Part II: Binders & technologies - Research

The first report of report series I, II and III entitled 'basic principles' presented details of the binders and technologies available and used in the stabilisation/ solidification (S/S) treatment of hazardous waste and contaminated land. This second report entitled 'research' presents an overview of the main research work, both experimental and numerical, carried out in the UK concentrating on the last decade or so but also highlighting earlier significant research work. The research work is reported under the headings of the individual binders and for each binder the work is presented in chronological order. In this work, most of the S/S materials are prepared by manual/mechanical mixing. The latter part of this report presents research work on S/S materials prepared using soil mixing with mixing augers. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.

FEEDING AND VOCAL BEHAVIORS OF BLACK GIBBONS (HYLOBATES-CONCOLOR) IN YUNNAN - A PRELIMINARY-STUDY

Feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in south-western Yunnan, notably H. concolor jingdongensis at Mt. Wuliang (24-degrees 18-42'N, 100-degrees 30-50'E) in the early spring of 1989. 12 plant species were observed to have been eaten by the gibbons; these included tree species, lianas and epiphytes. Approximately 21 % of feeding time was devoted to eating fruits, 61 % to leaf buds and shoots, 7 % to flowers and 11 % to leaves. The gibbons preferred fruits to leaves even though they commonly ate leaves. In this study, the morning songs (duet and solo), reponsive (territorial) songs, alarm calls and communication calls were recorded. The gibbons sang their morning songs mainly in the early morning, with a single bout lasting more than 10 min on average. The singing of a group would trigger other groups, and all groups in an area tended to sing sequentially. The morning duet song bout was dominated by an adult male. The male emitted booms, aa notes, early multimodulated figures, intermediate multimodulated figures and codas, the latter occurring only in duets following the female's great call. The female uttered great calls and abortive great calls. The subadults or juveniles also took part in the morning songs. Lone males were heard to utter solos which lasted longer than the duets of the pairs.

Ventilation effectiveness measures based on heat removal: Part 2. Application to natural ventilation flows

The three effectiveness measures based on the ability of a flow to flush buoyancy from a ventilated space proposed by Coffey and Hunt [Ventilation effectiveness measures based on heat removal-part 1. Definitions. Building and Environment, in press, doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.016.] are applied to assess and compare two fundamental natural ventilation flows. We focus on the limiting cases of passive displacement and passive mixing ventilation flows during transient conditions. These transient flows occur when, for example, heat is purged from a building at night. Whilst it is widely recognised that mixing flows are less efficient at purging heat than displacement flows, our results indicate that, when a particular zone of a room is considered, displacement ventilation can result in lower effectiveness than mixing ventilation. When a room is considered as a whole, displacement ventilation yields higher effectiveness than mixing ventilation and we quantify these differences in terms of the geometry of the space and opening area. The proposed theoretical predictions are compared with effectiveness deduced from measurements made during laboratory experiments and show good agreement. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ventilation effectiveness measures based on heat removal: Part 1. Definitions

The effectiveness of ventilation flows is considered from the perspective of buoyancy (or heat) removal from a space. This perspective is distinct from the standard in which the effectiveness is based on the concentrations of a neutrally buoyant contaminant/passive tracer. Three new measures of effectiveness are proposed based on the ability of a flow to flush buoyancy from a ventilated space. These measures provide estimates of instantaneous and time-averaged effectiveness for the entire space, and local effectiveness at any height of interest. From a generalisation of the latter, a vertical profile of effectiveness is defined. These measures enable quantitative comparisons to be made between different flows and they are applicable when there is a difference in density (as is typical due to temperature differences) between the interior environment and the replacement air. Applications, therefore, include natural ventilation, hybrid ventilation and a range of forced ventilation flows. Finally, we demonstrate how the ventilation effectiveness of a room may be assessed from simple traces of temperature versus time. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.