Rooting and acclimatization of the Japanese plum tree, cv. América

Rooting and acclimatization are limiting steps in plant micropropagation, especially in woody plant species. This study aimed to evaluate the IAA and IBA effect on the in vitro rooting and acclimatization of micropropagated shoots of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. América. Shoots from 3 to 4 cm long were inoculated in MS medium with half salt and vitamin concentrations (MS/2) added with IAA and IBA (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg L-1). After a 20-day period in in vitro cultivation, the shoots were evaluated, and then transferred to a greenhouse, and evaluated after 30 days. At the end of the in vitro cultivation period, no significant interactions were observed for number of roots per shoot and rooting percentage, but a significant effect was recorded for auxin type only, for which shoots grown in media added with IBA showed high values - 0.87 and 41.95%, respectively. A linear increase response from 1.45 to 5.75 cm was verified for root length of shoots cultivated in IBA medium; however, no significant effect was observed, and a 0.86 cm average root length per shoot grown in medium added with IAA was found. After 30 days of acclimatization period, the largest survival percentage was obtained from shoots cultivated in medium with 1 mg L-1 of IBA and IAA (88% and 92%, respectively). Although, IBA provided the highest in vitro rooting, most of the surviving shoots were those originated in IAA-added medium, probably because IBA promoted longer fibrous roots, less appropriate for transplant and soil fixation, as they are easily damaged. It was concluded that in vitro rooting with the addition of the highest IAA concentration (1 mg L-1) provided the greatest plant survival during the acclimatization period of the Japanese plum cv. América.

Plant Phototropic Growth.

Plants are photoautotrophic sessile organisms that use environmental cues to optimize multiple facets of growth and development. A classic example is phototropism - in shoots this is typically positive, leading to growth towards the light, while roots frequently show negative phototropism triggering growth away from the light. Shoot phototropism optimizes light capture of leaves in low light environments and hence increases photosynthetic productivity. Phototropins are plasma-membrane-associated UV-A/blue-light activated kinases that trigger phototropic growth. Light perception liberates their protein kinase domain from the inhibitory action of the amino-terminal photosensory portion of the photoreceptor. Following a series of still poorly understood events, phototropin activation leads to the formation of a gradient of the growth hormone auxin across the photo-stimulated stem. The greater auxin concentration on the shaded compared with the lit side of the stem enables growth reorientation towards the light. In this Minireview, we briefly summarize the signaling steps starting from photoreceptor activation until the establishment of a lateral auxin gradient, ultimately leading to phototropic growth in shoots.

Topworking of 'Bengal' lychee trees in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of 'Feizixiao', 'Nuomici', 'Heiye', 'Kway May Pink' and 'Bengal' lychee cultivars topworked onto bearing 'Bengal' trees. The experiments were carried out in commercial orchard at Rio das Pedras Farm in Jundiaí, state of São Paulo. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a subdivided parcel arrangement, in which the parcel consisted of five cultivars and the sub-parcel consisted of six evaluation periods. Five replicates of three plants per parcel and six grafts per plant, (with two grafts per main branch) were used. The trees were approximately 10 years old propagated by air layering and planted with 6 x 4 m (416 plants/ha) spacing. The following characteristics were evaluated: success rate of the grafts, number of shoots, shoot length, number of nodes, number of leaves and chlorophyll content (SPAD). The control ('Bengal'/'Bengal') had the highest grafting success rate with 89.9%. On the other hand, 'Heiye', 'Feizixião', 'Nuomici' and 'Kway May Pink' had, respectively, 60.6, 55.0, 52.6 and 47.0% grafting success rates. All of the shoot grafts had normal growth with no signs of incompatibility. Therefore, the cultivars studied are compatible with 'Bengal' and may be used on commercial orchards.

GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF CACAO SEEDLINGS INFLUENCED BY ZINC APLICATION IN SOIL

ABSTRACT Levels of Zn in tropical soils profoundly influences growth and nutrition of tree crops. Research was undertaken to assess the effect of soil Zn on growth and nutrition of clonal cacao tree seedlings of PH 16. Three acidic Oxisol soils differing in texture were used with nine doses of Zn (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 48, and 64 mg dm-3). Rooted clonal seedlings were grown in plastic pot with 11 dm-3 of the soils at varying Zn levels for 240 days. At harvest growth (dry matter mass of leaves, stems, shoots, roots, and total) and nutrient concentrations were determined. The clonal cacao seedlings showed differences for production of dry matter mass and foliar nutrient concentrations for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu. There was Zn toxicity in all soils.

