CLONING AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CARBONIC ANHYDRASE GENE FROM PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS

Carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-, has a critical role in inorganic carbon acquisition in many kingdoms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the CA gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (denoted as PyCA) was cloned by using an expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The nucleotide sequence of PyCA consists of 1,153 bp, including a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 177 bp, a 3' UTR of 151 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 825 bp that can be translated into a 274-amino-acid putative peptide with a molecular mass (M) of 29.8 kDa and putative isoelectric point (pI) of 8.51. The predicted polypeptide has significant homology to the beta-CA from bacteria and unicellular algae, such as Porphyridium purpureum. The mRNA in filamentous thalli, leafy thalli, and conchospores was examined, respectively, by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the levels of PyCA are different at different stages of the life cycle. The lowest level of mRNA was observed in leafy thalli, and the level in filamentous thalli and in the conchospores was 4-fold higher and 10-fold higher, respectively.

Quantitative traits correlative analysis and growth comparison among different populations of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians

The shell traits and weight traits are measured in cultured populations of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. The results of regression analysis show that the regression relationships for all the traits are significant (P < 0.01). The correlative coefficients between body weight, as well as tissue weight with shell length, shell height and shell width are significant (P < 0.05). But the correlative coefficients between the anterior and posterior auricle length with body weight as well as tissue weight are not significant (P > 0.05). The multiple regression equation is obtained to estimate live body weight and tissue weight. The above traits except anterior and posterior auricle length are used for the growth and production comparison among three cultured populations, Duncan's new multiple range procedure analysis shows that all the traits in the Lingshuiqiao (LSQ) population are much more significant than those of the other two populations (P < 0.01), and there is no significant difference between the Qipanmo (QPM) and Dalijia (DLJ) populations in all traits (P > 0.05). The results indicate that the LSQ population has a higher growth rate and is expected to be more productive than the other two populations.

Comparative molecular population genetics of phycoerythrin locus in Prochlorococcus

As the only remainder type of phycobiliproteins in Prochlorococcus, the actual role of phycoerythrin still remains unknown. Previous studies revealed that two different forms of phycoerythrin gene were found in two ecotypes of Prochlorococcus that are specifically adapted to either high light (HL) or low light (LL) conditions. Here we analyze patterns of phycoerythrin nucleotide variation in the HL- and LL-Prochlorococcus populations. Our analyses reveal a significantly greater number of non-synonymous fixed substitutions in peB and peA than expected based on interspecific comparisons. This pattern of excess non-synonymous fixed substitutions is not seen in other five phycoerythrin-related genes (peZ/V/Y/T/S). Several neutrality statistical tests indicate an excess of rare frequency polymorphisms in the LL-Prochlorococcus data, but an excess of intermediate frequency polymorphisms in the HL-Prochlorococcus data. Distributions of the positively selected sites identified using the likelihood ratio test, when mapped onto the phycoerythrin tertiary structure, reveal that HL- and LL-phycoerythrin should be under different selective patterns. These findings may provide insights into the likely role of selection at the phycoerythrin locus and motivate further research to unveil the function of phycoerythrin in Prochlorococcus.

