Pathological video game use among young Swiss men: the use of monothetic and polythetic formats to distinguish between pathological, excessive and normal gaming

There is no agreement about the distinction between pathological, excessive and normal gaming. The present study compared two classifications for defining pathological gaming: the polythetic format (gamers who met at least half of the criteria) and monothetic format (gamers who met all criteria). Associations with mental, health and social issues were examined to assess differences between subgroups of gamers. A representative sample of 5,663 young Swiss men filled in a questionnaire as part of the ongoing Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). Game use was assessed with the Game Addiction Scale. Mental, social and physical factors (depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, physical and mental health, social and health consequences), gambling and substance use (illicit drug use, alcohol dependence and problematic cannabis use) were also assessed. The results indicated that monothetic gamers shared problems with polythetic gamers, but were even more inclined to mental health issues (depression, anxiety, and aggressiveness) and were more vulnerable to other dependencies like substance use, alcohol dependence or gambling. A second analysis using Latent Class Analysis confirmed the distinction between monothetic and polythetic gamers. These findings support the use of a monothetic format to diagnose pathological gaming and to differentiate it from excessive gaming.

Estudo dos ventrículos cerebrais por ultrassonografia, na criança normal, nascida a termo, de 1 a 6 meses

OBJETIVO: Estudo dos ventrículos cerebrais por ultrassonografia, com o objetivo de estabelecer de forma simplificada parâmetros para diagnóstico das dilatações ventriculares leves. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas, prospectivamente, 105 crianças, normais, nascidas a termo, com um total de 181 exames realizados, mensalmente até os 6 meses, através da observação de dados morfológicos e medidas. As medidas efetuadas foram: índice ventrículo/hemisfério, diâmetro anteroposterior do corno anterior e do quarto ventrículo. RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se média, desviopadrão e percentis de normalidade das medidas estabelecidas, em cada faixa etária. A pesquisa de halo anecoico nos dois terços posteriores do plexo coroide em plano coronal VI, para avaliação dos cornos temporal/posterior, foi ausente, e o terceiro ventrículo mostrou-se como uma fenda anecoica, menor que 1 mm, em plano coronal V em todas as crianças do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados morfológicos relacionados aos cornos temporal/posterior e ao terceiro ventrículo, associados ao percentil 95 das medidas como limite superior da normalidade, podem ser utilizados para diagnóstico simplificado de dilatações ventriculares leves.

Ultrasonographic study and Doppler flow velocimetry of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy

AbstractObjective:Longitudinal study with B-mode ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography of maternal kidneys and liver in low-risk pregnancy, to establish and quantify normality parameters, correlating them with physiological changes.Materials and Methods:Twenty-five pregnant women were assessed and selected to participate in the study, each of them undergoing four examinations at the first, second, third trimesters and postpartum.Results:Findings during pregnancy were the following: increased renal volume, pyelocaliceal dilatation with incidence of 45.4% in the right kidney, and 9% in the left kidney; nephrolithiasis, 18.1% in the right kidney, 13.6% in the left kidney. With pyelocaliceal dilatation, mean values for resistivity index were: 0.68 for renal arteries; 0.66 for segmental arteries; 0.64 for interlobar arteries; 0.64 for arcuate arteries. Without pyelocaliceal dilatation, 0.67 for renal arteries; 0.64 for segmental arteries; 0.63 for interlobar arteries; and 0.61 for arcuate arteries. Portal vein flow velocities presented higher values in pregnancy, with mean value for maximum velocity of 28.9 cm/s, and 22.6 cm/s postpartum. The waveform pattern of the right hepatic vein presented changes persisting in the postpartum period in 31.8% of the patients. Cholelithiasis was observed in 18.1% of the patients.Conclusion:Alterations in renal volume, pyelocaliceal dilatation, nephrolithiasis, cholelithiasis, changes in portal vein flow velocity, alterations in waveform pattern of the right hepatic vein, proved to be significant.

Multidetector computed tomography angiography of the celiac trunk and hepatic arterial system: normal anatomy and main variants

Abstract Although digital angiography remains as the gold standard for imaging the celiac arterial trunk and hepatic arteries, multidetector computed tomography in association with digital images processing by software resources represents a useful tool particularly attractive for its non invasiveness. Knowledge of normal anatomy as well as of its variations is helpful in images interpretation and to address surgical planning on a case-by-case basis. The present essay illustrates several types of anatomical variations of celiac trunk, hepatic artery and its main branches, by means of digitally reconstructed computed tomography images, correlating their prevalence in the population with surgical implications.

Imaging findings of bronchial atresia in fetuses, neonates and infants.