M.A.T.

La memòria del projecte que us presentem, tracta el procés de realització del Treball Final de Grau, M.A.T.. Aquest és un projecte audiovisual i multimèdia creat per set alumnes de Comunicació Audiovisual de la Universitat de Vic. El grup encarregat de la part audiovisual, format per la Dámaris Alonso, en Guillem Bover, en Raúl Caso i la Irina Mora, ha creat un curtmetratge lineal. M.A.T. és un projecte que sorgeix per impulsar el gènere del thriller dins de les produccions catalanes. A més a més, la nostra idea ha consistit en generar un producte que es pogués distribuir a través de plataformes interactives. Per aquest motiu, el projecte es divideix en un curtmetratge audiovisual i un joc interactiu inclòs a la pàgina oficial. Els integrants del grup ens vam encarregar de desenvolupar la peça audiovisual, la qual narra una història de venjança i traïció en un entorn de la màfia actual del nostre país. Una de les principals característiques d’aquest projecte és el tractament del temps i del ritme de la narració. És a dir, hem creat una trama audiovisual que s’estén durant quinze anys i hem generat el suspens que s’escau segons els paràmetres del gènere cinematogràfic de la peça. Un factor clau d’aquest projecte és una partida d’escacs, la qual juga un paper molt important, no tan sols en la història del curtmetratge, sinó perquè és la forma d’interacció que fa servir l’usuari a la pàgina web.

Cationic and charge segregation in La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 thin films grown on (001) and (110) SrTiO3.

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy is used to map composition and electronic states in epitaxial La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 films grown on SrTiO3 001 and 110 substrates. It is found that in partially relaxed 110 films cationic composition and valence state of Mn3+/4+ ions are preserved across the film thickness. In contrast, in fully strained 001 films, the Ca/La ratio gradually changes across the film, being La rich at film/substrate interface and La depleted at free surface; Mn valence state changes accordingly. These observations suggest that a strongly orientation-dependent adaptative composition mechanism dominates stress accommodation in manganite films and provides microscopic understanding of their dissimilar magnetic properties.

Evolutionary dynamics of collective action in spatially structured populations.

Many models proposed to study the evolution of collective action rely on a formalism that represents social interactions as n-player games between individuals adopting discrete actions such as cooperate and defect. Despite the importance of spatial structure in biological collective action, the analysis of n-player games games in spatially structured populations has so far proved elusive. We address this problem by considering mixed strategies and by integrating discrete-action n-player games into the direct fitness approach of social evolution theory. This allows to conveniently identify convergence stable strategies and to capture the effect of population structure by a single structure coefficient, namely, the pairwise (scaled) relatedness among interacting individuals. As an application, we use our mathematical framework to investigate collective action problems associated with the provision of three different kinds of collective goods, paradigmatic of a vast array of helping traits in nature: "public goods" (both providers and shirkers can use the good, e.g., alarm calls), "club goods" (only providers can use the good, e.g., participation in collective hunting), and "charity goods" (only shirkers can use the good, e.g., altruistic sacrifice). We show that relatedness promotes the evolution of collective action in different ways depending on the kind of collective good and its economies of scale. Our findings highlight the importance of explicitly accounting for relatedness, the kind of collective good, and the economies of scale in theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of collective action.

Biosynthesis of panaxynol and panaxydol in Panax ginseng

The natural formation of the bioactive C17-polyacetylenes (−)-(R)-panaxynol and panaxydol was analyzed by 13C-labeling experiments. For this purpose, plants of Panax ginseng were supplied with 13CO2 under field conditions or, alternatively, sterile root cultures of P. ginseng were supplemented with [U-13C6]glucose. The polyynes were isolated from the labeled roots or hairy root cultures, respectively, and analyzed by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The same mixtures of eight doubly 13C-labeled isotopologues and one single labeled isotopologue were observed in the C17-polyacetylenes obtained from the two experiments. The polyketide-type labeling pattern is in line with the biosynthetic origin of the compounds via decarboxylation of fatty acids, probably of crepenynic acid. The 13C-study now provides experimental evidence for the biosynthesis of panaxynol and related polyacetylenes in P. ginseng under in planta conditions as well as in root cultures. The data also show that 13CO2 experiments under field conditions are useful to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of metabolites, including those from roots.

