Comparison of the diagnostic performance of the original and modified Wells score in inpatients and outpatients with suspected deep vein thrombosis.

Introduction: The original and modified Wells score are widely used prediction rules for pre-test probability assessment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The objective of this study was to compare the predictive performance of both Wells scores in unselected patients with clinical suspicion of DVT.Methods: Consecutive inpatients and outpatients with a clinical suspicion of DVT were prospectively enrolled. Pre-test DVT probability (low/intermediate/high) was determined using both scores. Patients with a non-high probability based on the original Wells score underwent D-dimers measurement. Patients with D-dimers <500 mu g/L did not undergo further testing, and treatment was withheld. All others underwent complete lower limb compression ultrasound, and those diagnosed with DVT were anticoagulated. The primary study outcome was objectively confirmed symptomatic venous thromboembolism within 3 months of enrollment.Results: 298 patients with suspected DVT were included. Of these, 82 (27.5%) had DVT, and 46 of them were proximal. Compared to the modified score, the original Wells score classified a higher proportion of patients as low-risk (53 vs 48%; p<0.01) and a lower proportion as high-risk (17 vs 15%; p=0.02); the prevalence of proximal DVT in each category was similar with both scores (7-8% low, 16-19% intermediate, 36-37% high). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve regarding proximal DVT detection was similar for both scores, but they both performed poorly in predicting isolated distal DVT and DVT in inpatients.Conclusion: The study demonstrates that both Wells scores perform equally well in proximal DVT pre-test probability prediction. Neither score appears to be particularly useful in hospitalized patients and those with isolated distal DVT. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estudio de otolitos de Odonthestes regia r., Pejerrey: determinación de edad

El estudio de los incrementos marginales de crecimiento mensual de otolitos de pejerrey , sugiere: Un inicio de formación de anillo para el mes de julio y otra formación para enero; ambos se encuentran relacionados al ápice y secundario del desove. La regresión que relaciona la longitud del pez (cm) con la longitud del otolito (mm) corresponde a: Y=2 .302 + 7.72163 X, R=0. 99, N=427 especímenes . La distribución mensual de longitudes del total de pe­ces N=798, sugiere que hay una reducción del tamaño modal después de abril con una alta proporción de peces menores de 15 cm y ésto alcanza su máximo más o menos entre julio y setiembre. Este cambio puede significar que el reclutamiento tomaría lugar entre mayo y octubre con el ápice en agosto. La madurez sexual , estudio de la distribución porcentual por estadios a lo largo de todos los meses del año 1975, Sugiere: considerando los estadíos V, VI, VII juntos y el VI separadamente, que el ápice del desove es en julio con un rango entre mayo y octubre y con un ápice secundario en enero. El contaje de anillos anuales en la estructura de los otolitos nos dice que esta especie es de vida corta no más de tres años. La ecuación de crecimiento de von Bertalanf fy corresponde)

Functional response of Telenomus remus Nixon(Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) eggs: effect of female age

Functional response of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) eggs: effect of female age. Functional response of 24-h and 48-h-old Telenomus remus adults was studied on Spodoptera frugiperda eggs. The study was carried out in climatic chamber regulated at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and 12:12h (L: D). Females of T. remus were honey fed and individualized in glass vials along with 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 or 300 eggs of S. frugiperda for 24 h. Complete randomized design with ten replications was adopted. The parameters evaluated to construct the functional response curve were daily average parasitism, searching rate and oviposition time. It was observed that the higher the egg density, the higher the parasitism for 24-h and 48-h-old females although there was a tendency of parasitism stabilization at 150-egg density. The results showed a type II functional response curve for both 24-h and 48-h-old female.

Endogeneizing know-how flows through the nature of R&D investments

In this paper we carefully link knowledge flows to and from a firm s innovation process with this firm s investment decisions. Three types of investments are considered: investments in applied research, investments in basic research, and investments in intellectual property protection. Only when basic research is performed, can the firm effectively access incoming knowledge flows and these incoming spillovers serve to increase the efficiency of own applied research. The firm can at the same time influence outgoing knowledge flows, improving appropriability of its innovations, by investing in protection. Our results indicate that firms with small budgets for innovation will not invest in basic research. This occurs in the short run, when the budget for know-how creation is restricted, or in the long-run, when market opportunities are low, when legal protection is not very important, or, when the pool of accessible and relevant external know-how is limited. The ratio of basic to applied research is non-decreasing in the size of the pool of accessible external know-how, the size and opportunity of the market, and, the effectiveness of intellectual property rights protection. This indicates the existence of economies of scale in basic research due to external market related factors. Empirical evidence from a sample of innovative manufacturing firms in Belgium confirms the economies of scale in basic research as a consequence of the firm s capacity to access external knowledge flows and to protectintellectual property, as well as the complementarity between legal and strategic investments.

