Análise da confiabilidade do ensaio de identificação de ligas através de espectrometria por fluorescência de raios x

In chemical industry, petrochemical and oil refinery may be found situations that working pressures and very high temperatures, and alloys that comprise such equipment must have specific characteristics such. As a way to ensure that the materials are as designed, companies have some specific techniques, and one of them is X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, which allows its application in devices small and lightweight, which ensures its portability in field use. This technique however, has some shortcomings such as the impossibility of detecting carbon and other elements of low atomic number which can generate false identifications of elements that are not in the league or non-detection of existing elements. Therefore, this study investigated the reliability of this method using the apparatus Niton XL3t 800 and may conclude that their results are reliable and can be used to assist in ensuring the operational integrity of the production units of these companies

Incorporação do lodo da estação de tratamento de água (ETA II) do município de Rio Claro-SP, na argila, para produção de cerâmica vermelha

The slugde from decanters in Water Treatment Plants (WTP) has different composition varying, according to the region, coagulant type and dosages, the plant layout. In this work, the physical characterization of the sludge generated from decenties (ETAII the municipality of Rio Claro, Brazil), the manufacture of bodies of evidence-sludge mixture of clay (with humidity of 8% and concentrations of sludge, 5, 15 and 30%) the testing technology after burning the mixture to a temperature of 950 ° C were investigated. The main aim assess the possibility of its use as raw material in the ceramic red production. For comparison of the obtained results it was used values of the testing technology of bodies of evidence only with clay, prepared under the same conditions. In general, the addition of sludge from ETA made worse the properties of the ceramic body, however, the values obtained from the tests on the concentration of 5% of sludge, still remain within the acceptable limits for the production of red pottery pieces.

Estudo de dinâmicas populacionais aplicado a processos de tratamento biológico de efluentes

The purpose of this work is to perform studies of mathematical modeling of the relationship of interaction occurring between microrganisms participants from wastewater treatment processes aimed at understanding, through simulations, such as inter-relationships can affect the performance of such units. The methodology was the implementation in FORTRAN computer language of mathematical models of microbial interactions. The first model addresses the interaction of bacteria-forming flakes and filamentous bacteria in activated sludge systems, which seeks to strike a balance between these bacteria to improve efficiency of the process. Another model is studied the interaction between bacteria and protozoa in activated sludge systems and analyzing the efficiency of the process, observing the changes in daily load. Microbial interactions in anaerobic reactors were dealt a third model, in which there is the mutualistic interaction between acidogenic and methanogenic bacteria. In a fourth and final model was examined the relationship between the bacteria Acinetobacter sp. and Gordonia sp., which are present in activated sludge systems, showing the competitive capacity of Acinetobacter sp. can control the growth of unwanted bacteria.

Análise da viabilidade de motorização elétrica do soprador no ciclo regenerativo da unidade de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado em uma refinaria

One of the biggest environmental problems of today is the climate change. Experts affirm that this global warming is related to the greenhouse effect. Its causes are directly related to human activity, especially the use of fossil fuels. In this context, companies around the world are challenged to improve energy efficiency in order to reduce the environmental impact and work toward the so-called tripod of sustainable development that focuses on the social, economic and environmental aspects of a business strategy. The first step a company can make in this regard is to conduct an inventory of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The reduction of GHG emissions in a refinery can be achieved by replacing steam turbines with electric motors to drive big machines, this reduction is achieved by relieving the steam consumption for electric power available or purchased. An important aspect associated with the reduction of GHG emissions is the best performance of the Energy Intensity Index (ERI). The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the blower motorization in the regenerative cycle of a fluidized catalytic cracking unit at a specific refinery. For development work, two methods were used, the initial screening and optimization scenarios with the help of software Butyl. The results indicate that after a certain cost of natural gas this substitution becomes favorable. In addition, there is a large reduction of CO2 emissions avoided by burning fuel

Auditoria energética em caldeira de monóxido de carbono

Within the concepts of sustainability, energy audit magnified its importance in managing systems in industrial plants. Can reduce waste and save energy representative, the improvement and development of thermal and electrical systems can be very attractive to business. With the focus on a boiler generating steam, the energy audit aimed to increase efficiency and eliminate energy losses of the heat engine. The boiler in question is commonly called CO boiler because most of the calorific power provided comes from this. Using a fuel gas from the catalyst regeneration process, it has featured in the boiler power generation system of the refinery. Burning a mixture of gaseous components from discarded into the atmosphere, the heat engine can generate tons of steam just as the other boilers installed. The challenge was to work with this gas mixture and obtain maximum efficiency, reduce moisture and enjoy the warmth of the heat exchange have been studied and recommended. Every project, from evaluation of the variables in the composition of fuel gas, to the using of heat exchangers and refrigeration system are suitable for evaluation and improvements

