Fractal boundaries of basin of attraction of Newton-Raphson method in helicopter trim

A key problem in helicopter aeroelastic analysis is the enormous computational time required for a numerical solution of the nonlinear system of algebraic equations required for trim, particularly when free wake models are used. Trim requires calculation of the main rotor and tail rotor controls and the vehicle attitude which leads to the six steady forces and moments about the helicopter center of gravity to be zero. An appropriate initial estimate of the trim state is needed for successful helicopter trim. This study aims to determine the control inputs that can have considerable effect on the convergence of trim solution in the aeroelastic analysis of helicopter rotors by investigating the basin of attraction of the nonlinear equations (set of initial guess points from which the nonlinear equations converge). It is illustrated that the three main rotor pitch controls of collective pitch, longitudinal cyclic pitch and lateral cyclic pitch have a significant contribution to the convergence of the trim solution. Trajectories of the Newton iterates are shown and some ideas for accelerating the convergence of a trim solution in the aeroelastic analysis of helicopters are proposed. It is found that the basins of attraction can have fractal boundaries. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A geodesic constant method for computing high-frequency mutual coupling between antennas on general quadric cylinders

A Geodesic Constant Method (GCM) is outlined which provides a common approach to ray tracing on quadric cylinders in general, and yields all the surface ray-geometric parameters required in the UTD mutual coupling analysis of conformal antenna arrays in the closed form. The approach permits the incorporation of a shaping parameter which permits the modeling of quadric cylindrical surfaces of desired sharpness/flatness with a common set of equations. The mutual admittance between the slots on a general parabolic cylinder is obtained as an illustration of the applicability of the GCM.

A method for estimation of the radius of elastic-plastic boundary around cold-worked holes

The radius of an elastic-plastic boundary was measured by the strain gage method around the cold-worked region in L72-aluminum alloy. The relative radial expansion was varied from 2.5 to 6.5 percent during the cold-working process using mandrel and split sleeve. The existing theoretical studies in this area are reviewed. The experimental results are compared with existing experimental data of various investigators and with various theoretical formulations. A model is developed to predict the radius of elastic-plastic boundary, and the model is assessed by comparing with the present experiments.

Analysis of continuum using boundary compatibility conditions of integrated force method

Static and vibration problems of an indeterminate continuum are traditionally analyzed by the stiffness method. The force method is more or less non-existent for such problems. This situation is primarily due to the incomplete state of development of the compatibility conditions which are essential for the analysis of indeterminate structures by the flexibility method. The understanding of the Compatibility Conditions (CC) has been substantially augmented. Based on the understanding of CC, a novel formulation termed the Integrated Force Method (IFM) has been established. In this paper IFM has been extended for the static and vibration analyses of a continuum. The IFM analysis is illustrated taking three examples: 1. (1) rectangular plate in flexure 2. (2) analysis of a cantilevered dam 3. (3) free vibration analysis of a beam. From the examples solved it is observed that the force response of an indeterminate continuum with mixed boundary conditions can be generated by IFM without any reference to displacements in the field or on the boundary. Displacements if required can be calculated by back substitution.

An efficient marching algorithm for waterhammer analysis by the method of characteristics

A new fast and efficient marching algorithm is introduced to solve the basic quasilinear, hyperbolic partial differential equations describing unsteady, flow in conduits by the method of characteristics. The details of the marching method are presented with an illustration of the waterhammer problem in a simple piping system both for friction and frictionless cases. It is shown that for the same accuracy the new marching method requires fewer computational steps, less computer memory and time.

Integral method for the calculation of incompressible two-dimensional transitional boundary layers

The method proposed here considers the mean flow in the transition zone as a linear combination of the laminar and turbulent boundary layer in proportions determined by the transitional intermittency, the component flows being calculated by approximate integral methods. The intermittency distribution adopted takes into account the possibility of subtransitions within the zone in the presence of strong pressure gradients. A new nondimensional spot formation rate, whose value depends on the pressure gradient, is utilized to estimate the extent of the transition zone. Onset location is determined by a correlation that takes into account freestream turbulence and facility-specific residual disturbances in test data. Extensive comparisons with available experimental results in strong pressure gradients show that the proposed method performs at least as well as differential models, in many cases better, and is always faster.

A Novel Method for the Uniform Incorporation of Grain-Boundary Layer Modifiers in Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Barium Titanate

The presently developed two-stage process involves diping the prefired porous disks of n-BaTiO3 in nonaqueous solutions containing Al-buty rate, Ti-isopropoxide, and tetraethyl silicate and subsequent sintering. This leads to uniform distribution of the grain-boundary layer (GBL) modifiers (Al2O3+ TiO2+ SiO2) and better control of the grain size as well as the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity characteristics. The technique is particularly suited for GBL modifiers in low concentrations (< 1%).