Congenital lung malformations are increasingly detected before birth. However, bronchial atresia is rarely identified in utero and not always recognized in neonates. There are two types of atresia: 1) proximal, located at the level of the mainstem or the proximal lobar bronchi, which is extremely rare and usually lethal during pregnancy, causing a tremendous volume increase of the distal involved lung with secondary hypoplasia of the normal lung, and 2) peripheral, located at the segmental/subsegmental bronchial level, which may present as an isolated lesion or as part of a complex congenital malformation. Prenatal findings are mostly nonspecific. Postnatal exams show overinflated lung areas and focal bronchial dilations. The typical fluid-filled bronchoceles are not always observed in neonates but develop progressively in the first months of life. This pictorial essay describes the spectrum of imaging findings of bronchial atresia in fetuses, neonates and infants.

A new approach to the classification of mammographic masses and normal breast tissue

A new approach to mammographic mass detection is presented in this paper. Although different algorithms have been proposed for such a task, most of them are application dependent. In contrast, our approach makes use of a kindred topic in computer vision adapted to our particular problem. In this sense, we translate the eigenfaces approach for face detection/classification problems to a mass detection. Two different databases were used to show the robustness of the approach. The first one consisted on a set of 160 regions of interest (RoIs) extracted from the MIAS database, being 40 of them with confirmed masses and the rest normal tissue. The second set of RoIs was extracted from the DDSM database, and contained 196 RoIs containing masses and 392 with normal, but suspicious regions. Initial results demonstrate the feasibility of using such approach with performances comparable to other algorithms, with the advantage of being a more general, simple and cost-effective approach

The normal distribution in some constrained sample spaces

Phenomena with a constrained sample space appear frequently in practice. This is the case e.g. with strictly positive data, or with compositional data, like percentages or proportions. If the natural measure of difference is not the absolute one, simple algebraic properties show that it is more convenient to work with a geometry different from the usual Euclidean geometry in real space, and with a measure different from the usual Lebesgue measure, leading to alternative models which better fit the phenomenon under study. The general approach is presented and illustrated using the normal distribution, both on the positive real line and on the D-part simplex. The original ideas of McAlister in his introduction to the lognormal distribution in 1879, are recovered and updated

Study of mesoscopic tunnel junctions between two normal metals

The main purpose of this work was to study different kinds of metal-based tunnel junctions at low temperatures. The problem which had to be solved was creating a junction with appropriate properties at these temperatures. The materials for junctions were found experimentally. The goal was to find an alloy material that can provide a high quality tunnel junction, which remains in the normal conductive state at low temperatures without applying magnetic field. The fabrication technology of such a device, based on an alloy of aluminium and manganese, is described in detail. In this thesis theoretical properties of tunnel junctions are considered and results of experiments with tunnel junctions are described and quantitative properties of the junctions are analyzed based on the experimental data.

Probiotic interventions in infancy: Benefit and Safety Assessment of Extended Applications

Immaturity of the gut barrier system in the newborn has been seen to underlie a number of chronic diseases originating in infancy and manifesting later in life. The gut microbiota and breast milk provide the most important maturing signals for the gut-related immune system and reinforcement of the gut mucosal barrier function. Recently, the composition of the gut microbiota has been proposed to be instrumental in control of host body weight and metabolism as well as the inflammatory state characterizing overweight and obesity. On this basis, inflammatory Western lifestyle diseases, including overweight development, may represent a potential target for probiotic interventions beyond the well documented clinical applications. The purpose of the present undertaking was to study the efficacy and safety of perinatal probiotic intervention. The material comprised two ongoing, prospective, double-blind NAMI (Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal immunology and Intestinal microbiota) probiotic interventions. In the mother-infant nutrition and probiotic study altogether 256 women were randomized at their first trimester of pregnancy into a dietary intervention and a control group. The intervention group received intensive dietary counselling provided by a nutritionist, and were further randomized at baseline, double-blind, to receive probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis) or placebo. The intervention period extended from the first trimester of pregnancy to the end of exclusive breastfeeding. In the allergy prevention study altogether 159 women were randomized, double-blind, to receive probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) or placebo 4 weeks before expected delivery, the intervention extending for 6 months postnatally. Additionally, patient data on all premature infants with very low birth weight (VLBW) treated in the Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, during the years 1997 - 2008 were utilized. The perinatal probiotic intervention reduced the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the mothers and perinatal dietary counselling reduced that of fetal overgrowth in GDM-affected pregnancies. Early gut microbiota modulation with probiotics modified the growth pattern of the child by restraining excessive weight gain during the first years of life. The colostrum adiponectin concentration was demonstrated to be dependent on maternal diet and nutritional status during pregnancy. It was also higher in the colostrum received by normal-weight compared to overweight children at the age of 10 years. The early perinatal probiotic intervention and the postnatal probiotic intervention in VLBW infants were shown to be safe. To conclude, the findings in this study provided clinical evidence supporting the involvement of the initial microbial and nutritional environment in metabolic programming of the child. The manipulation of early gut microbial communities with probiotics might offer an applicable strategy to impact individual energy homeostasis and thus to prevent excessive body-weight gain. The results add weight to the hypothesis that interventions aiming to prevent obesity and its metabolic consequences later in life should be initiated as early as during the perinatal period.