Projeto de um sistema anaeróbico para estabilização de lodo e recuperação de energia

The treatment of domestic and industrial effluents through Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) generates a residue termed sewage sludge, rich in organic matter, high-volume, occasionally containing pathogens and heavy metals. The sludge generation can minimize the benefits brought by the treatment of sewage, because this residue does not always receive appropriate treatment before final disposal. The disposal is another problem related to sludge. Landfills generally does not have physical space and alternatives such as the use in agriculture requires an intense treatment that could be in many cases operational or economic unfeasible. The objective of this work is the theoretical research about the processes of stabilization of the sludge by anaerobic digestion and the methanogenic activity during the process. Through analysis of each step and contemplating each relevant factor in anaerobic digestion process in order to optimize them, we proposed a theoretical model of reactors capable of stabilize the sludge, reduce its volume and eliminate pathogens. The obtained configuration consists of two anaerobic reactors connected in series. The first one operates in the range mesophilic temperature (35 ° C) and has higher hydraulic retention time (25 days) working primarily in the stabilization of organic matter present in the sludge and producing biogas, whereas the second one operates in the thermophilic range (55 ° C) in order to eliminate pathogens, and to reduce the volume. The hydraulic retention time in the second reactor is lower (10 days). Both mesophilic and thermophilic processes were efficient in what was proposed, promoting the stabilization of organic matter present in the sludge and significant reduction of pathogens. As a final step with the sludge previously digested, it is indicated a final dehydration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Avaliação da toxicidade sobre Ceriodaphnia dubia das águas dos rios Atibaia, Jaguari e efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo

Ensuring availability of quality water for human consumption causes becomes an increasing number of studies for the analysis of effluent before and after treatment, so that its release into receiving bodies do not cause significant changes in the river water and on the biological communities related to them. The biomarkers of toxicity have long been used to verify the potential toxic effluent and its correlation with the treatment efficiency of them. In this context, the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia stands out because it is a benthic aquatic organism highly sensitive to environmental changes. In this study, to evaluate the interference of the release of treated wastewater of oil refinery in Rio Atibaia, we sought to determine the toxicity on population dynamics of Ceriodaphnia dubia microcrustacean in water samples upstream and downstream from the launch site, compared with samples from Rio Jaguarí at the point of capture by the company itself and treated effluent. We have studied the number of offspring produced in 10 replicates, each starting with a test individual of up to 24 hours for each sample and correlated the results with physical-chemical and microbiological tests performed by a laboratory technician. For most tests, the results indicate that the treated effluent gives sub-lethal toxicity to the microcrustacean, as delay the onset of the reproductive cycle of the same

Proposta de traçado de alcoolduto ligando a hidrovia Tietê Paraná à refinaria do planalto paulista com uso de avaliação multicritérios e geotecnologias

From the beginning of the century, with the advent of the flex fuel car, successor fluctuations in oil prices and the rise of awareness of the impending shortage of fossil fuels, the alcohol sector begins to reappear in the panorama of national economy making Brasill reaches the point of becoming a leading exporter of this product. Ethanol assumed the role of such importance in Brazilian exports, which Petrobras through the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) has made investments in the Brazilian pipeline network to better ensure the production of ethanol to major ports. The means of transport in pipelines are safe and inexpensive, but require careful evaluation in its implementation, they may lead to negative social and environmental impacts. Thus, the purpose of this project is to propose the best route for an ethanol pipeline connectin the Tietê-Paraná, leaving the municipality of Santa Maria da Serra (SP), to the Planalto Paulista Refinery (REPLAN), located in Paulinia (SP), belonging to the passage of ethanol export corridor, currently under revelopment. The technique used for the development of the stroke is the association of multicriteria evaluation, the geographical information system (SIG) and geotechnologies. This study presented three possible layouts for the ethanol pipeline, highlighting the best option, in addition, demonstrated the suitability of the area to receive projects of similar nature to a pipeline

Avaliação do método de classificação baseada no objeto em imagens de alta resolução espacial aplicado para o monitoramento de faixa de dutos: estudo de caso no entorno da refinaria de Capuava em Mauá - SP

