Efeito da calagem e sulfato de amônio no algodão: II - Concentração de cátions e ânions na solução do solo e absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas

No sistema de semeadura direta, o calcário tem sido aplicado superficialmente para evitar o revolvimento do solo. Os ânions adicionados via adubação nitrogenada podem aumentar a solubilização de sais de cátions básicos do solo graças à formação de pares iônicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica dos ânions NO3- e SO4(2-) e dos cátions NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ da solução do solo, bem como a absorção de nutrientes pelo algodoeiro submetido a distintas formas de aplicação de calcário e diferentes doses de sulfato de amônio em cobertura, cultivado com a presença de palha na superfície do solo. Utilizou-se um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura média que foi acomodado em vasos com 15,71 dm³. Plantas de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) foram cultivadas por 60 dias nas condições de calagem superficial sobre a palha, calagem incorporada a 0-20 cm de profundidade e ausência de correção do solo, com a aplicação de doses de sulfato de amônio equivalentes a 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura. Cápsulas porosas foram instaladas para amostragem e quantificação de nutrientes da solução do solo. A concentração de SO4(2-) da solução do solo foi incrementada pela adubação nitrogenada, independentemente da forma de aplicação do calcário. A curto prazo, a nitrificação do NH4+ aplicado foi favorecida somente com a calagem incorporada, apesar de o N nítrico da solução do solo ter aumentado no final do cultivo do algodão até mesmo no solo não corrigido. As concentrações de Ca, Mg e K da solução do solo foram incrementadas pela adubação de cobertura. O ânion SO4(2-) apresentou maior afinidade do que o NO3- na formação de pares iônicos com os cátions básicos da solução do solo. A adubação nitrogenada proporcionou maior eficiência na absorção de Ca e Mg pelo algodoeiro na condição de calagem incorporada.

Sistema de destilação solar com pré-aquecimento em concentrador cilindro parabólico

Due to the increasing need to promote the use of resources that support the environment and the clean industry, the science has developed in the area of natural resource use as well as enhanced use of the renewable energy sources. Considering also the great need for clean water and wide availability of salt or brackish water, added to the great solar energy potential in northeastern of the Brazil, it was developed a solar distiller whose main difference is its system of pre-solar heating also. From experimental adjustments, the system was developed by the use of a cylindrical solar concentrator coupled to a conventional distiller. The system is designed such that attempt to facilitate the process termination trap to ensure constant movement of the fluid mass and thus enable higher temperatures to the system and thus fetch a higher amount of distillate collected. In a stage of the experiment were used a forced circulation to try to further increase the amount of energy exchange system. To develop the study were set up four settings for comparison in which one was only distiller simple as basic parameter, the second proposed configuration were with the coupling of the concentration triggered manually every 30 minutes to monitor the sun, the third configuration occurred with automatic triggering of a timer, and the fourth configuration was also used a pumping system that tried to improve the circulation of the fluid. With the comparative analysis of the results showed a gain in the amount of distillate system, especially in the forced model

Estudo do equilíbrio líquido-vapor do sistema água+etanol+líquido iônico visando a separação do álcool anidro

Anhydrous ethanol is used in chemical, pharmaceutical and fuel industries. However, current processes for obtaining it involve high cost, high energy demand and use of toxic and pollutant solvents. This problem occurs due to the formation of an azeotropic mixture of ethanol + water, which does not allow the complete separation by conventional methods such as simple distillation. As an alternative to currently used processes, this study proposes the use of ionic liquids as solvents in extractive distillation. These are organic salts which are liquids at low temperatures (under 373,15 K). They exhibit characteristics such as low volatility (almost zero/ low vapor ), thermal stability and low corrosiveness, which make them interesting for applications such as catalysts and as entrainers. In this work, experimental data for the vapor pressure of pure ethanol and water in the pressure range of 20 to 101 kPa were obtained as well as for vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the system ethanol + water at atmospheric pressure; and equilibrium data of ethanol + water + 2-HDEAA (2- hydroxydiethanolamine acetate) at strategic points in the diagram. The device used for these experiments was the Fischer ebulliometer, together with density measurements to determine phase compositions. The experimental data were consistent with literature data and presented thermodynamic consistency, thus the methodology was properly validated. The results were favorable, with the increase of ethanol concentration in the vapor phase, but the increase was not shown to be pronounced. The predictive model COSMO-SAC (COnductor-like Screening MOdels Segment Activity Coefficient) proposed by Lin & Sandler (2002) was studied for calculations to predict vapor-liquid equilibrium of systems ethanol + water + ionic liquids at atmospheric pressure. This is an alternative for predicting phase equilibrium, especially for substances of recent interest, such as ionic liquids. This is so because no experimental data nor any parameters of functional groups (as in the UNIFAC method) are needed