Research and theory driven insights: ten suggestions for L2 reading instruction

[EN]Research and theory on second language reading has reached heightened dimensions in recent years. It is through reading that learners access much information concerning the target language and culture, and consequently reading is an important part of almost all language programs across stages of acquisition. The purpose of this article is to offer informed suggestions for the foreign language instructor of reading. The ideas given in this paper constitute a collaborative project that developed as part of a graduate seminar on L2 Reading and Writing taught at Washington University in St. Louis.

Reading strategies in Stargardt's disease with foveal sparing

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Subjects with a ring scotoma can use two retinal loci, a foveal and a peripheral, for reading. Our aim was to investigate the relative use of both retinal loci as a function of the spared foveal area size and the spatial resolution at both retinal loci. FINDINGS: Two patients with Stargardt's disease and ring scotomas read through a scanning laser ophthalmoscope a series of letters and words at various character sizes. The number of fixations made using each retinal locus was quantified. The relative use of each retinal locus depended on character size of the stimulus. Both patients used exclusively the eccentric retinal locus to read words of large character sizes. At small character sizes, the central retinal locus was predominantly used. For reading letters or words, once foveal fixation was used, patients did not shift back to the eccentric retinal locus. When spatial resolution allowed deciphering at both the eccentric and the central areas, patients consistently fixated with the eccentric retinal locus. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial resolution at the eccentric locus appears as a determinant factor to select the retinal area for reading. Reading strategies in patients with Stargardt's disease and a ring scotoma demonstrate a pattern of coordination of both eccentric and central retinal loci, reflecting a high degree of adaptation.

Investigation of a unique short open reading frame within the 3' untranslated region of the canine distemper virus matrix messenger RNA

Increasing evidence suggest that the long "untranslated" region (UTR) between the matrix (M) and the fusion (F) proteins of morbilliviruses has a functional role. In canine distemper virus (CDV), the F 5' UTR was recently shown to code for a long F signal peptide (Fsp). Subsequently, it was reported that the M/F UTRs combined with the long Fsp were synergistically regulating the F mRNA and protein expression, thereby modulating virulence. Unique to CDV, a short putative open reading frame (ORF) has been identified within the wild-type CDV-M 3' UTR (termed M2). Here, we investigated whether M2 was expressed from the genome of the virulent and demyelinating A75/17-CDV strain. An expression plasmid encoding the M2 ORF tagged both at its N-terminal (HA) and C-terminal domains (RFP), was first constructed. Then, a recombinant virus with its putative M2 ORF replaced by HA-M2-RFP was successfully recovered from cDNA (termed recA75/17(green)-HA-M2-RFP). M2 expression in cells transfected or infected with these mutants was studied by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses. Although fluorescence was readily detected in HA-M2-RFP-transfected cells, absence of red fluorescence emission in several recA75/17(green)-HA-M2-RFP-infected cell types suggested lack of M2 biosynthesis, which was confirmed by the other techniques. Consistent with these data, no functional role of the short polypeptide was revealed by infecting various cell types with HA-M2-RFP over-expressing or M2-knockout recombinant viruses. Thus, in sharp contrast to the CDV-F 5' UTR reported to translate a long Fsp, our data provided evidence that the CDV-M 3' UTR does not express any polypeptides.