The metropolitan region of São Paulo is the most populous of the country, this happens because of its great importance in the national economy and the job opportunities that are offered to the population. These factors result in intense population growth and urban expansion, reaching some non-habitable places of the metropolis, as areas of pipelines, which are very important for the transportation of natural gas, oil and its derivatives. Before the population growth of the region, these sites were unoccupied, do not presenting problems for the population. However, with the disorderly occupation is generated great anthropogenic pressure on the pipeline stitches, causing risks to people who are around them. Therefore it is extremely important to monitor the strip of pipelines through products and techniques of remote sensing and geoprocessing, enabling, through high spatial resolution images, identification of objects or phenomena that occur on Earth's surface that can alter the functioning and safety of pipelines. Therefore, this study aims to monitor a stretch of the area of the pipeline mesh GASPAL/OSVAT and Capuava Refinery (RECAP), located on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of São Paulo in the city of Mauá, who suffer great human pressure, proving thus the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) as effective tools for monitoring phenomena occurred in urban areas of great complexity. The monitoring was done by object-based classification applied in orbital images Ikonos II and RapidEye, of high spatial resolution and, image processing, detection of objects, segmentation, classification and editing were developed through the eCognition and ArcGis softwares. To determine the statistical accuracy of the mapping of the land cover of the stretch of pipeline in Maua, the results were analyzed by error matrix... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Remoção de N-amoniacal em baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido a partir do efluente de frigorífico bovino

This work aimed to develop a biological system for removal of ammonia nitrogen operating at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Thus, a biological upflow vertical reactor was built, in which the affluent pass through the support media until the top. Sludge from an anaerobic stabilization pond of a slaughterhouse unit in the city of Presidente Prudente - SP was used as inoculum. Initially the system operated in batch and afterwards in a continuous flow with different HRT. For feeding the reactor, an initial phases was adopted a synthetic culture media, described by Martins (2007), in order to establish the ideal conditions for the development of Anammox bacteria and subsequently, submitted to the system a slugde effluent of slaughterhouse. The results showed significant removal efficiency of N-NH4+, especially in the phase without recirculation of culture media, with an average of 71% removal, with the proportion of removal of N-NH4 +:N-NO2- average 1: 1,69. For the period of operation with effluent from the slaughterhouse, were not obtained satisfactory results, without confirmation of the proliferation of Anammox bacteria in the system, due to the high presences of organic matter in the same confirmed by high concentrations of COD

Avaliação dos danos por fluência da serpentina da caldeira da REVAP

The determination of the remaining life of equipment operating at high temperatures has been a great challenge for their owners. The use of safety factors, often conservative, makes the replacement of equipment or of its components at the end of the life of design gets financially unviable. This study aimed to estimate the remaining life of the serpentine of the secondary superheater of one of REVAP’s boilers (Henrique Lage Refinery), through accelerated creep tests and comparison of the results with the techniques based on microstructure and hardness. When conducting a proper assessment it’s possible to increase the equipment reliability, ensuring operational continuity and physical integrity. The tests showed a minimal residual life of 12.7 years (111,252 hours), longer than the design life (100,000 hours), even after a period of operation of approximately 250,000 hours, confirming the conservatism of the project. The techniques based on microstructure and hardness did not show good correlation with the creep test, decreasing the reliability of these techniques in determining the residual life

Avaliação da atenuação da toxicidade de lodo de esgoto por associação com resíduo vegetal da indústria sucro-alcooleira

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Tratamento de efluentes provenientes de abatedouro de bovinos por meio de reator enzimático seguido de reator aeróbio operado em bateladas sequenciais

Brazil has one of the largest cattle herds in the world, so the cattle slaughter is one of the most important economic activities in the Brazilian market. But this activity requires a high demand of water, resulting in serious problems about the correct disposal of wastewater generated in the process. This effluent has a high pollution load, becoming its receiving bodies (streams and rivers) unfit for various activities such as public water supply, recreation, fisheries. To minimize the environmental impacts of its industrial wastewater and fallow the local environmental legislation, refrigerators must make the treatment of these effluents. This study aimed to verify the efficiency of a enzymatic reactor, when occur hydrolysis of lipids present in the effluent industrial of an cattle slaughter industry. The treatment system used was composed of two separate reactors: one being the anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), inoculated with immobilized enzymes on the matrix support, and the other by sequential batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with activated sludge. Whereas, the reactors have been developed and installed at the Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNESP, campus Presidente Prudente. The procedure operating occurred differently for each reactor: preparation and inoculation of enzyme granules, filling the reactor, hydrolysis, and AFBR emptying, filling, aerobic reaction, sedimentation, and emptying the SBR. We performed three experimental stages, with the first and second stage of the work were done reactor analyzes separately, and the third step of the analysis were made with the interconnected reactors... (Complete abstract electronic access below)

Metais pesados, atributos químicos e bioquímicos em latossolos e plantas de milho após aplicação de lodo de esgoto por dezesseis anos consecutivos

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Uso de composto de poda de árvore e lodo de esgoto como substratos na formação de mudas de sangra d'água (Croton urucurana Baill.) irrigadas com três lâminas de água

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV