Effects of follicular versus luteal phase-based strength training in young women

Hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle (MC) may influence trainability of strength. We investigated the effects of a follicular phase-based strength training (FT) on muscle strength, muscle volume and microscopic parameters, comparing it to a luteal phase-based training (LT). Eumenorrheic women without oral contraception (OC) (N = 20, age: 25.9 ± 4.5 yr, height: 164.2 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 60.6 ± 7.8 kg) completed strength training on a leg press for three MC, and 9 of them participated in muscle biopsies. One leg had eight training sessions in the follicular phases (FP) and only two sessions in the luteal phases (LP) for follicular phase-based training (FT), while the other leg had eight training sessions in LP and only two sessions in FP for luteal phase-based training (LT). Estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), total testosterone (T), free testosterone (free T) and DHEA-s were analysed once during FP (around day 11) and once during LP (around day 25). Maximum isometric force (Fmax), muscle diameter (Mdm), muscle fibre composition (No), fibre diameter (Fdm) and cell nuclei-to-fibre ratio (N/F) were analysed before and after the training intervention. T and free T were higher in FP compared to LP prior to the training intervention (P < 0.05). The increase in Fmax after FT was higher compared to LT (P <0.05). FT also showed a higher increase in Mdm than LT (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found significant increases in Fdm of fibre type ΙΙ and in N/F only after FT; however, there was no significant difference from LT. With regard to change in fibre composition, no differences were observed between FT and LT. FT showed a higher gain in muscle strength and muscle diameter than LT. As a result, we recommend that eumenorrheic females without OC should base the periodization of their strength training on their individual MC.

Phase progression throughout the therapeutic process : longitudinal case studies

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia Clínica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2016

Winds of Change for US and EU Relations with Cuba. CEPS Commentary, 21 March 2016

The visit by President Obama to Cuba this week marks a new and dramatic phase in the relations between the US and its next-door island neighbour just 90 km off its coastline. It will have taken almost 90 years for an American President to cross the Florida straits after the previous visit, by President Calvin Coolidge, who arrived not by air but on a battleship.

Neue Führung, alte Probleme –der Generationswechsel an Chinas politischer Spitze/New management, old problems - Generational change in China. Asia Policy Brief 2012/03, December 2012

Mit dem Ende des 18. Parteitags der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (KPCh) Mitte November kam auch die erste Phase des chinesische Führungswechsels zum Abschluss. Die wichtigste Aufgabe der Partei während dieser Phase war es, den ständigen Ausschuss des Politbüros, also das oberste beschlussfassende Organ der Partei, zu wählen. Zusätzlich zur Ernennung von sieben Spitzenpolitikern umfasst der Wechsel auch die Wahl eines neuen Politbüros und des Zentralkomitees als Vertretung der 83 Millionen Parteimitglieder.

Operator, unit, intermediate, direct support, and intermediate general support maintenance : air conditioner, compact, vertical, 208-volt, 3 phase, 50/60 hertz, 60,000 Btu/hr, model F60t-2S, NSN 4120-01-238-4277.

"2 November 1987."

Direct and general support and depot maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : air conditioner, floor mounted, air cooled, electric motor driven, AC, 3 phase, 400 cycle, 38,000 Btu hr, 416 volt (Keco model F-0038), FSN 4120-066-8771 ....

"April 1969."

Operator's, organizational, direct support and general support maintenance manual : air conditioner, horizontal, compact, 9,000 Btu/hr, 115 volt, single phase 50/60 hertz, model A9KH-115P, NSN 4120-01-136-2214.

"31 October 1986."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools list : air conditioning units, electric motor driven, 9,000 Btu/hr, vertical compact, 115 volt, single phase, 50/60 cycle (Therm-Air Manufacturing Co. model CV-9-1-15-60) FSN 4120-935-1609; 9,000 Btu/hr, vertical compact, 230 volt, three phase, 50/60 cycle ....

"February 1970."

Organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : air conditioner, horizontal, compact, 36,000 BTUH, 208 volt, 3 phase, 400 hertz, NSN 4120-01-063-8182 (American Air Filter Co., model CH436-1), 208 volt, 3 phase, 50/60 hertz, NSN 4120-01-063-07573 ....

"15 May 1981."

Operator's manual : grinding kit, valve seat, electric 35 degree angle type concentric drive, 1/4 horsepower, AC/DC, single phase, 115-volt, 14000 RPM rated no load speed (K.O. Lee Company model P300BB) (4910-060-9983) and (K.O. Lee Company model P300BB-M2) (4910-473-6437).

"February 1965."

Operator and organizational maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tool lists) : tester, engine distributor, bench type, 6, 12, and 24-volt distributors, single-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt (Heyer Products Company Inc., model 168) (4910-392-2939).

"30 September 1963."

Operator's, manual : milling machine, ram type, swivel head, plain table, power feed, 1 1/2 horsepower, 110-volt, 60-cycle, single-phase (Van Norman Machine Company models IR-3-22 and IRQ-3-22) (3417-624-4254).

"March 1967."

Organizational maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tools lists) : milling-grinding-drilling-slotting attachment, 115/230-volt, 60-cycle, single-phase, 1/3 horsepower (Dumore Company model 827401) ...

"January 1965."

Operator's manual : boring machine, engine cylinder, portable, 3 1/2 to 7 1/2 bore diameter, 18 inch depth of bore, 110-volt, 60-cycle, single-phase (Cedar Rapids Engineering Company model FL) (4910-223-9734).

"November 1965."

Operator, organizational, field, and depot maintenance manual : welding machine, arc, generator, elec [sic] motor driven, AC, 220V, 3 phase, 60 cycle, single operator, remote control, 300 amp DC arc, wheel mounted ...

"August 1963."