Efeito da adição de feldspato e/ou resíduo de caulin em formulações à base de argila ilítica

The red pottery industry in Piauí state is well developed and stands out at the national context for the technical quality of its products. The floor and wall tile industry, however, is little developed since the state has only one company that produces red clay-based ceramic tiles. This thesis aims at using the predominantly illitic basic mass of the above mentioned industry, with the addition of feldspar and/or kaolin residue in order to obtain products of higher technical quality. Kaolin residue consists basically of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz; the feldspar used was potassic. In this experiment, basic mass (MB) was used for experimental control and fifteen formulations codified as follows: F2, F4, F8, F16, F32, FR2, FR4, FR8, FR16, FR32, R2, R4, R8, R16 and R32. All raw materials were dry-milled, classified, formulated and then humidified to 10% water. Thereafter, test samples were produced by unixial pressing process in a rectangular steel matrix (60.0 x 20.0 x 5.0) mm3 at (25 MPa). They were fired at four temperatures: 1080°C, 1120°C, 1160°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min during up to 10 min in an electric oven, and the last one in an industrial oven with a peak of 1140°C, aim ing to confirm the results found in laboratory and, finally, technological tests were performed: MEA, RL, AA, PA, TRF and PF. The results revealed that the residue under study can be considered a raw material with large potential in the industry of red clay-based ceramic tiles, since the results found both in laboratory and in the industry have shown that the test samples produced from the formulations with up to 4% feldspar and those produced with up to 8% feldspar and residue permitted a reduction in the water absorption rate and an increase in the mechanical resistance while those samples produced with up to 4% residue had an increase in the mechanical resistance when compared to those produced from the basic mass and that the formulation with 2% feldspar and residue presented the best technological properties, lowering the sintering temperature down to 1120°C

Sodium hypochlorite effects on dentin bond strength and acid-base resistant zone formation by adhesive systems

Aim: To evaluate the effects of 10% NaOCl gel application on the dentin bond strengths and morphology of resin-dentin interfaces formed by three adhesives. Methods: Two etch-and-rinse adhesives (One-Step Plus, Bisco Inc. and Clearfil Photo Bond, Kuraray Noritake Dental) and one self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray Noritake Dental) were applied on dentin according to the manufacturers’ instructions or after the treatment with 10% NaOCl (ED-Gel, Kuraray Noritake Dental) for 60 s. For interfacial analysis, specimens were subjected to acid-base challenge and observed by SEM to identify the formation of the acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ). For microtensile bond strength, the same groups were investigated and the restored teeth were thermocycled (5,000 cycles) or not before testing. Bond strength data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Results: NaOCl application affected the bond strengths for One-Step Plus and Clearfil Photo Bond. Thermocycling reduced the bond strengths for Clearfil Photo Bond and Clearfil SE Bond when used after NaOCl application and One-Step Plus when used as recommended by manufacturer. ABRZ was observed adjacent to the hybrid layer for self-etch primer. The etch-and-rinse systems showed external lesions after acid-base challenge and no ABRZ formation when applied according to manufacturer’s instructions. Conclusions: 10% NaOCl changed the morphology of the bonding interfaces and its use with etch-&-rinse adhesives reduced the dentin bond strength. Formation of ABRZ was material-dependent and the interface morphologies were different among the tested materials.

Desenvolvimento e otimização de um filme biodegradável à base de proteína do tremoço (Lupinus angustifolius)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Molecular e Microbiana, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Compósitos poliméricos a base de fibras de licuri: efeitos da hibridização e do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado

The gradual replacement of conventional materials by the ones called composite materials is becoming a concern about the response of these composites against adverse environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, high temperature and moist. Also the search for new composite using natural fibers or a blend of it with synthetic fibers as reinforcement has been studied. In this sense, this research begins with a thorough study of microstructural characterization of licuri fiber, as a proposal of alternative reinforcement to polymeric composites. Thus, a study about the development of two composite laminates was done. The first one, involving only the fiber of licuri and the second comprising a hybrid composite based of fiber glass E and the fiber of licuri, in order to know the performance of the fiber when of fiber across the hybridization process. The laminates were made in the form of plates using the tereftálica ortho-polyester resin as matrix. The composite laminate made only by licuri fiber had two reinforcing fabric layers of unidirectional licuri and the hybrid composite had two reinforcing layers of unidirectional licuri fabric and three layers of fiber short glass-E mat. Finally, both laminates was exposed to aging acceleration in order to study the influence of environmental degradation involving the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics thereof. Regarding the mechanical properties of composites, these were determined through uniaxial tensile tests, uniaxial compression and three bending points for both laminates in original state, and uniaxial tensile tests and three bending points after accelerated aging. As regards the study of structural degradation due to aging of the laminates, it was carried out based on microscopic analysis and microstructure, as well as measuring weight loss. The characteristics of the fracture was performed by macroscopic and microscopic (optical and SEM) analysis. In general, the laminated composites based on fiber licuri showed some advantages in their responses to environmental aging. These advantages are observed in the behavior related to stiffness as well as the microstructural degradation and photo-oxidation processes. However, the structural integrity of this laminate was more affected in case the action of uniaxial tensile loads, where it was noted a lower rate of withholding his last resistance property