Estudo prospectivo de 100 casos de "core" biópsia dirigida por ultra-som e revisão da literatura

OBJETIVO: Mostrar a eficácia do método para evitar biópsias excisionais, verificar suas dificuldades técnicas, definir entre seguimento e biópsia excisional nos nódulos categoria IV do BI-RADS™ e agilizar o procedimento cirúrgico nos casos de nódulos altamente suspeitos de malignidade (categoria V). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: As pacientes foram submetidas a exame clínico de rotina, mamografia e ultra-som. A "core" foi feita com pistola automática e agulha número 14, e foram colhidas de quatro a oito amostras. RESULTADOS: Das 100 lesões estudadas, 47 foram submetidas à cirurgia, além da "core", e diagnosticaram-se 34 carcinomas (34,0%). Das 23 lesões classificadas como categoria III, identificou-se apenas um carcinoma (4,34%); das 43 classificadas como categoria IV, sete (16,28%); e das 34 classificadas como categoria V, 26 (76,47%). Evitou-se a biópsia excisional em 53 casos (53,0%). Identificou-se dificuldade no método da "core" em sete casos (7,0%), devido a material insuficiente, risco para malignidade envolvendo lesões esclerosantes complexas e discordância entre imagem e histologia. As 33 lesões com resultados de malignidade à punção biópsia por agulha grossa foram confirmadas após a biópsia cirúrgica. Em um caso o diagnóstico pela "core" foi de hiperplasia ductal atípica e após a biópsia cirúrgica da peça diagnosticou-se carcinoma, correspondendo a um resultado falso-negativo. Não houve nenhum resultado falso-positivo.

Total synthesis of aeruginazole A

The first total synthesis of Aeruginazole A, prepared via a convergent strategy that involved both solid-phase peptide synthesis and solution phase chemistry and that enabled conservation of the stereochemistry of the intermediates, is reported.

Seqüestro broncopulmonar intralobar: relato de caso

Neste trabalho é descrito um caso de uma paciente de 49 anos de idade que apresentava infecções pulmonares de repetição. Na telerradiografia de tórax observou-se massa no segmento basal posterior do pulmão direito, que na angiotomografia e nas reconstruções em 3D notou-se a presença de um suprimento sanguíneo proveniente da artéria aorta descendente. No exame da peça cirúrgica ratificou-se a presença de seqüestro pulmonar intralobar com cavidade preenchida por muco.

Projecte de la instal•lació de climatització d’una llar d’infants

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Avaliação por imagem das lesões isoladas do III par craniano

Este trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão da anatomia e das principais doenças do III par craniano, demonstrando-as através de estudos por imagem, com ênfase em ressonância magnética. Os métodos de imagem são peça fundamental na avaliação de pacientes com suspeita de lesão do nervo oculomotor, uma vez que o quadro clínico é freqüentemente inespecífico e a gama de doenças que podem acometê-lo é bastante ampla. Realizamos também breve levantamento da literatura.

Linfoma adrenal primário bilateral com envolvimento do sistema nervoso central: relato de caso

Os autores demonstram os principais achados do linfoma adrenal primário nas tomografias computadorizadas (TC) de abdome e crânio e na ressonância magnética (RM) do crânio, apresentando um caso raro de um paciente do sexo masculino, 72 anos de idade, com progressiva deterioração do estado mental, evoluindo, num período de dois meses, com perda da memória recente, desorientação e, finalmente, franco quadro demencial. O paciente foi submetido a investigação por métodos de imagem com TC de crânio (sem administração venosa de contraste iodado), tórax e abdome (sem e com administração venosa de contraste iodado), e RM de crânio (antes e após a administração venosa de gadolínio). Na TC de crânio observaram-se áreas nodulares levemente hiperdensas, adjacentes aos ventrículos laterais. A TC de tórax não mostrou alterações relevantes. Na TC do abdome foram demonstrados nódulos sólidos em ambas as adrenais. A RM de crânio evidenciou impregnação difusa e nodular do epêndima do IV ventrículo, III ventrículo, cornos anteriores e temporais, átrios e corpo dos ventrículos laterais. O diagnóstico definitivo foi realizado através do estudo imuno-histoquímico da peça após biópsia da adrenal. Os autores concluíram, após revisão atualizada da literatura, que a TC e a RM são métodos essenciais na detecção e melhor avaliação de linfomas adrenais primários, principalmente quando associados a envolvimento do sistema nervoso central, e a RM mostra-se mais sensível para a detecção de lesões extracerebrais nos espaços epidural e subdural, principalmente após a administração venosa de gadolínio.

L'ús de materials compostos en el reforç intern d'estructures de formigó

L’ús de materials compostos de matriu polimèrica (FRP, Fibre Reinforced Polymer) en el reforç intern d'estructures de formigó