Analysis of the evanescent field coupling between a fiber and a planar waveguide using the explicit finite difference method with a nonuniform mesh (Journal Paper)

We investigate an optical waveguide system consisting of an unclad fiber core suspended at a constant distance parallel to the surface of a planar waveguide. The coupling and propagation of light in the combined system is studied using the three-dimensional explicit finite difference beam propagation method with a nonuniform mesh configuration. The power loss in the fiber and the field distribution in the waveguide are studied as a function of various parameters, such as index changes, index profile, and propagation distance, for the combined system.

A parametric method 3 (PM3) study of trans‐stilbene

We report a comparative modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO), Austin method one (AM1), and parametric method 3 (PM3) study of trans‐stilbene (tS) in its ground, excited (singlet and triplet), and ionic (positive and negative polarons and bipolarons) states. We have also calculated the barrier for ring rotation about the backbone single bond. Our results show that PM3 geometries are superior to MNDO and AM1, at least for tS. PM3 predicts, in contrast with MNDO, AM1 and even ab initio 3‐21G, a coplanar structure for tS, in accordance with recent experimental data. Singlet and triplet energies obtained from heats of formation are in surprisingly good agreement with experimental data.

Biorthogonal series method for Oseen type flows

A biorthogonal series method is developed to solve Oseen type flow problems. The theory leads to a new set of eigenfunctions for a specific class of linear non-selfadjoint operators containing the biharmonic one. These eigenfunctions differ from those given earlier in the literature for the biharmonic operator. The method is applied to the problem of thermocapillary flow in a cylindrical liquid bridge of finite length with axial through flow. Flow and temperature distributions are obtained at leading order of an expansion for small surface tension Reynolds number and Prandtl number. Another related problem considered is that of cylindrical cavity flow. Solutions for both cases are presented in terms of biorthogonal series. The effect of axial through flow on velocity and temperature fields is discussed by numerical evaluation of the truncated analytical series. The presence of axial through flow not only convectively shifts the vortices induced by surface forces in the direction of the through flow, but also moves their centers toward the outer cylindrical boundary. This process can lead to significantly asymmetric flow structures.

ECG component delineation by Prony's method

A simple, non-iterative method for component wave delineation from the electrocardiogram (ECG) is derived by modelling its discrete cosine transform (DCT) as a sum of damped cosinusoids. Amplitude, phase, damping factor and frequency parameters of each of the cosinusoids are estimated by the extended Prony method. Different component waves are represented by non-overlapping clusters of model poles in the z plane and thus a component wave is derived by the addition of the inverse transformed (IDCT) impulse responses of the poles in the cluster. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) is used to determine the model order. The method performed satisfactory even in the presence of artifacts. The efficacy of the method is illustrated by analysis of continuous strips of ECG data.

Method of Analysis if Uniaxial Deformation Data

A comprehensive scheme for analysing uniaxial deformation data, taking into account the finite stiffness of the testing machine is presented. Equations relevant to tension and stress relaxation tests carried out under cross head speed control, and to creep testing under constant load, are described. For the first two cases, the implications of not using gauge length extensometry but relying upon cross head displacement for inferring specimen extension, and the role of uncertainty in machine stiffness are also examined. The final section touches upon the extension of the present scheme to account for specimen anelasticity.

Microwave Irradiation Assisted Method for the Rapid Synthesis of fine Particles of alpha Al2O3 And alpha (Al1-XCrx)(2)O-3 And Their Coatings on Si(100)

Chromium substituted beta diketonate complexes of aluminium have been synthesized and employed as precursors for a novel soft chemistry process wherein microwave irradiation of a solution of the complex yields within minutes well crystallized needles of alpha (Al1 XCrx)(2)O-3 measuring 20 30 nm in diameter and 50 nm long By varying the microwave irradiation parameters and using a surfactant such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone the crystallite size and shape can be controlled and their agglomeration prevented These microstructural parameters as well as the polymorph of the Cr substituted Al2O3 formed may also be controlled by employing a different complex Samples of alpha (Al1 XCrx)(2)O-3 have been characterized by XRD FTIR and TEM The technique results in material of homogeneous metal composition, as shown by EDAX and can be adjusted as desired The technique has been extended to obtain coatings of alpha (Al1 XCrx)(2)O-3 on Si(100)