Efeito da Gália como aditivo de sinterização em eletrólitos cerâmicos à base de céria sintetizados pelo método de complexação de cátions

Fuel cells are considered one of the most promising ways of converting electrical energy due to its high yield and by using hydrogen (as fuel) which is considered one of the most important source of clean energy for the future. Rare earths doped ceria has been widely investigated as an alternative material for the electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its high ionic conductivity at low operating temperatures compared with the traditional electrolytes based on stabilized zirconia. This work investigates the effect of gallium oxide (Gallia) as a sintering aid in Eu doped ceria ceramic electrolytes since this effect has already been investigated for Gd, Sm and Y doped ceria electrolytes. The desired goal with the use of a sintering aid is to reduce the sintering temperature aiming to produce dense ceramics. In this study we investigated the effects on densification, microstructure and ionic conduction caused by different molar fraction of the dopants europium (10, 15 and 20%) and gallium oxide (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%) in samples sintered at 1300, 1350 and 1450 0 C. Samaria (10 and 20%) doped ceria samples sintered between 1350 and 1450 °C were used as reference. Samples were synthesized using the cation complexation method. The ceramics powders were characterized by XRF, XRD and SEM, while the sintered samples were investigated by its relative density, SEM and impedance spectroscopy. It was showed that gallia contents up to 0.6% act as excellent sintering aids in Eu doped ceria. Above this aid content, gallia addition does not promote significant increase in density of the ceramics. In Ga free samples the larger densification were accomplished with Eu 15% molar, effect expressed in the microstructure with higher grain growth although reduced and surrounded by many open pores. Relative densities greater than 95 % were obtained by sintering between 1300 and 1350 °C against the usual range 1500 - 1600 0 C. Samples containing 10% of Sm and 0.9% of Ga reached 96% of theoretical density by sintering at 1350 0 C for 3h, a gain compared to 97% achieved with 20% of Sm and 1% of Ga co-doped cerias sintered at 1450 0 C for 24 h as described in the literature. It is found that the addition of gallia in the Eu doped ceria has a positive effect on the grain conductivity and a negative one in the grain boundary conductivity resulting in a small decrease in the total conductivity which will not compromise its application as sintering aids in ceria based electrolytes. Typical total conductivity values at 600 and 700 °C, around 10 and 30 mS.cm -1 respectively were reached in this study. Samples with 15% of Eu and 0.9 % of Ga sintered at 1300 and 1350 °C showed relative densities greater than 96% and total conductivity (measured at 700 °C) between 20 and 33 mS.cm -1 . The simultaneous sintering of the electrolyte with the anode is one of the goals of research in materials for SOFCs. The results obtained in this study suggest that dense Eu and Ga co-doped ceria electrolytes with good ionic conductivity can be sintered simultaneously with the anode at temperatures below 1350 °C, the usual temperature for firing porous anode materials

Plásticos reforçados a base de tecidos híbridos: efeitos da anisotropia e geometria normativa na caracterização mecânica e da fratura