Catalogue des dessins anciens du Moyen-Age et de la Renaissance (XVe et XVIe siècles), Oeuvres de J. Amman, B. Beham, P. Brueghel, H. Burgkmair, L. Cambiaso, J. Cousin, A. Durer, H. Goltzius, U. Graf, Lagneau, E. de Laune, F. Mazzuola, M. Ostendrofer, J. Palma, Le Primatice, B. Ramenghi, D. Robusti, J. Romain, T. Stimmer, P. Vénronèse, L. de Vinci, etc., etc. ; Dessins, pastels, aquarelles des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle par N. Berchem, Brauwer, A. Guyp, Dumonstier, C. Dusart, A. Van Dyck, J.-H. Fragonard, Cl. Gellée, Van Goyen, J. Jordaens, J. Lievens, G. Metzu, I. Moucheron, R. Nanteuil, A. Van Ostade, A. Pajou, J.-B. Perronneau, P. Potter, N. Poussin, Rembrandt, P.-P. Rubens, J. Ruysdael, G.-B. Tiepolo, A. et W. Van de Velde, C. Visscher, A. Watteau, etc., etc., composant la collection de M. A. Beurdeley et dont la vente [6e vente] aux enchères publiques, après décès, aura lieu Galerie Georges Petit, 8, rue de Sèze, les mardi 8, mercredi 9 et jeudi 10 juin 1920 / Commissaires-priseurs, Me F. Lair-Dubreuil, Me Henri Baudoin ; experts M. Jules Féral, M. Marius Paulme ; [préface de Marcel Nicolle]

[Vente (Art). 1920-06-08 - 1920-06-10. Paris]

"Marxisme et philosophie du langage" (1929) de V. Volochinov et sa réception chez R. Chor : deux voies du développement de la science du langage «marxiste» dans les années 1920 en Russie

Malgré le succès de  « Marxisme et philosophie du langage » (par la suite MPL) de V. Volochinov, ce texte n'a suscité que trois comptes rendus. Le quatrième est ébauché par A. Romm. Resté à l'état de notes, ce compte rendu est bien étudié par les chercheurs contemporains. En revanche, le compte rendu écrit par R. Chor n'a jamais été analysé de façon détaillée. Notre article a pour but de combler cette lacune et porte sur le contenu de l'analyse critique de MPL faite par Chor. Son examen révèle que le compte rendu écrit par cette dernière et MPL de Volochinov représentent la formulation de principes de base diamétralement opposés de la science du langage «marxiste». Cela se manifeste dans la réception des idées de F. de Saussure. Si Chor considère la conception de ce dernier comme fondement de la linguistique «théorique» portant sur la langue en tant que système de signes (ou de «signifiances» dans les termes de Chor), Volochinov rejette la théorie de Saussure. Il la considère comme «abstraite», d'où le nom «objectivisme abstrait» qu'il donne au saussurisme. En élaborant la philosophie du langage «marxiste», il s'appuie sur la néo-philologie idéaliste (les idées de Vossler et de son Ecole) définie dans MPL comme «subjectivisme individualiste». Volochinov propose d'étudier la «langue» comme fait réel, accessible à l'observation immédiate et non pas comme objet d'étude «théorique». Ce fait constitue une cible de la critique adressée par Chor à Volochinov

Comment to "Weak instruments robust tests in GMM and the New Keynesian Phillips curve" by Frank Kleibergen and Sophocles Mavroeidis

I discuss the identifiability of a structural New Keynesian Phillips curve when it is embedded in a small scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Identification problems emerge because not all the structural parameters are recoverable from the semi-structural ones and because the objective functions I consider are poorly behaved. The solution and the moment mappings are responsible for the problems.

Suurlähettiläs R.R. Seppälä 20/1 1962

Kirje

R&D in the pharmaceutical industry: A world of small innovations

It is commonly argued that in recent years pharmaceutical companies have directed theirR&D towards small improvements of existing compounds instead of more risky drastic innovations. In this paper we show that the proliferation of these small innovations is likely to be linked to the lack of market sensitivity of a part of the demand to changes in prices. Compared to their social contribution, small innovations are relatively more profitable than large ones because they are targeted to the smaller but more inelastic part of the demand. We also study the effect of regulatory instruments such as price ceilings, copayments and reference prices and extend the analysis to competition in research.

R&D cooperation and spillovers: Some empirical evidence

This paper provides some first empirical evidence on the relationshipbetween R&D spillovers and R&D cooperation. The results suggest disentangling different aspects of know-how flows. Firms which rate incoming spillovers more importantly and who can limit outgoing spillovers by a more effective protection of know-how, are more likely to cooperate in R&D. Our analysis also finds that cooperating firms have higher incoming spillovers and higher protection of know-how, indicating that cooperation may serve as a vehicle to manage information flows. Our results thus suggest that on the one hand the information sharing and coordination aspects of incoming spillovers are crucial in understanding cooperation, while on the other hand, protection against outgoing spillovers is important for firms to engage in stable cooperative agreements by reducing free-rider problems. Distinguishing different types of cooperative partners reveals that while managing outgoing spillovers is less critical in alliances with non-commercial research partners than between vertically related partners, the incoming spillovers seem to be more critical in understanding the former type of R&D cooperation.