海湾扇贝遗传图谱构建及壳色基因、生长相关QTL的定位研究

本研究利用AFLP和微卫星标记，以海湾扇贝杂交F1为作图群体，构建了海湾扇贝的遗传连锁图谱，并对壳色决定基因和与生长性状相关的QTL进行了定位。 共用55对AFLP引物组合对亲本和88个子代个体进行扩增，共得到了2424个位点，多态性位点为392个，占所有标记的16.17％。其中，母本标记121个，父本标记196个，共有标记75个。经卡方检验，共有331个标记（84.4%）符合孟德尔分离比，61个标记（15.6％）出现偏分离现象。偏分离标记中，36个（59％）为纯合子缺失。从35对微卫星引物中筛选出了10对多态性引物，得到了5个母本标记和6个父本标记。另外，将表现为质量性状的壳色标记作为形态标记一同进行连锁图谱构建。 分别利用母本和父本标记构建了海湾扇贝雌性和雄性连锁图谱。其中，共有包括109个AFLP标记、5个微卫星标记和1个壳色标记组成了雌性图谱的框架图，分布于16个连锁群。图谱总长度为338.8cM，平均间隔为5.29cM，图谱覆盖率为65.82％。雄性连锁图谱框架图共定位了186个标记，包括181个AFLP标记、5个微卫星标记，壳色标记未实现定位。图谱包括17个连锁群，总长度为780.3cM，平均间隔为6.56cM，图谱覆盖率为78.11％。通过SSR12位点的定位结果，可以将雌性图谱第7连锁群与雄性图谱17连锁群对应起来。 壳色标记定位在了雌性图谱第九连锁群上，说明橙色基因位点为杂合。我们将壳色基因命名为Orange1，两个标记——F1f335和D8f420与这一基因之间图距为0。在家系和群体中初步验证，这两个标记与壳色基因紧密或完全连锁。 共定位了16个与生长相关的QTL，它们分布于雌性图谱的2、3、5连锁群和雄性图谱的4、5、6、7、8连锁群上。每个QTL均发现了与其图距非常接近的分子标记（0.01-2.51％）。其中壳长、壳高、壳宽三个长度指标QTL成簇分布或部分重叠，可一同作为选择性指标，壳重和全湿重QTL位点也比较相近。只有软体部重位点单独分布，可能具有相对独立的遗传基础。

凡纳滨对虾分子标记筛选、连锁图谱构建和QTL定位

利用AFLP和微卫星标记，以凡纳滨对虾F1全同胞家系为作图群体，构建了凡纳滨对虾的雌性和雄性遗传连锁图谱并对生长相关性状体长和体重进行了QTL分析。利用经过筛选的108对AFLP引物组合，对亲本和94个子代个体进行了分离分析。共得到2041个多态AFLP标记（1:1分离）。平均每个引物组合产生20个多态片段。有826个AFLP标记偏离孟德尔遗传（40.5%, P<0.05）。所筛选的100个微卫星标记中有30个在家系中有作图信息，分别有24个和20个位点可以用于母本和父本的作图。对父母本β-1，3-葡聚糖结合蛋白(BGBP)，脂多糖和葡聚糖结合蛋白(LGBP)和蜕皮抑制激素（MIH）等基因片段进行序列分析得到一些可用于构建连锁图谱的SNP标记。 对所有的分离标记进行了连锁分析，分别绘制了凡纳滨对虾的雌性和雄性连锁图谱。雌性连锁图谱的框架图有319个遗传标记组成，分布于45个连锁群，其中AFLP标记300个，微卫星位点18个，性别标记一个，连锁群长度从29.5cM到260.0cM, 每个连锁群含4－16个标记。图谱长度为4134.4 cM, 各连锁群平均图距在7.6到25.9 cM之间，总平均图距为15.1 cM。有267个标记（含14个微卫星）整合到雄性框架图上。 雄性框架图也含45个连锁群，长度从14.2cM到161.1cM, 图谱长度为3220.9 cM, 各连锁群平均图距在4.1到25.5 cM之间，总平均图距为14.5 cM。 作图群体所有个体的性别均作为标记整合到雌雄分离信息中，在94个F1个体中，54个为雌虾，40个是雄虾。在雌性图谱第29连连锁群上，性别与三个微卫星标记紧密连锁（v1f148, v145f120, v95f166）, 图距分别为6.6, 8.6 和8.6cM, 相应LOD值分别为17.8 14.3 和 16.4。 与雌性图相对应的是，雄性图谱未发现任何与性别连锁的标记。推测凡纳滨对虾的性别决定机制可能是ZW型，其中雌性为异配性别。 体长和体重均显示出连续变异的特点，显示这些与生长相关的性状都是典型的数量性状或多基因遗传。体重和体长符合正态分布且两性状之间存在着显著的相关性（P<0.001），Pearson 相关系数为0.95。在凡纳滨对虾雌性图谱和雄性图谱上，共定位了6个与体长和体重等生长性状相关的QTL，可解释的表型变异从15.1％到21.3％。共检测到3个与体长相关的QTL，包括两个正向效应的QTL和一个负向的QTL，分别定位到雌性的第6连锁群和雄性的第4和11 连锁群上。体重也检测到3个QTL，其中一个QTL加性效应是正向的，分别位于雌性的第6和7连锁群及雄性的第11连锁群上。QTL主要集中在雌性图谱的Fc6和Fc7及雄性图的Mc4和Mc11上。体长和体重的QTL定位结果中各有两个是十分相似的，其相邻的标记位点完全一样，只是相应的LOD值略有差异，还各存在两性状特异的一个QTL。大多QTL与相邻标记之间的距离只有0.1cM(仅Wfc7的距离较大)，为进一步的精细定位奠定了基础。 分子标记筛选、遗传图谱的构建及生长相关性状的QTL定位为我们下一步从事分子标记辅助选择育种,QTL精细定位和比较基因作图打下基础，并最终推动凡纳滨对虾的遗传改良。