As most current studies, reinforced plastics have been, in recent years, a viable alternative in building structural elements of medium and large, since the lightness accompanied by high performance possible. The design of hybrid polymer composites (combination of different types of reinforcements) may enable structural applications thereof, facing the most severe service conditions. Within this class of composite materials, reinforced the underlying tissues hybrid high performance are taking space when your application requires high load bearing and high rigidity. The objective of this research work is to study the challenges in designing these fabrics bring these materials as to its mechanical characterization and fracture mechanisms involved. Some parameters associated with the process and / or form of hybridization stand out as influential factors in the final performance of the material such as the presence of anisotropy, so the fabric weave, the process of making the same, normative geometry of the specimens, among others. This sense, four laminates were developed based hybrid reinforcement fabrics involving AS4 carbon fiber, kevlar and glass 49-E as the matrix epoxy vinyl ester resin (DERAKANE 411-350). All laminates were formed each with four layers of reinforcements. Depending on the hybrid fabric, all the influencing factors mentioned above have been studied for laminates. All laminates were manufactured industrially used being the lamination process manual (hand-lay-up). All mechanical characterization and study of the mechanism of fracture (fracture mechanics) was developed for laminates subjected to uniaxial tensile test, bending in three and uniaxial compression. The analysis of fracture mechanisms were held involving the macroscopic, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

Plan de auditoría interna en base a gestión de riesgos para las operaciones entre compañias relacionadas que forman parte de la industria hotelera ubicadas en el área metropolítana de San Salvador.

En los últimos años las empresas pertenecientes a la industria hotelera han experimentado un crecimiento notorio en su estructura y a nivel de sus operaciones debido a la dinámica cambiante que impera en este sector económico, por ello deben adaptarse a las exigencias comerciales y a las normativas técnicas internacionales que son aplicables. Adicional a lo anterior, estas empresas han creado modelos de negocio donde la participación de otras entidades relacionadas entre sí es cada vez más notoria con el fin de aprovechar todos los recursos posibles y asimismo tener un mayor alcance y presencia en esta industria. Es con base a lo anterior, nace el interés de presentar una propuesta con un enfoque de auditoría interna basada en riesgos que contribuya a la evaluación de la gestión que lleva a cabo la alta gerencia de estas compañías que poseen operaciones con sus partes relacionadas y que operan en el mencionado sector. Es importante mencionar que, en la estructura de los hoteles se encuentra el departamento de auditoría interna que tiene un rol altamente importante para que las empresas logren sus objetivos, sin embargo, se ha identificado que en algunos hoteles no hay un enfoque claro y contemporáneo para el fortalecimiento del control interno de estas compañías. Prueba de lo anterior, es que algunas entidades tienen manuales, otros procedimientos, políticas, pero no tienen un sistema como tal de control interno que incorpore las herramientas para su implementación y fortalecimiento de éste. De igual manera, como parte de la investigación, en la mayoría de hoteles no cuentan con un enfoque de auditoría interna orientado a la gestión de riesgos para contribuir a evaluar la gestión de la alta administración de estas compañías que poseen operaciones con otras entidades como relacionadas. Con base a esta necesidad, se diseña la estructura básica y necesaria que debe contener un plan de auditoría interna basado en riesgos para este sector en especial. El plan de auditoría interna basado en riesgos permite al auditor interno fortalecer el conocimiento, entendimiento y entorno del negocio, para que, posteriormente pueda llevar a cabo la identificación y evaluación de aquellos eventos que podrían afectar potencialmente a la compañía, además de afectar el alcance y logro de los objetivos, así como las metas trazadas y definidas por la alta gerencia de la entidad. Como resultado de la investigación, nace la propuesta, que básicamente es el diseño de la estructura que debe tener un plan de auditoría interna basada en riesgos, para las entidades que tienen transacciones con sus partes vinculadas y adicionalmente que operan en la industria hotelera del Área Metropolitana de San Salvador (AMSS). De acuerdo al apartado anterior, el diseño de un plan de auditoría interna con base a gestión de riesgos para las operaciones entre compañías relacionadas que operan en la industria hotelera del AMSS, busca definir un plan “a la medida” que les permita a estas compañías identificar, evaluar y de ser necesario mejorar su filosofía de gestión de riesgos tanto por el sector en el que éstas operan así como el modelo de negocio adoptado por la alta gerencia que involucra operaciones de sus partes vinculadas.

