992 resultados para Ponto de carga zero


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The need for renewal and a more efficient use of energy resources has provided an increased interest in studies of methane activation processes in the gas phase by transition metal oxides. In this respect, the present work is an effort to assess , by means of a computational standpoint, the reactivity of NbOm n+ and FeOm n+ (m = 1, 2, n = 0, 1, 2) oxides in the activation process of the methane C-H bond, which corresponds to the first rate limiting step in the process of converting methane to methanol. These oxides are chosen, primarily, because the iron oxides are the most experimentally studied, and iron ions are more abundant in biological mediums. The main motive for choosing niobium oxides is the abundance of natural reserves of this mineral in Brazil (98%), especially in Minas Gerais. Initially, a thorough investigation was conducted, using different theoretical methods, to analyze the structural and electronic properties of the investigated oxides. Based on these results, the most reliable methodology was selected to investigate the activation process of the methane C-H bond by the series of iron and niobium oxides, considering all possible reaction mechanisms known to activate the C-H bond of alkanes. It is worth noting that, up to this moment and to our knowledge, there are no papers, in literature , investigating and comparing all the mechanisms considered in this work. I n general, the main results obtained show different catalytic tendencies and behaviors throughout the series of monoxides and dioxides of iron and niobium. An important and common result found in the two studies is that the increase in the load on the metal center and the addition of oxygen atoms to the metal, clearly favor the initial thermodynamics of the reaction, i.e., favor the approach of the metal center to methane, distorting its electron cloud and, thereby, decreasing its inertia. Comparing the two sets of oxides, we conclude that the iron oxides are the most efficient in activating the methane C-H bond. Among the iron oxides investigated, FeO + showed better kinetic and thermodynamic performance in the reaction with methane, while from the niobium oxides and ions NbO 2+ and NbO2 2+, showed better catalytic efficiency in the activation of the methane C-H bond.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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La baja carga tributaria, su elevada dependencia de los ingresos petroleros y su escaso efecto para reducir la concentración del ingreso son deficiencias fundamentales que limitan el desarrollo económico de México. El propósito del presente trabajo es examinar la evolución de largo plazo de los ingresos tributarios en México e identificar las causas detrás de su marcada estabilidad y debilidad. Para ello, en el trabajo se aborda el análisis de los elementos principales que han determinado la carga tributaria en el país y, a la vez, se hace un recuento crítico de algunos de los principales intentos y propuestas para instrumentar una reforma fiscal profunda. Dicho diagnóstico cierra con una sección de conclusiones en las que se apunta a la necesidad de hacer una reforma fiscal, que vaya mucho más allá de la que se puso en marcha en 2013, a fin de dotarlo de mayor equidad, eficiencia y capacidad recaudatoria que tanto urgen al desarrollo del país.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação - IBILCE

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Pós-graduação em Ginecologia, Obstetrícia e Mastologia - FMB

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Esta serie presenta, principalmente, los cambios y desafíos que emergen de una geografía cambiante de transporte internacional, a la vez que muestra e interpreta estos cambios desde un punto de vista sistémico, con el fin de entender de forma más profunda el fenómeno del cambio estructural en la industria del transporte internacional y la evolución geográfica y estructural del transporte internacional. El objetivo principal es analizar la evolución del cambio en el patrón de comercio y el transporte internacional en América Latina y explicar los conductores y nuevos desafíos en el desarrollo de infraestructuras y servicios de transporte.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)