Biologia alimentar de Steindachnerina brevipinna (Characiformes, Curimatidae) do rio Ibicuí-mirim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The feeding biology of Steindachnerina brevipinna (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889) is described based on specimens collected in the Ibicuí-Mirim river, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from April 2001 to March 2002. Diet description is based on the analysis of the frequency of occurrence and index of dietary importance of the ingested items. The monthly variation of stomach repletion, hepatosomatic and intestinal indexes was also analyzed. Major feeding activity occurred before (May, June and July 2001) the reproductive period, with the hepatosomatic index values showing similar variation along the year. Both the mean intestinal quotient and the analysis of the main ingested items (Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta algae) indicate a detritivorous diet.

Dinâmica reprodutiva de Oligosarcus jenynsii e O. robustus (Characiformes, Characidae) na lagoa Fortaleza, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther, 1864) and O. robustus Menezes, 1969 are fish species distributed in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. The reproductive period and recruitment, sex ratio, absolute and relative fecundity, and body length at first gonadal maturation of the two carnivorous species from Fortaleza Lagoon were analized. The specimens were sampled monthly, from May 2000 to April 2001, with fishing effort of 24 hours/month, using stationary gillnets of different mesh sizes and seine net (three samples per edge). The records of each individual included total length, total weight, gonad weight, sex and gonadal maturity stage. The reproductive period of both O. jenynsii and O. robustus ranges from May/June to November/December, according to the bimonthly variation of the mean values of gonosomatic index, and the relative frequencies of the gonadal maturation stages. Recruitment of new individuals to the population occurs from November/December to March/April. The sex ratio is different from 1:1 for O. jenynsii and similar to 1:1 for O. robustus. The mean absolute fecundity, calculated by counting sub-sampled oocytes from mature females, was 14,483 oocytes for O. jenynsii, and 16,308 oocytes for O. robustus. The first maturation curve shows that O. jenynsii begins to reproduce between 84 mm and 104 mm (total length), and O. robustus between 126 mm and 146 mm, probably at similar ages.

Crustáceos no cerrito Ariano Souza, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul e distribuição de Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura, Portunidae)

While all species of the genus Callinectes Stimpson, 1860 have a continuous distribution on the Atlantic coast of the Americas, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 is the only one with disjunct distribution. Considering that this species was introduced in Europe and Japan, it has been suggested that the occurrence of C. sapidus on the southern coast of Brazil was due to the transport by ballast water. In the archaeological site Ariano Souza, located in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon (southern Brazil), remains of crustaceans, including claws of approximately two thousand years ago, were found. A preliminary analysis of this material showed Callinectes chelae. Because this archaeological site is located inside the estuary, it has been hypothesized that these chelae belong either to C. sapidus or to C. danae Smith, 1869. A comparison between pincers collected in the archaeological and pincers of these two species (90 dactyls, 30 of each type) was performed. The analysis (ANOVA) considered the variability of seven characters of the dactyls, and demonstrated the existence of two groups. Results showed that the measured characters suffice to separate these species, and indicated that the material found in the archaeological site belongs to C. sapidus. The hypothesis of the introduction of C. sapidus in the area is rejected. The possible biogeographic history of the species is discussed.

Redescrição de Potamolithus catharinae com base em topótipos (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae), rio Hercílio, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Potamolithus catharinae Pilsbry, 1911 is characterized on specimens from Hercílio river, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, type-locality. Conchology, conchometry, soft-part morphology including head and food complex, pallial structures, radula and some aspects of the female and male reproductive systems are provided.

Osteopatologias e alterações dentárias em Otaria byronia (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) da costa do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Bone diseases and tooth alterations in 47 specimens of Otaria byronia (Blainville, 1820), from southern Brazilian coast, were analized. Tooth wear and the associated bone pathologies were determined, as well as their percentuals. The main infection was osteomyelitis associated with tooth alterations, such as fractures and attrition, both of them exposing the pulp chamber. Tooth attrition increases with age, favoring fractures and their complications, including osteomyelitis, causing a high frequency of them in specimens presenting more pronounced tooth wear. In one specimen tuberculosis was found in the maxilla, perhaps primarily pulmonary. The high frequency of enamel hypoplasia might reflect cyclic food deficit. Infections and tooth fractures might be related to behaviour, such as fishermen interaction, territorial fighting, and accidents during food capture.