人口空间数据误差分析研究

Spatial population data, obtained through the pixeling method, makes many related researches more convenient. However, the limited methods of precision analysis prevent the spread of spatial distribution methods and cumber the application of the spatial population data. This paper systematically analyzes the different aspects of the spatial population data precision, and re-calculates them with the reformed method, which makes breakthrough for the spread of the pixeling method and provides support and reference for the application of spatial population data. The paper consists of the following parts: (2) characters of the error; (2) origins of the error; (3) advancement on the calculating methods of the spatial population data. In the first place, based on the analysis of the error trait, two aspects of the spatial population data precision are characterized and analyzed: numerical character and spatial distributing character. The later one, placed greater emphasis on in this paper, is depicted in two spatial scales: county and town. It is always essential and meaningful to the research in this paper that spatial distribution is as important as numerical value in analyzing error of the spatial distributed data. The result illustrates that the spatial population data error appears spatially in group, although it is random in the aspect of data statistics, all of that shows there lies spatial systematic error. Secondly, this paper comes to conclude and validate the lineal correlation between the residential land area (from 1:50000 map and taken as real area) and population. Meanwhile, it makes particular analysis on the relationship between the residential land area, which is obtained from the land use map and the population in three different spatial scales: village, town and county, and makes quantitative description of the residential density variation in different topological environment. After that, it analyzes the residential distributing traits and precision. With the consideration of the above researches, it reaches the conclusion that the error of the spatial distributed population is caused by a series of factors, such as the compactness of the residents, loss of the residential land, the population density of the city. Eventually, the paper ameliorates the method of pixeling the population data with the help of the analysis on error characters and causes. It tests 2-class regionalization based on the 1-class regionalization of China, and resorts the residential data from the land use map. In aid of GIS and the comprehensive analysis of various data source, it constructs models in each 2-class district to calculate spatial population data. After all, LinYi Region is selected as the study area. In this area, spatial distributing population is calculated and the precision is analyzed. All it illustrates is that new spatial distributing population has been improved much. The research is fundamental work. It adopts large amounts of data in different types and contains many figures to make convincing and detailed conclusions.

A Quantitative Study on Paleo—River Environment During Late Jurassic on yaojie Region,Minhe Basin

Fluvial Sedimentation of alluvial facies prevailed during the Late Jrassic in the Minhe Basin.On the basis of the study of sedimentary facies of the Upper Jurassic series.this paper focuses on the river types suing the "Architecture Element" analysis method proposed by Miall,and calculated all the quantitative parameters to reflect the characteristics of the stream channel geometry and hydrodynamic conditions of paleo-rivers with the equations of ethrideg,schumm et al.Finally,we discussed the characteristics of environmental evolution of palsorivers on the quantitative basis.Our conclusion indicates that the evolution of paleo-rivers during the Late Jurassic,from early to late,shows such a tendency as alluvial fan river→ braid river→alluvial fan river→mid-sinuoisty river→ high-sinuosity river.