right pulmonary artery, of the volumes of thoracic aorta and spleen on MDCT, and of the volumes of heart chambers on MRI in 65 autopsy-verified cases of fatal hemorrhage or no fatal hemorrhage. RESULTS: Most cases with a cause of death of "fatal hemorrhage" had collapsed vessels. The finding of a collapsed superior vena cava, main pulmonary artery, or right pulmonary artery was 100% specific for fatal hemorrhage. The mean volumes of the thoracic aorta and of each of the heart chambers and the mean cross-sectional areas of all vessels except the inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta were significantly smaller in fatal hemorrhage than in no fatal hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: For the quantitative differentiation of fatal hemorrhage from other causes of death, we propose a three-step algorithm with measurements of the diameter of the right pulmonary artery, the cross-sectional area of the main pulmonary artery, and the volume of the right atrium (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 95%). However, this algorithm must be corroborated in a prospective study, which would eliminate the limitations of this study. Quantitative postmortem cross-sectional imaging might become a reliable objective method to assess the question of fatal hemorrhage in forensic medicine.

Quantification of atelectatic lung volumes in two different porcine models of ARDS

BACKGROUND: Cyclic recruitment during mechanical ventilation contributes to ventilator associated lung injury. Two different pathomechanisms in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are currently discussed: alveolar collapse vs persistent flooding of small airways and alveoli. We compare two different ARDS animal models by computed tomography (CT) to describe different recruitment and derecruitment mechanisms at different airway pressures: (i) lavage-ARDS, favouring alveolar collapse by surfactant depletion; and (ii) oleic acid ARDS, favouring alveolar flooding by capillary leakage. METHODS: In 12 pigs [25 (1) kg], ARDS was randomly induced, either by saline lung lavage or oleic acid (OA) injection, and 3 animals served as controls. A respiratory breathhold manoeuvre without spontaneous breathing at different continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was applied in random order (CPAP levels of 5, 10, 15, 30, 35 and 50 cm H(2)O) and spiral-CT scans of the total lung were acquired at each CPAP level (slice thickness=1 mm). In each spiral-CT the volume of total lung parenchyma, tissue, gas, non-aerated, well-aerated, poorly aerated, and over-aerated lung was calculated. RESULTS: In both ARDS models non-aerated lung volume decreased significantly from CPAP 5 to CPAP 50 [oleic acid lung injury (OAI): 346.9 (80.1) to 96.4 (48.8) ml, P<0.001; lavage-ARDS: 245 17.6) to 42.7 (4.8) ml, P<0.001]. In lavage-ARDS poorly aerated lung volume decreased at higher CPAP levels [232 (45.2) at CPAP 10 to 84 (19.4) ml at CPAP 50, P<0.001] whereas in OAI poorly aerated lung volume did not vary at different airway pressures. CONCLUSIONS: In both ARDS models well-aerated and non-aerated lung volume respond to different CPAP levels in a comparable fashion: Thus, a cyclical alveolar collapse seems to be part of the derecruitment process also in the OA-ARDS. In OA-ARDS, the increase in poorly aerated lung volume reflects the specific initial lesion, that is capillary leakage with interstitial and alveolar oedema.

Copper Commando Index - volumes 1, 2, and 3

Index for volumes 1, 2, and 3 (Aug. 1942 - Aug. 1945) lists personal names, places, subjects; page and issue numbers.

Ernest Meissonier und der Blick durch die Lupe - Fern- und Nahsicht im französischen Salon

Während angesichts der Gemälde der Impressionisten immer wieder geäußert wurde, dass diese sich nur aus großem Abstand betrachten ließen, meinten viele Besucher des französischen Salons, den kleinformatigen Gemälden Ernest Meissoniers nur durch einen Blick durch die Lupe gerecht werden zu können. Der vorliegende Essay geht der rezeptionsästhetischen Frage nach, inwieweit die besondere Betrachtungsweise der Gemälde Meissoniers durch die Bilder selbst konditioniert wurde. Zunächst wird dabei auf die Regeln einzugehen sein, welche die zeitgenössische Kunsttheorie hinsichtlich des richtigen Betrachterabstands aufgestellt hatte, um sodann eine exemplarische Auswahl der Gemälde des Künstlers näher ins Visier zu nehmen. Schließlich sollen die Ergebnisse im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Rezeptionsbedingungen, wie sie der französische Salon vorgab, diskutiert werden.