Exigências térmicas de Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera, Culicidae) em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The thermal requeriments of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823) and the number of generations in the year are determined. The colony to obtain eggs, larvae, pupae and adults was established under laboratory conditions. Every stage was maintained at constant temperature (15, 20, 25 and 30ºC), in cameras, with relative humidity of 80% ± 5 and photophase of 12 hours, to settle down the thermal inferior limit and the thermal constant by the method of the hiperbole. The thermal inferior limit to phase of egg, larvae and pupa were respectively 10.0, 9.1 and 10.2ºC, and 10.2ºC to all the aquatic cycle, with a thermal constant of 207.2 degree-day, with the mean of 15.5 generations per year in Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul.

Flutuação de Diptera em granja avícola, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

In order to investigate the population fluctuation of Diptera in a poultry house in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, six collection methods were utilized: 1 (0 to 7 day-old feces from chickens), 2 (7 to 14 day-old feces), 3 (14 to 21 day-old feces), 4 (0 to 21 day-old feces), 5 (accumulated feces) and 6 (tube trap). Analyses of polynomial regression were accomplished independent of the collection method. The survey was conducted from August 1998 to July 1999 in chicken houses at the Conjunto Agrotécnico Visconde da Graça. A total of 28,720 Diptera were collected, including the following species: Coproica sp. and Telomerina flavipes (Meigen, 1830) (15,640); Drosophila repleta Wollaston, 1858 (9,229); Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot, 1857) (2,539); Ischiolepta scabricula (Haliday, 1833) (544); Lestodiplosis sp. (320); Muscina stabulans (Fallen, 1817) (159); Musca domestica L., 1758 (143); Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (95); Telmatoscopus albipunctatus Williston, 1893 (21); Rhegmoclema sp. (14); Fannia canicularis (L., 1761) (7); Stomoxys calcitrans (L., 1758) (2); and unidentified species of Psychodidae (6) and Muscidae (1). The greatest number of species occurred in October, November and December and the fewest in August, September and April. The greatest abundance of Diptera was recorded in October (9,092), while the lowest index of capture was noted in April (658). The population fluctuation was estimated for Coproica sp. and T. flavipes, D. repleta, D. cornuta, I. scabricula and Lestodiplosis sp.

Abundância e flutuação populacional das espécies de Chrysomya (Diptera, Calliphoridae) em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

To estimate the populational fluctuation of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 species and the relation of populational abundance around, six wind oriented trap (WOT) were placed in three distinct ecological areas (urban, rural and wild) in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from February/1993 to January/1995. The flies were weekly collected. Captured species were Chrysomya albiceps Wiedmann, 1819, C. megacephala Fabricius, 1794 and C. putoria Wiedmann, 1830 with respective abundance of 64.5%, 19.7% and 0.9%, representing a total of 85.0% of 409,920 specimens of Calliphoridae. The three species demonstrated similarity in the populational fluctuation, except in the abundance. The populational peak ocurred in autum when the temperature decreases. In the months of July to November no fly was collected, recomposing the population in December, when the temperature surpassed 20ºC.

Ciclo biológico de Simpulopsis ovata (Gastropoda, Bulimulidae) em São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The population growth of Simpulopsis ovata (Sowerby, 1822) from the Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza - Pró-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was studied along eleven months of 1996. Two discontinuous age classes were identified. The first one, with a monthly growth rate of 1.55 mm, was reproductively mature during April and May. The second one appeared after the previous group and had a monthly growth rate of 0.44 mm. The fact that no adults from the two age classes were found together is a characteristic of a semelparous species. New insights about its shell, pallial cavity and reproductive system are given. This is the first record of S. ovata for the State of Rio Grande do Sul.

O estágio de ovo dos Heliconiini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Utilizando-se da microscopia de luz e de varredura, são descritos e ilustrados os ovos dos seguintes Heliconiini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil): Agraulis vanillae maculosa (Stichel, 1907), Dione juno juno (Cramer, 1779), Dione moneta moneta Hübner, 1825, Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758), Dryas iulia alcionea (Cramer, 1779), Philaethria wernickei (Röber, 1906), Eueides isabella dianasa (Hübner, 1806), Eueides aliphera aliphera (Godart, 1819), Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart, 1819, Heliconius besckei Ménétriés, 1857 e Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius, 1775). Com base em diferenças morfológicas genéricas e ultraestruturais, associadas aos padrões de uso das plantas hospedeiras, elaborou-se uma chave dicotômica para a identificação das espécies.