Variação de vazão de gotejadores de fluxo normal enterrados na irrigação de café

Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações sobre o desempenho de gotejadores enterrados (irrigação subsuperficial), quanto ao aspecto de variação de vazão em função da intrusão radicular da cultura do café. As mudas de café foram irrigadas por sete modelos diferentes de gotejadores de fluxo normal, instalados a duas profundidades (15 e 30 cm da superfície do solo) e em dois níveis de depleção de água no solo (tratamentos úmido e seco). O trabalho foi conduzido em vasos e sob ambiente controlado, utilizando mudas de cafeeiro em estágio inicial de desenvolvimento. Concluiu-se que, até os 120 dias do início do experimento, não houve modelo de emissor que se destacasse quanto à penetração de raízes e, a partir daí, diferenças na suscetibilidade dos modelos foram observadas, podendo-se agrupar os modelos avaliados em função do grau de redução de vazão. Os níveis de irrigação não apresentaram resultados conclusivos até 120 dias do início do experimento, porém, considerando todo o período do experimento, observaram-se evidências de que o sistema radicular é mais agressivo na camada mais profunda de solo (30 cm) e para o tratamento úmido.

Modelo dinâmico de simulação e otimização da força normal de reação do solo para um mecanismo de corte basal

O modelo físico foi baseado no método de Newton-Euler, sendo o mesmo desenvolvido utilizando o programa computacional científico Mathematica®. Realizaram-se várias simulações, nas quais se procurou obter a força normal de reação do solo variando velocidades de avanço (0,69; 1,12; 1,48; 1,82 e 2,12 m s-1); perfis de solo (senoidal, rampa ascendente e descendente) e altura do camalhão (0,025 e 0,05 m). Após as simulações iniciais, o mecanismo foi otimizado utilizando o programa computacional científico Matlab®, tendo como critério (função-objetivo) a minimização da força normal de reação do perfil (F N) e como variáveis de projeto os comprimentos das barras (L1y, L2, l3 e L4), altura da operação (L7), o comprimento inicial da mola (Lmo) e a constante elástica da mola (k t). A falta de robustez do mecanismo em relação à variável altura de operação foi contornada por meio do uso de mola com baixa rigidez e grande comprimento. Os resultados demonstraram que o mecanismo otimizado obteve desempenho de flutuação muito bom, em relação ao mecanismo inicial.

Estudo granulométrico de grãos de soja normal e transgênico

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o propósito de estudar o comportamento granulométrico de grãos de soja em função da variação do teor de água. A pesquisa foi realizada com seis variedades, sendo duas transgênicas e quatro comuns, com os teores de água de 10%, 12%, 15%, 20% b.s. A granulometria foi determinada utilizando-se de seis subamostras de 120 grãos para cada teor de água, e as suas dimensões (comprimento, largura e espessura) obtidas por meio de paquímetro digital. Os resultados indicaram que cada variedade de soja comportou-se de maneira diferenciada e que as comuns tiveram comportamento granulométrico diferenciado das transgênicas.

Gravidez após transplante hepático

The objective of the present study is to report a sucessful pregnancy in a 28 year-old female who underwent an orthotopic liver transplantation two years ago due to type I auto immune he patitis. Patient was taking cyclosporin, prednisone and azathioprine for maintenance immunossupression and had good graft function during all the pregnancy. The liver function tests were normal during the pregnancy. Fetal growth was monitored by ultrasonographic examination and showed normal development. At the end of the third trimester, she was subjected to a cesarean bearing a healthy girl weighting 2,320 kg. She was discharged with normal liver functions tests and no complications.

Avaliação da expressão do gene MGMT nos tecidos normal e neoplásico de doentes com câncer colorretal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão tecidual do gene de reparo MGMT comparando a mucosa cólica normal e neoplásica em doentes com câncer colorretal. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 44 portadores de adenocarcinoma colorretal confirmado por estudo histopatológico. Foram excluídos doentes suspeitos de pertencerem a famílias com câncer colorretal hereditário (HNPCC e PAF) e os portadores de câncer do reto médio e inferior submetidos a tratamento quimioradioterápico neoadjuvante. A expressão do gene MGMT foi avaliada pela técnica da reação de polimerase em cadeia em tempo real (RT-PCR). A comparação dos resultados encontrados para expressão do gene MGMT entre tecidos normais e neoplásicos foi feita pelo teste t de Student pareado, adotando-se nível de significância de 5% (p <0,05). RESULTADOS: A expressão tecidual do gene MGMT em todos os doentes foi menor no tecido neoplásico quando comparada a do tecido normal (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: O gene de reparo MGMT encontra-se menos expresso no tecido neoplásico quando comparados aos tecidos normais em portadores de CCR esporádico.