Ernest Meissonier und der Blick durch die Lupe - Fern- und Nahsicht im französischen Salon

Während angesichts der Gemälde der Impressionisten immer wieder geäußert wurde, dass diese sich nur aus großem Abstand betrachten ließen, meinten viele Besucher des französischen Salons, den kleinformatigen Gemälden Ernest Meissoniers nur durch einen Blick durch die Lupe gerecht werden zu können. Der vorliegende Essay geht der rezeptionsästhetischen Frage nach, inwieweit die besondere Betrachtungsweise der Gemälde Meissoniers durch die Bilder selbst konditioniert wurde. Zunächst wird dabei auf die Regeln einzugehen sein, welche die zeitgenössische Kunsttheorie hinsichtlich des richtigen Betrachterabstands aufgestellt hatte, um sodann eine exemplarische Auswahl der Gemälde des Künstlers näher ins Visier zu nehmen. Schließlich sollen die Ergebnisse im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Rezeptionsbedingungen, wie sie der französische Salon vorgab, diskutiert werden.

Protein deficiency and the growing rat lung. I. Nutritional findings and related lung volumes

We investigated the consequences of early malnutrition on milk production by dams and on body weight and structural lung growth of young rats using two models of protein restriction. Dams of the early restriction group were fed an 8% casein diet starting at parturition. Those of the delayed restriction group received a 12% casein diet from lactation d 8-14 and thereafter the 8% diet. After weaning, early restriction and delayed restriction group rats were maintained on low protein until d 49, then refed the control diet (18% casein) up to d 126. Milk was analyzed on d 12. Animals were killed at d 21, 49, and 126 for lung fixation in situ. In this report, we show that protein restriction lowered milk yield to 38% of normal. Milk lipid per gram of dry weight tended to be increased, whereas lactose and protein were significantly decreased. Pups from protein-restricted dams grew less and had lower lung volumes, effects being more serious at d 49. However, specific lung volumes (in milliliters per 100 g body weight) were constantly increased. This means that lung was either less affected than body mass or overdistended due to less connective tissue. After refeeding, both groups showed a remarkable catch-up in growth with restoration of the normal allometric relationship between lung volume and body weight. Thus, even after an early onset of protein restriction to total body, the lung is still capable to substantially recover from growth retardation.

Asdiwal. Revue genevoise d'anthropologie et d'histoire des religions

ASDIWAL. Revue genevoise d’anthropologie et d’histoire des religions, émanation de la Société genevoise d’histoire des religions, paraît chaque année depuis 2006. Son siège est établi à l’Université de Genève, Faculté des lettres, Unité d’histoire des religions. Héros de la mythologie tsimshian (Colombie-Britannique), Asdiwal est un personnage qui voyage, qui passe d’un monde à l’autre, sans jamais pouvoir dépasser ce qui fait de lui un Homme. Aujourd’hui, les cloisons qui séparent les différentes sciences humaines tendent elles aussi à s’effacer. Aussi, la revue ASDIWAL se donne-t-elle pour ambition, comme son héros éponyme, de faire voyager le lecteur d’un monde à l’autre. ASDIWAL revendique une approche anthropologique et historique du champ religieux, respectueuse des contextes culturels et sensible aux écarts comme aux ressemblances. Sans limite quant aux domaines abordés, la Revue genevoise d’anthropologie et d’histoire des religions plaide résolument pour une démarche comparatiste et un « regard éloigné », sans oublier un esprit de liberté et d'humour. Eclectique et ouverte, ASDIWAL donne la parole aussi bien à de jeunes chercheurs qu'à des spécialistes reconnus.

The Jewish encyclopedia : a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest time to the present day ; complete in 12 volumes

Isidore Singer, projector and managing ed.