Panel prefabricado a base de fibras naturales

En este trabajo de investigación, se diseñó y desarrollo un panel prefabricado para aplicaciones arquitectónicas, compuesto por fibras naturales. El panel fue elaborado a partir de una mezcla de fibras vegetales de tamo de arroz y cabuya, con partículas de arena silícea, los cuales, están aglomerados con una resina de silicato de sodio. La mezcla de estos materiales tiene buenas propiedades de trabajabilidad, compactación y con la aplicación de dióxido de carbono CO2, esta mezcla se solidifica rápidamente. Esta técnica, facilita el proceso de producción en serie de los paneles prefabricados de fibras naturales. A través del moldeo con una prensa manual, se obtuvo paneles con buenas propiedades y características de resistencia, módulo de ruptura, densidad y contenido de humedad; además de tener medidas modulares, texturas de agradable aspecto superficial y criterios de reversibilidad. Los paneles también presentan favorables cualidades de aislamiento térmico y acústico. Sus aplicaciones y utilidades son para revestimiento en espacios interiores de: muros, cielo raso y tabiquería liviana o decorativa. Finalmente se generó una propuesta de instalación de los paneles, utilizando de igual forma recursos renovables y sostenibles.

Governança de recursos de base comum e capacidade adaptativa de comunidades de fundos de pasto

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2015.

Gestão sustentável de resíduos sólidos em grandes eventos : Rio+20 e jogos olímpicos de Londres

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2015

Nueva interpretación del relleno sedimentario de la Cuenca de San Pedro (Offshore de la República Dominicana) en base a nuevos datos sísmicos

Los nuevos datos de sísmica de reflexión multicanal 2D adquiridos en la Cuenca de San Pedro (margen sudeste de la República Dominicana), junto con antiguos perfiles sísmicos reprocesados, han permitido llevar a cabo un detallado análisis y revisión de la estratigrafía sísmica. Los nuevos datos sísmicos aportan nuevas precisiones sobre la evolución de la cuenca sugiriendo un origen de al menos Eoceno Superior, en lugar de Mioceno. La nueva interpretación se basa en la correlación onshore-offshore de un nivel guía de abanicos bien desarrollado, con los eventos tectónicos constreñidos tierra y asociados a la colisión con los Bancos de las Bahamas con el arco isla el Eoceno Medio.

Resolución 93 del 28 de mayo de 2008: ¿Cuáles son los elementos con base en los que la Cámara de Comercio interpreta la exigencia de autenticación de firmas frente a los trámites presentados para registro?

Servicios registrales

Resolución 137 del 15 de agosto de 2014: ¿Cuál es el alcance del control de legalidad de la cámara de comercio respecto de los actos y documentos sujetos a registro? ¿Cuándo existe duda razonable respecto de los elementos formales con base en los que se configuro una decisión pueden constituirse como causal de abstención del registro?

Servicios registrales

Resolución 241 del 20 de noviembre de 2009: ¿Cuáles son los criterios sobre los que la Cámara de Comercio se fundamenta para el recaudo y liquidación del impuesto de registro? ¿Cual es el alcance que tiene la obligación de respuesta a los derechos de petición que los usuarios presentan ante la entidad?

Servicios registrales

Índice acumulativo de riesgo (nice) como prueba diagnóstica con base en tomografía corneal por elevación en la prevención de ectasia corneal post-lasik

Antecedentes La ectasia corneal post-lasik (ECPL) es una complicación infrecuente, pero devastadora en la cirugía lasik (queratomileusis asistida con éxcimer láser) para el tratamiento de la miopía con o sin astigmatismo. Con base en la tomografía corneal por elevación por imágenes de Scheimpflug (Sistema Pentacam HR, Oculus Wetzlar, Alemania), se propone un novedoso índice acumulativo de riesgo para ser utilizado como prueba diagnóstica de tamizaje y así prevenir esta complicación. Metodología Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, de corte transversal tipo pruebas diagnósticas, con el fin de evaluar las características operativas del índice NICE teniendo como estándar de referencia el módulo de Belin-Ambrosio (Pentacam HR) utilizando un modelo de regresión logística binaria, tablas de contingencia y estimando el área bajo la curva ROC. Resultados Se evaluaron 361 ojos de los cuales el 59,3% provenían de pacientes de sexo femenino, la edad media global fue de 30 años (RIC 11,0). El modelo logístico binario aplicado se construyó con base en cuatro variables independientes cuantitativas (K2, PAQUI, EP e I-S) y una cualitativa (SEXO), y se determinó su relación con la variable dependiente, NICE (puntaje final). Las variables predictoras fueron estadísticamente significativas clasificando adecuadamente el 92,9% de los ojos evaluados según presencia o ausencia de riesgo. El coeficiente de Nagelkerke fue de 74,4%. Conclusiones El índice acumulativo de riesgo NICE es una herramienta diagnóstica novedosa en la evaluación de candidatos a cirugía refractiva lasik para prevenir la ectasia secundaria.