Ascidians (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Simple and colonial ascidians were collected at different depths at Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, between 2000 and 2003. The collection here presented includes representatives of the families Clavelinidae (Clavelina oblonga), Polycitoridae (Cystodytes dellechiajei), Polyclinidae (Polyclinum constellatum and Polyclinum molle sp. nov.), Holozoidae (Distaplia bermudensis), Ascidiidae (Ascidia sydneiensis and Phallusia nigra), Styelidae (Botrylloides giganteum, Botrylloides nigrum, Symplegma brakenhielmi, Symplegma rubra, Polyandrocarpa anguinea, Eusynstyela floridana, Eusynstyela tincta and Styela plicata), Pyuridae (Herdmania pallida and Microcosmus exasperatus). Didemnids were also collected in the area but were not considered here. Of the 17 species found, one (Polyclinum molle sp. nov.) is a new species in the family Polyclinidae and the others are all species with tropical distribution.

Espécies novas de Blaptica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Blattaria, Blaberidae, Blaberinae)

Cinco novas espécies de Blaptica Stål, 1875 do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil são descritas e apresentadas ilustrações de Blaptica dubia.

Water depth selection during foraging and efficiency in prey capture by the egrets Casmerodius albus and Egretta thula (Aves, Ardeidae) in an urban lagoon in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the water depth selection during foraging, the efficiency in prey capture, and the food items captured by Casmerodius albus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Egretta thula (Molina, 1782). The work was conducted at an urban lagoon, Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, Rio de Janeiro. Four transects were made each month (two in the morning and two in the afternoon) for six months. When the birds were detected foraging, the water depth and the types of prey captured were recorded. There was no significant relationship between the foraging efficiencies of the two species. However, they differed in relation to the water depth when foraging, and also in the food items captured. Casmerodius albus captured mainly fishes while Egretta thula captured mainly invertebrates. The results suggest that the differences in water depth when foraging and the food items captured allow a differential use of the food resources available by C. albus and E. thula at Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas.

Alimentação do peixe-rei (Odontesthes bonariensis, Atherinopsidae) nas lagoas Mirim e Mangueira, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Foi estudada a alimentação natural do peixe-rei (Odontesthes bonariensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835) nas lagoas Mirim e Mangueira, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O conteúdo estomacal de 60 indivíduos de peixe-rei (Odontesthes bonariensis) provenientes dessas lagoas mostraram que esta espécie tem amplo espectro alimentar. Uma grande variedade de alimentos é consumida, sem afetar o crescimento, pois os peixes dos dois ambientes apresentaram condição corporal semelhante. Na lagoa Mangueira, crustáceos (Isopoda) representaram 65% da dieta dos peixes e na lagoa Mirim, moluscos (Bivalvia e Gastropoda) perfizeram 70% dos conteúdos de estômago identificados.

Abundância e aspectos reprodutivos de Loricariichthys platymetopon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) em quatro trechos da represa Capivara, médio rio Paranapanema

O cascudo Loricariichthys platymetopon foi capturado pela primeira vez recentemente na região média do rio Paranapanema, tornando-se uma espécie abundante desde então. Aspectos reprodutivos dessa espécie foram analisados neste estudo, com base numa amostra de 1.044 exemplares provenientes do reservatório de Capivara. Foram avaliados a abundância, proporção sexual, RGS, IAR e o diâmetro dos ovócitos. Locais distantes da barragem apresentaram as maiores abundâncias, as fêmeas atingiram maiores tamanhos que os machos e a proporção sexual variou entre os trechos de coleta. A reprodução ocorreu principalmente nos meses quentes, com intensidade moderada; as médias da fecundidade absoluta e da relativa foram de 663,95 ± 141,99 ovócitos e 4,9 ± 1,24 ovócitos/g, respectivamente. A desova ocorreu de modo parcelado e o diâmetro máximo médio do ovócito maduro foi de 3,67 mm. Os dados foram relacionados com o sucesso da espécie na ocupação da região.